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Filogenia de 23 cepas de Fusarium spp. asociadas a tejido externo (lavado) e interno de hijuelos de Agave tequilana basada en el gen EF-1a, máxima verosimilitud y general time reversible model (GTR) + gama distributed with invariant (G+I), con 1000 repeticiones bootstrap. Viñeta negra indica cepas de suelo, viñeta blanca cepas de tejido interno, en rojo especies filogenéticas y sin identificar de planta adulta de A. tequilana reportada por López-Bautista et al., 2020. El resto, sin marcas, son secuencia de referencia del GenBank. Figure 5. Phylogeny of 23 Fusarium spp. isolates associated with external (washing) and internal tissue of Agave tequilana offsets based on the EF-1a gene, maximum likelihood, and general time reversible model (GTR) + gama distributed with invariant (G+I), with 1000 bootstrap replications. The black bullet indicates isolates from external tissue; the white indicates isolates from internal tissue; the red are the phylogenetic species and the non-identified species of A. tequilana adult plants (López-Bautista et al., 2020). The rest, non-marked, are reference sequences from the GenBank.
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p>Esta investigación tuvo como objetivos identificar la especie(s) de Fusarium asociada(s) a hijuelos comerciales de Agave tequilana y desarrollar una metodología para cuantificar la carga de inóculo en hijuelos provenientes de plantaciones madre de Jalisco con inductividad epidémica diferencial al síndrome marchitez y pudrición seca del cogollo (S...
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... which appeared in the same clade (Figure 2). The distance and organization between clades coincide with the proposal by Aoki et al. (2014) and Mendoza-Ramos et al. (2021) since, in the phylogenetic tree that these authors presented, F. proliferatum belongs to the F. fujikuroi complex. However, it is important to point out that F. proliferatum makes up a diverse evolutionary group, therefore further studies may be required (Leslie and Summerell, 2006). ...
The objective of this research was to identify the causal agent of asparagus rhizome rot, as well as evaluate different inoculation methods and the severity of the isolates. Sampling was carried out in five producing plots Atenco, Edo. from Mexico. Five isolates of Fusarium spp. were selected. (one per plot) to perform pathogenicity tests. Three isolates were selected for their colonization characteristics for severity tests with different inoculation methods: Immersion for 12 h, immersion for 30 min and inoculation by contact with absorbent paper soaked in 1 mL of inoculum. Concentrations of 1x106 conidia mL-1 were used. 10 rhizomes were used per treatment and 10 rhizomes without inoculation. To determine the severity, photographs (in GIMP®) of the rhizome were analyzed seven days after inoculation. The isolates were molecularly identified with ITS4/ITS5, EF688/EF1521 and TUBT1/BT2B. Fusarium prolifetatum was morphologically and molecularly identified in the three isolates. The P3DR isolate was the most severe (14.6%), followed by P5DR (13.9%) and P1SIR (11.6%). The most effective inoculation method was immersion for 30 min. They were registered in the NCBI Gene Bank with accessions ON738484 (P3DR), ON973801 (P5DR) and ON738483 (P1SIR). This is the first report of F. prolifetatum in the Edo. from Mexico.
... Comúnmente, esta planta tarda entre 7 y 8 años para cosecharse, aunque puede llegar hasta los 12 años, por lo que se ha tratado de reducir el tiempo de cosecha por medio de diferentes prácticas agrícolas: principalmente, mediante el manejo de la fertilización química, los riegos controlados (Martínez-Ramírez et al., 2012;Enríquez-del Valle et al., 2018) y el uso de recursos biológicos, como lo son los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) (Montoya-Martínez et al., 2014;Quiñones-Aguilar et al., 2016;Trinidad-Cruz et al., 2017b) y combinación de fertilizaciones químicas y recursos microbianos (Zacarías-Toledo et al., 2016;García-Martínez et al., 2020). Generalmente esta especie se propaga mediante la propagación vegetativa de hijuelos rizomáticos o bulbilos aéreos, siendo estos métodos un potencial movilizador de enfermedades como Fusarium (Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021), el cual es uno de los mayores problemas fitosanitarios que enfrenta el cultivo, esta enfermedad es comúnmente conocida como "marchitez" y es provocada por Fusarium oxysporum (Ramírez-Ramírez et al., 2017;Sierra-Gómez et al., 2019;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021). ...
