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Epidendrum puniceoluteum F. Pinheiro & F. Barros. 1. Aspecto geral de uma planta florida. 2. Flor. (O.S. Ribas et al. 1051, SPF).
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Epidendrum puniceoluteum, a new species of Orchidaceae from the Brazilian coastal vegetation). The authors describe Epidendrum puniceoluteum, a relatively common species from the South and Southeastern Brazilian coastal vegetation, which had been for a long time treated with various names. The new species belongs to section Schistochila, subsection...
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... This sympatric zone extends from the south to south-eastern coastal plains in Brazil (Fig. 1), with E. fulgens colonizing sand dunes and E. puniceoluteum swampy areas. Epidendrum fulgens and E. puniceoluteum have distinct flower color combinations (orange sepals and petals with yellow with red dots labellum in E. fulgens; red sepals, petals, and labellum with a yellow-orange callus in E. puniceoluteum), but throughout the sympatric zone, gradual color variation can be observed from one extreme to the other (Pinheiro and Barros 2006;Fig. 1), and these intermediary individuals can be observed throughout sand dunes and swampy areas (Pinheiro et al. 2010). ...
... ex Nevski on crossings involving D. fuchsii (2n = 40) with D. purpurella and D. praetermissa (both 2n = 80; cited as Dactylorchis in Heslop-Harrison 1953, 1957 The behavior of chromosomes in a new hybrid nucleus can be analyzed through chromosome characterization techniques as chromosome banding and in situ hybridization direct localizing DNA sequences on chromosomes (Jiang and Gill 2006;Chester et al. 2010). The complete genome is useful for differentiating parental chromosomes Pinheiro et al. (2010) and morphological data from Pinheiro and Barros (2006). in a cell of a hybrid individual through genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) techniques (Schwarzacher et al. 1989;Markova et al. 2007;Markova and Vyskot 2009). ...
Interspecific hybridization is a primary cause of extensive morphological and chromosomal variation and plays an important role in plant species diversification. However, the role of interploidal hybridization in the formation of hybrid swarms is less clear. Epidendrum encompasses wide variation in chromosome number and lacks strong premating barriers, making the genus a good model for clarifying the role of chromosomes in postzygotic barriers in interploidal hybrids. In this sense, hybrids from the interploidal sympatric zone between E. fulgens (2n = 2x = 24) and E. puniceoluteum (2n = 4x = 56) were analyzed using cytogenetic techniques to elucidate the formation and establishment of interploidal hybrids. Hybrids were not a uniform group: two chromosome numbers were observed, with the variation being a consequence of severe hybrid meiotic abnormalities and backcrossing with E. puniceoluteum. The hybrids were triploids (2n = 3x = 38 and 40) and despite the occurrence of enormous meiotic problems associated with triploidy, the hybrids were able to backcross, producing successful hybrid individuals with broad ecological distributions. In spite of the nonpolyploidization of the hybrid, its formation is a long-term evolutionary process rather than a product of a recent disturbance, and considering other sympatric zones in Epidendrum, these events could be recurrent.
... This sympatric zone extends from the south to south-eastern coastal plains in Brazil (Fig. 1), with E. fulgens colonizing sand dunes and E. puniceoluteum swampy areas. Epidendrum fulgens and E. puniceoluteum have distinct flower color combinations (orange sepals and petals with yellow with red dots labellum in E. fulgens; red sepals, petals, and labellum with a yellow–orange callus in E. puniceoluteum), but throughout the sympatric zone, gradual color variation can be observed from one extreme to the other (Pinheiro and Barros 2006; Fig. 1), and these intermediary individuals can be observed throughout sand dunes and swampy areas (Pinheiro et al. 2010). Different butterfly and moth species are known to pollinate Epidendrum species (Pansarin and Amaral 2008), and on food-deceit systems as observed on Epidendrum , such variable flower color could be bennefical, to puzzel the pollinator. ...
... Typical flower colors for the species and color variations in hybrid individuals from the sympatric zone are indicated. Map adapted from Pinheiro et al. (2010) and morphological data from Pinheiro and Barros (2006). in a cell of a hybrid individual through genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) techniques (Schwarzacher et al. 1989; Markova et al. 2007; Markova and Vyskot 2009). ...
