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Abundancia relativa por clases de edad del Cóndor Andino Vultur gryphus en cerro Palomares durante la temporada 2004–05.
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Vultur gryphus se distribuye desde Venezuela hasta el extremo sur de Chile en el Cabo de Hornos, asociado a la cordillera de los Andes 4 . En Chile también se puede encontrar en acantilados costeros del norte del país, cordillera de la costa (zona central), la zona costera de fiordos y la estepa patagónica en el extremo sur. El estado de conservaci...
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Los roedores en Chile están representados por 64 especies siendo Oligoryzomys longicaudatus (Bennett 1832) una de las especies más importantes por ser transmisor del Hanta virus, que es una enfermedad mortal para el ser humano. El presente estudio consistió en analizar la dinámica poblacional de roedores en un predio cercano a la ciudad de Valdivia...
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... In Patagonia, where the population density of condors is double that of central Chile (Pavez 2012), the number recorded in communal roosts was much lower than at the landfill. Indeed, in Chilean Patagonia, in a sample of 27 communal roosts, a maximum of 75 condors were recorded (Kusch 2004(Kusch , 2006, while in Argentinean Patagonia maximums of 86, 136, and 114 were reported for three large communal roosts (Lambertucci et al. 2008). As condors have large home ranges, which can include much of central Chile and central-western Argentina (Pavez 2014, Perrig et al. 2020, the concentrated use of this landfill suggests that landfills can influence population distribution on a large spatial scale. ...
We here describe Andean Condors' (Vultur gryphus) use of the biggest landfill in Chile as a food source. We monitored the landfill between 2005 and 2022. Until 2013, there was an increase in the number of condors present in the landfill. Then the number decreased until 2016, coincident with an abundant food supply on a large spatial scale, due to high mortality of cattle that were affected by extreme drought and plentiful rabbit carcasses due to outbreaks of myxomatosis. The same temporal and numerical trends were observed in both sexes and all ages. Compared to published population parameters, in the landfill the proportion of immatures was higher and that of adult males was lower; therefore, the landfill could function as a subsidy mainly for the lower strata of the dominance hierarchy of this species. There was a strong seasonality, with a low presence of condors in the warm season and maximum numbers in the cold season, likely coinciding with seasonal movements of livestock between summer and winter range lands in the high mountains, resulting in lower food abundance for condors during the cold season. This is the first characterization of the use of a landfill by a high number of Andean Condors, use that could have implications for the species' population in central Chile. Despite the apparent positive effect as a subsidy, waste disposals can have detrimental effects due to condors' consumption of potentially dangerous compounds. This study underscores the opportunistic nature of the Andean Condor, a species that can take advantage of rubbish dumps. Long-term Andean Condor monitoring at landfills may serve as an indicator food supply over a large spatial scale, which should be considered in conservation strategies.
... Population estimates of about 2000 individuals have been suggested for both Argentina and Chile (World Wildlife Foundation and Fundació n Bioandina 2000), although there are no systematic counts in the field to support these estimates, and given the geography of these neighboring elongated countries, it seems probable that there is overlap in the condor population between countries. However, estimates at communal roosts in Argentina and Chile suggest that there are hundreds in each region studied (Feijó o 1999, Kusch 2004, 2006, Lambertucci 2010, Gargiulo 2014. National Red List classifications for the Andean Condor are as follows: Critically Endangered in Venezuela (Rodríguez et al. 2015, Sharpe et al. 2015 and Colombia (Renjifo et al. 2016); Endangered in Ecuador (Freile et al. 2019), Peru (Decreto Supremo 004-2014-MINAGRI) and Argentina (Argentina Ambiental 2017); and Vulnerable in Bolivia (Balderrama et al. 2009) and Chile (Corporacíon Nacional Forestal 1993). ...