... Comúnmente, esta planta tarda entre 7 y 8 años para cosecharse, aunque puede llegar hasta los 12 años, por lo que se ha tratado de reducir el tiempo de cosecha por medio de diferentes prácticas agrícolas: principalmente, mediante el manejo de la fertilización química, los riegos controlados (Martínez-Ramírez et al., 2012;Enríquez-del Valle et al., 2018) y el uso de recursos biológicos, como lo son los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) (Montoya-Martínez et al., 2014;Quiñones-Aguilar et al., 2016;Trinidad-Cruz et al., 2017b) y combinación de fertilizaciones químicas y recursos microbianos (Zacarías-Toledo et al., 2016;García-Martínez et al., 2020). Generalmente esta especie se propaga mediante la propagación vegetativa de hijuelos rizomáticos o bulbilos aéreos, siendo estos métodos un potencial movilizador de enfermedades como Fusarium (Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021), el cual es uno de los mayores problemas fitosanitarios que enfrenta el cultivo, esta enfermedad es comúnmente conocida como "marchitez" y es provocada por Fusarium oxysporum (Ramírez-Ramírez et al., 2017;Sierra-Gómez et al., 2019;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021). ...
El uso de microorganismos ha sido una alternativa para promover el crecimiento y biocontrol de plagas y enfermedades en diversos cultivos y agave. En este trabajo se estudió la inoculación de bulbilos de Agave tequilana con distintas micorrizas arbusculares sobre el crecimiento y control de la marchitez causada por Fusarium oxysporum. En invernadero, se inocularon bulbilos de Agave con el consorcio nativo “Barranca de las Nueces”, un inóculo comercial de esporas de Rhizofagus y un control sin micorriza. Después de cuatro meses de micorrización, se registró un incremento del 31 % en biomasa fresca y 61 % en altura de bulbilos micorrizados respecto al tratamiento sin micorrizar; además, de un 28 % de colonización micorrízica en los tratamientos micorrizados. A los 120 días después de la micorrización, un grupo de plantas se infectó con Fusarium oxysporum y cien días después se registró el crecimiento y el control de la enfermedad. Los resultados mostraron solo efecto significativo de la micorrización sobre el crecimiento de los bulbilos y aquellos con el inóculo comercial presentaron el mayor crecimiento. Respecto al control contra Fusarium oxysporum, todas las plantas infectadas mostraron un nivel de medio a severo de acuerdo con la escala generada. Los resultados mostraron una promoción en crecimiento de los bulbilos por la micorrización; sin embargo, no se logró evidenciar algún tipo de control contra la enfermedad, al menos a nivel foliar. Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares promueven el crecimiento de bulbilos de agave y podrían aminorar el daño de enfermedades en esta especie.
... (https://elpais. Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Coria-Contreras et al., 2019;Flores-Sánchez et al., 2017). ...
... Special Issue: Covid-19 and Plant Health, November, 2021 Mexican Journal of PHYTOPATHOLOGY Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA developed in Mexico, with different application and consolidation levels, in coffee (Coffea spp.), blue agave (Agave tequilana) and citrus (Citrus spp.) by DGSV (SENASICA) responsible for national Plant Health (Moral-Aguilera et al., 2021a;Mendoza- Ramos et al., 2021;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Coria-Contreras et al., 2019;Flores-Sánchez et al., 2017). ...