Interspecific hybridization is a primary cause of extensive morphological and chromosomal variation and plays an important role in plant species diversifi-cation. However, the role of interploidal hybridization in the formation of hybrid swarms is less clear. Epidendrum encompasses wide variation in chro-mosome number and lacks strong premating barriers, making the genus a good model for clarifying the role of chromosomes in postzygotic barriers in interploidal hybrids. In this sense, hybrids from the interploidal sympatric zone between E. fulgens (2n = 2x = 24) and E. puniceoluteum (2n = 4x = 56) were analyzed using cytogenetic techniques to elucidate the formation and establishment of interploidal hybrids. Hybrids were not a uniform group: two chromosome numbers were observed, with the variation being a consequence of severe hybrid meiotic abnormalities and backcrossing with E. puniceoluteum. The hybrids were triploids (2n = 3x = 38 and 40) and despite the occurrence of enormous meiotic problems associated with triploidy, the hybrids were able to backcross, producing successful hybrid individuals with broad ecological distri-butions. In spite of the nonpolyploidization of the hybrid, its formation is a long-term evolutionary process rather than a product of a recent disturbance, and considering other sympatric zones in Epidendrum, these events could be recurrent.
... Hybridization and late generation introgression between E. fulgens and E. puniceoluteum were identified using nuclear and plastid microsatellites (Pinheiro & al., 2010), which suggests an important role of interspecific gene flow in generating morphological and chromosome number diversification. Moreover, pure parental individuals of both species and hybrid individuals were identified with high confidence using Bayesian assignment analysis, in agreement with previous observations based on morphological characters (Pinheiro & Barros, 2006). Even within the geographical range of E. fulgens it was possible to identify important phylogeographic breaks and historical demographic events (gene flow, bottleneck) that shaped the current genetic patterns observed in natural populations . ...
... Epidendrum denticulatum showed two diagnostic morphological characters, E. fulgens one, and no exclusive flower trait could be found for either E. flammeus or E. puniceoluteum. The morphological delimitation of E. puniceoluteum (Pinheiro & Barros, 2006) and E. flammeus (this study) was possible only when considering the combination of multiple morphometric characters ( Fig. 2; Table S1). Usually, Epidendrum species of subsect. ...
Species delimitation remains a central problem in systematic, taxonomic and evolutionary studies. However, the precise delimitation of species depends on the criteria used to identify lineages and the specific species concept that is applied. Recently, multidisciplinary studies using different data sources have significantly improved the delimitation of species within complex taxonomic groups, leading to an integrative taxonomy. To investigate the species delimitation within the Atlantic clade of Epidendrum (subg. Amphyglottium), four different species criteria were examined (phenetic differentiation, monophyly, diagnosability, absence of genetic intermediates). Morphometrics, plastid DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellite markers were used to explore the agreement between patterns recovered and species criteria tested. The conflicts among species criteria are discussed in light of pollination ecology, patterns of gene flow, reproductive isolation mechanisms and selective pressures currently acting in deceptive orchid species. Four currently recognized species from the Atlantic clade
could be delimitated, including one newly described species, Epidendrum flammeus. Three out of five species satisfied the monophyly criterion, and few diagnostic flower characters were found among species. In contrast, nuclear microsatellite data correctly assigned individuals to their respective species, even in the presence of weak reproductive isolation and extensive hybridization events reported in the literature. One important implication of this finding is that phylogenetic studies in Epidendrum spp. should make use of single- or low-copy nuclear loci instead of plastid markers, which may be true for other plant groups. The results also indicate that the generalized pollination syndrome found among species of the Atlantic clade, the different levels of gene flow observed between nuclear and plastid markers, and hybridization events are commonly
observed as the main evolutionary forces within this orchid group. Finally, we discuss evolutionary processes and taxonomic limits among these species, and we highlight the need to increase the inter-disciplinary approach to investigate species limits in complex plant groups.
... Brazil (Fig. 1). The species are well differentiated for floral morphological traits and flower colour: orange sepals and petals and a yellow labellum in E. fulgens, red petals, sepals and labellum with a yellow labellum callus in E. puniceoluteum (Pinheiro & Barros 2006) (Fig. S1, Supporting Information). Phylogenetic analyses (Pinheiro et al. 2009b) indicated that E. fulgens and E. puniceoluteum are closely related species with divergent karyotype and chromosome numbers (2n = 2x = 24 and 2n = 4x = 52, respectively). ...