... Population estimates of about 2000 individuals have been suggested for both Argentina and Chile (World Wildlife Foundation and Fundació n Bioandina 2000), although there are no systematic counts in the field to support these estimates, and given the geography of these neighboring elongated countries, it seems probable that there is overlap in the condor population between countries. However, estimates at communal roosts in Argentina and Chile suggest that there are hundreds in each region studied (Feijó o 1999, Kusch 2004, 2006, Lambertucci 2010, Gargiulo 2014. National Red List classifications for the Andean Condor are as follows: Critically Endangered in Venezuela (Rodríguez et al. 2015, Sharpe et al. 2015 and Colombia (Renjifo et al. 2016); Endangered in Ecuador (Freile et al. 2019), Peru (Decreto Supremo 004-2014-MINAGRI) and Argentina (Argentina Ambiental 2017); and Vulnerable in Bolivia (Balderrama et al. 2009) and Chile (Corporacíon Nacional Forestal 1993). ...
The Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) is a culturally iconic wildlife symbol for the South American Andes, but is naturally found at very low population densities, and is increasingly threatened. Using the Range Wide Priority Setting methodology, we (a group of 38 Andean Condor experts) updated the Andean Condor historical range (3,230,061 km2), systematized 9998 Andean Condor distribution points across the range, and identified geographic areas for which there was expert knowledge (66%), including areas where Andean Condors no longer occur (7%), and geographic areas where condors are believed to range, but for which there was not expert knowledge about condor presence (34%). To prioritize conservation action into the future and identify existing Andean Condor population strongholds, we used expert knowledge to identify 21 of the most important areas for the conservation of the species (i.e., Andean Condor Conservation Units [ACCUs]) that cover 37% of the revised historical range, and range in size from 837 km2 to 298,951 km2. In general, ACCUs were relatively small in the northern portion of the range in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru, and significantly larger in the central and southern portion of the range in Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, reflecting the reduced and narrower historical range in the northern portion of the range, as well as increased threats. Andean Condors can fly extremely long distances and so the populations of many neighboring ACCUs are probably still functionally connected, although this situation also underlines the need for integrated and large-scale conservation efforts for this species. As a function of the Range Wide Priority Setting results, we make recommendations to ensure population connectivity into the future and engage a wide range of actors in Andean Condor conservation efforts.
... Se encontró que los cóndores usan el basural entre las 07:00 y las 13:00 horas, con un aumento de individuos en el otoño y en el invierno, cuando hay menos carroña. Otras investigaciones notables incluyen: uso y preferencia de hábitat, bioquímica e inmunología, monitoreo de cóndores reintroducidos (2001), anidamiento y preferencia paternal, demografía, potencial de ecoturismo, modelamiento de poblaciones y censos (Escobar-Gimpel et al. 2015;Kusch 2004Kusch , 2006Sarno et al. 2000). Koester 2002). ...
... El cóndor es común en el sur de Tierra del Fuego y en el archipiélago Wollaston y menos frecuente en las regiones boscosas del sur de Chile (Couve et al. 2016). También se lo puede encontrar en los canales y fi ordos de la región de Magallanes (Kusch 2004(Kusch , 2006. ...
... La poca información sobre la estructura poblacional, la reproducción y la abundancia del cóndor andino proviene de áreas específi cas de las montañas centrales y del sur de Chile (Sarno et al. 2000;Kusch 2004Kusch , 2006Escobar-Gimpel et al. 2015). Las observaciones de campo sugieren que los cortejos y las copulaciones empiezan entre julio y agosto. ...
... Notably, most known condor communal roosts and nest sites are outside protected areas (Kusch, 2004(Kusch, , 2006Lambertucci et al., 2014;Guido et al., 2020). In addition, cliffs used as condor communal roosts could be suitable habitats for aggregations of other bird species, thus leading to hotspots of occupancy or species richness (Lambertucci and Ruggiero, 2016). ...