Global retrospective human/plant epidemiology analysis exhibits a reactive cognitive development influenced by casuistic phenomena. Epidemic outbreaks of XXI century evidenced regression of the population-based approach to risk prevention and erosion of Public Health model, successful between 1950-1970. After 19 pandemics and 200 historical outbreaks, neither WHO nor public or private institutions, have not consolidated sustainable preventive models. Urban expansion and agricultural colonialism during the Industrial Revolution accelerated pandemic processes such as Black Death (Yersinia pestis), Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), Potato Blight (Phythopthora infestans) or Coffee Rust (Hemileia vastatrix). These factors contributed to the conception and application of the contagion and prevention principles by Snow/1854 or de Bary/1857, in the hygienism of Proust/1873, and the sanitation of Marshall/1882, before the etiological principle developed by Pasteur/1862 and Koch/1882. The contemporary scientific revolutions strengthened the reductionist hospital vision, with emphasis on cure as a principle, and on health privatization as a business strategy. The central epidemiology paradigm’s population is limited to the individual-patient or plant-damage. The COVID-19 cases curve (‘epidemic wave’) is not inherent to preventive epidemiology, ‘flattening’ lacks infectious basis, ‘healthy distance’ or ‘confinement’ are not sustainable mitigation strategies. The immunological emphasis did not generate the expected individual protection and ‘herd immunity’. Instead, it exacerbated the pharmaceutical-mercantilized vaccine ‘race’ to new variants; geopolitical protectionism; and unequal distribution of immunologicals. The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic evidenced the rational epidemiological framework deterioration; the absence of Surveillance Systems that articulate clinical detection and viral variants with community risks follow-up, enhanced with genomic and digital technology; the systematic failure of Public Health Systems; and the absence of a pansystemic model to integrate regional preventive models. Maximum case-fatality reduction from 15.2% in 2020 to 2.5 world average 2021, suggests an endemic transitional process. Worldwide reproduction rates Rt > 1 are consistent with more transmissible variants, such as Delta and Omicron, as sublethal survival ability of the virus. The pandemic has not been successfully intervened and its momentum is determined by biological attributes inherent to SARS-CoV-2.
... Eventualmente, el acopio estructurado de datos articulados a una plataforma web ad hoc genera grandes volúmenes de datos los cuales son intervenidos mediante algoritmos dinámicos para generar insumos gráficos descriptivos, análisis automatizados y desarrollo de criterios de accionabilidad para toma de decisiones inherentes al objetivo(s) de un SVE. Una aplicación móvil diseñada con un enfoque epidemiológico permite también su implementación en investigación de soporte (Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Coria-Contreras et al., 2019), y en comunicación de riesgos mediante la recepción de alertas para toma de decisiones. App Alerta Café v. 2.0, disponible en Play Store, se implementó por tres años con este propósito (CP-LANREF, 2017. ...
... The algorithms that enable this are predominantly relational and are conditioned to the proper and planned selection of variables, frequency, and spatial distribution of measurements. ESS support research provides this kind of information (Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Acevedo-Sánchez and Mora-Aguilera, 2016;Mora-Aguilera et al., 2016b;Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2015a, b). Logically, a numerical algorithm must also be programmed to automate decision rules. ...
... For example, the algorithm for calculating the number of hours favorable for H. vastatrix infection was based on specific temperature (20-22 °C) and relative humidity Fully Bilingual Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA Mexican Journal of Phytopathology a la pertinente y planeada selección de variables, frecuencia y distribución espacial de mediciones. Líneas de investigación de soporte SVE proporcionan esta de información (Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Acevedo-Sánchez and Mora-Aguilera. 2016;Mora-Aguilera et al., 2016b;Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2015a, b). ...
The advancement of digital technology has made it possible to conceive automated Epidemiological Surveillance Systems (ESS) with a holistic-systemic approach allowing effective operation, management, and processing of phytosanitary data for fast decision making applied to regional prevention and pest management. This surveillance type focuses on plant health, overcoming the reductionist pest vision of the conventional normative surveillance. An ESS implies the precise definition of the regional framework, objectives, pest(s) in a wide sense, human/financial resources, regulatory context, support research planning, operational structure, and innovation models. These elements determine the precision, frequency, and type of sampling and monitoring and the selection of variables related to a novel epidemiological system. In contrast to the normative surveillance, a systemic ESS has descriptive and risk forecasting capabilities, including early warnings, based on spatial and temporal analyses. A web-based ESS assures a flexible-dynamic generation of reports and automated analysis. An ESS operated on web platforms, emphasizing open source software and tools, can be hosted on generic or dedicated servers for metadata storage configured with Linux / Apache technologies with 24/7 (h day-1) functional capabilities. Open source tools include MySQL / MariaDB and other systems as database managers; PHP / Node.js, and JavaScript, Ajax, HTML5 and CSS as web design base ‘back-end’ and ‘front-end’ programs, respectively. This review focuses on principles, conceptual attributes, general methodological approaches, and objectives of web-based ESS. An overview is presented with an ESS developed in Mexico for coffee plantations (Coffea spp.), which allowed the surveillance of 19 pests, nine under quarantine status, through the generation, management, and analysis of 87.4 million climatic data and 15.7 million epidemiological records over 2013-2019.