... Phylogenetic analyses (Pinheiro et al. 2009b) indicated that E. fulgens and E. puniceoluteum are closely related species with divergent karyotype and chromosome numbers (2n = 2x = 24 and 2n = 4x = 52, respectively). The existence of hybrids between these two species has been suspected ever since specimens with intermediate morphological characters were found in herbarium collections and natural populations where these species occur sympatrically (Fig. S1, Supporting Information) (Pinheiro & Barros 2006). ...
... Hybridization was detected in all sympatric populations analysed (Figs 3, S2), confirming the previous hypotheses of hybridization between Epidendrum fulgens and Epidendrum puniceoluteum based on field and herbarium observations of floral intermediate morphology (Pinheiro & Barros 2006). Experimental crosses performed in a common garden environment confirm the genome compatibility between E. fulgens and E. puniceoluteum and that unidirectional introgression towards the polyploid species is possible. ...
The hypothesis of gene flow between species with large differences in chromosome numbers has rarely been tested in the wild, mainly because species of different ploidy are commonly assumed to be reproductively isolated from each other because of instantaneous and strong postzygotic barriers. In this study, a broad-scale survey of molecular variation was carried out between two orchid species with different ploidy levels: Epidendrum fulgens (2n = 2x = 24 chromosomes) and Epidendrum puniceoluteum (2n = 4x = 52 chromosomes). To test the strength of their reproductive barriers, we investigated the distribution of genetic variation in sympatric and allopatric populations of these two species and conducted crossing experiments. Nuclear and plastid microsatellite loci were used to genotype 463 individuals from eight populations across the geographical range of both species along the Brazilian coastal plain. All six sympatric populations analysed presented hybrid zones, indicating that hybridization between E. fulgens and E. puniceoluteum is a common phenomenon. Bayesian assignment analysis detected the presence of F(1) and F(2) individuals and also signs of introgression, demonstrating a high potential for interspecific gene flow. Introgression occurs preferentially from E. fulgens to E. puniceoluteum. Pure parental individuals of both species display strong genotype-habitat associations, indicating that environment-dependent selection could be acting in all hybrid zones. This study suggests that hybridization and introgression are evolutionary processes playing a role in the diversification of Epidendrum and indicates the importance of investigations of hybrid zones in understanding reproductive barriers and speciation processes in Neotropical orchid species.
... Species identification followed Hágsater and Salazar (1990), Carnevali and Ramírez-Morillo (2003), Vasquez and Ibisch (2004), and Pinheiro and Barros (2006;. Voucher specimens of the examined plants were deposited at the Herbarium of the Instituto de Botânica SP (Table 2). ...
Epidendrum L. is the largest genus of Orchidaceae in the Neotropical region; it has an impressive morphological diversification, which
imposes difficulties in delimitation of both infrageneric and interspecific boundaries. In this study, we review infrageneric
boundaries within the subgenus Amphiglottium and try to contribute to the understanding of morphological diversification and taxa delimitation within this group. We tested
the monophyly of the subgenus Amphiglottium sect. Amphiglottium, expanding previous phylogenetic investigations and reevaluated previous infrageneric classifications proposed. Sequence
data from the trnL-trnF region were analyzed with both parsimony and maximum likelihood criteria. AFLP markers were also obtained and analyzed with
phylogenetic and principal coordinate analyses. Additionally, we obtained chromosome numbers for representative species within
the group. The results strengthen the monophyly of the subgenus Amphiglottium but do not support the current classification system proposed by previous authors. Only section Tuberculata comprises a well-supported monophyletic group, with sections Carinata and Integra not supported. Instead of morphology, biogeographical and ecological patterns are reflected in the phylogenetic signal in
this group. This study also confirms the large variability of chromosome numbers for the subgenus Amphiglottium (numbers ranging from 2n=24 to 2n=240), suggesting that polyploidy and hybridization are probably important mechanisms of speciation within the group.
Epidendrum puniceoluteum is an endemic orchid of Atlantic Rainforest, restricted to few populations only due to the destruction and fragmentation of its native habitat. Here, we report on the development of 10 microsatellite markers isolated from this orchid species. Genetic variability was characterized in two distant populations from Brazil coast. The number of alleles observed for each locus ranged from two to 12 and with an average of 6.4 alleles per locus. These microsatellites should be valuable tools for studying both fine-scale genetic structure of scattered E. puniceoluteum population and patterns will be useful genetic markers for other closely related taxa.
Epidendrum katarun-yariku is hereby described and illustrated as a new species of Orchidaceae native to the summits and upper slopes of the sandstone tabletop mountains (tepuis) in the Guiana Highlands in South America.