... This information corresponds to studies using methodologies such as counts at feeding stations, including capture-recapture methods based on camera trap data (Ríos-Uzeda and Wallace, 2007;Méndez et al., 2019;Cailly Arnulphi et al., 2013); counts of individuals in point counts and transects (Astudillo et al., 2011); field observations of passing birds (Koenen and Koenen, 2000); surveys at communal roosts Lambertucci, 2010) and genetic studies (Alcaide et al., 2010;Padró et al., 2018;Perrig et al., 2019b). These studies suggest that the most important populations for the species could be present in Argentina, Chile and Bolivia (Kusch, 2006;Escobar, 2014;Lambertucci, 2010;Martínez et al., 2004;Méndez et al., 2015Méndez et al., , 2019. On the other hand, countries such as Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela show lower condor abundances (Astudillo et al., 2011;Calchi and Viloria, 1991;Naveda-Rodriguez et al., 2016; Programa Nacional para la Conservación del Condor Andino en Colombia, 2006Colombia, -2016 and little information is available for Peru (but see Najarro, 2015;Piana and Angulo, 2015). ...
... References: [1]Donázar and Feijóo, 2002; [2] Herrmann et al., 2010; [3] Kusch, 2006; [4] Kusch, 2004; [5] Lambertucci, 2013; [6] Lambertucci, 2010; [7] [8] Lambertucci and Mastrantuoni, 2008; [9] Lambertucci and Ruggiero, 2016; [10] Lambertucci and Ruggiero, 2013; [11] Lambertucci and Speziale, 2009; [12] Restrepo-Cardona et al., 2018; [13] Sáenz-Jiménez et al., 2016; [14] Lambertucci et al., 2018; [15] Ballejo et al., 2018, [16] Lambertucci et al., 2009b; [17] Pavez et al., 2019; [18] Aliaga-Rossel et al., 2012; [19] Carrete et al., 2010; [20] Donázar et al., 1999; [21] Lambertucci et al., 2009a; [22] Stucchi and Figueroa, 2010; [23] Wallace and Temple, 1987a; [24] Cailly Arnulphi et al., 2017; [25] Castillo-Figueroa et al., 2019; [26] Manzano García et al., 2017; [27] Restrepo et al., 2019; [28] Ballejo et al., 2020; [29] Alarcón et al., 2017; [30] De Martino et al., 2011; [31] Guido et al., 2020; [32] Lambertucci et al., 2014; [33] Pavez, 2016; [34] Pérez-García et al., 2018; [35] Perrig et al., 2020; [36] Wallace et al., 1983; [37] Williams et al., 2020; [38] Alcaide et al., 2010; [39] Hendrickson et al., 2003; [40] Padró et al., 2020; [41] Padró et al., 2019; [42] Padró et al., 2018; [43] Doussang et al., 2018; [44] Gee et al., 1981; [45] Plaza et al., 2019b; [46] Plaza et al., 2019d; [47] Ruiz Pinell et al., 2016; [48] Toro et al., 1997; [49] Wiemeyer et al., 2013; [50] Astudillo et al., 2011; [51] Calchi and Viloria, 1991; [52] Escobar Gimpel et al., 2015; [53] Escobar, 2014; [54] Koenen and Koenen, 2000; [55] Lambertucci et al., 2012; [56] Martínez et al., 2004; [57] Méndez et al., 2019; [58] Méndez et al., 2015; [59] Naveda-Rodriguez et al., 2016; [60] Sarno et al., 2000; [61] Alarcón and Lambertucci, 2018; [62] Estrada-Pacheco et al., 2020; [63] Pauli et al., 2018; [64] Pavez and Estades, 2016; [65] Lambertucci et al., 2011; [66] Plaza et al., 2020b; [67] Wiemeyer et al., 2017; [68] Piana, 2020; [69] Péron et al., 2017; [70] Speziale et al., 2008; [71] Piana, 2014; [72]Williams et al., 2011. a Anecdotal evidence refers to information acquired from newspaper reports (Appendix ...
While scientific knowledge is consistently increasing for several species of conservation concern, mitigating their population declines continues to be a great challenge globally. This is the case of the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) in South America. Scientific information on this species has increased steeply in the last years, but their population declines continue. Here, we review and analyze the scientific information available about Andean condors ecology with implications for its conservation. We also evaluate published and unpublished information about the different threats affecting their populations. Finally, we propose conservation actions based on acquired scientific knowledge, which should be of help for conservation managers and policy makers. The increase in scientific information on this species was mainly focused on subject areas as key habitats for roosting and breeding, food sources, intra and interspecific interaction, human-condor relationships, movement ecology, genetic composition, and health information. Worryingly, good demographic information is still lacking (e.g., population density, breeding success, age and sex-specific survival rates) which prevents the assessment of the population viability. The most important threats affecting condor populations that require urgent actions are poisoning with pesticides and lead contamination. Illegal shooting, impacts produced by human infrastructure and cultural threats are other threats affecting this species. There is not much scientific information on the potential effects of veterinary drugs ingestion, impacts of carnivore traps, pathogen microorganisms and disturbances produced by tourism or climbing activities. Importantly, the actual population impacts of most of the mentioned threats are still unknown. Although some basic ecological studies are still needed (e.g., demography), conservation policies should incorporate scientific knowledge acquired in the last years to produce better results and reverse population declines for this species.
... Se encontró que los cóndores usan el basural entre las 07:00 y las 13:00 horas, con un aumento de individuos en el otoño y en el invierno, cuando hay menos carroña. Otras investigaciones notables incluyen: uso y preferencia de hábitat, bioquímica e inmunología, monitoreo de cóndores reintroducidos (2001), anidamiento y preferencia paternal, demografía, potencial de ecoturismo, modelamiento de poblaciones y censos (Escobar-Gimpel et al. 2015;Kusch 2004Kusch , 2006Sarno et al. 2000). Koester 2002). ...
... El cóndor es común en el sur de Tierra del Fuego y en el archipiélago Wollaston y menos frecuente en las regiones boscosas del sur de Chile (Couve et al. 2016). También se lo puede encontrar en los canales y fi ordos de la región de Magallanes (Kusch 2004(Kusch , 2006. ...
... La poca información sobre la estructura poblacional, la reproducción y la abundancia del cóndor andino proviene de áreas específi cas de las montañas centrales y del sur de Chile (Sarno et al. 2000;Kusch 2004Kusch , 2006Escobar-Gimpel et al. 2015). Las observaciones de campo sugieren que los cortejos y las copulaciones empiezan entre julio y agosto. ...
***SPANISH VERSION AVAILABLE***
The Range-Wide Priority Setting Exercise aimed to assess the distribution and conservation status of the Andean condor, and consolidate all available information on the species, currently dispersed and scattered from all different sources, to be translated into a conservation strategy, including the participative definition of Andean Condor Conservation Units (ACCUs). The exercise anticipated that these ACCUs consider threats, distribution, and relative abundance, potentially important factors for selecting specific c sites for long-term conservation investment, as well as studies and population monitoring on behavior, reproduction, and distribution. The exercise also hoped to produce an action plan and distribution map for dissemination across the bird’s range, as well as crucial conversation among the important actors in the conservation of the Andean condor.
... Coragyps atratus was considered to be a strong competitor for the condor in environments where it is very abundant, especially for females and juveniles of the condor (Carrete et al. 2010, Lambertucci et al. 2012. In Chile, aggression from the Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle (Geranoaetus melanoleucus) on the Andean Condor was also observed (Kusch 2006). In southern Colombia, near the Chiles volcano, in the department of Nariño, there were competitive interactions for food (carrion) between reintroduced condors and the Carunculated Caracara (Phalcoboenus carunculatus) (Bastidas pers. ...
Between 1989–2013, 69 Andean Condors (Vultur gryphus) were reintroduced in eight sites in the Andes of Colombia. Due to the lack of monitoring programs, little is known about the ecology and biology of these reintroduced populations. We present the first observations on a reintroduced breeding pair. For 36 months, we examined the breeding behavior of a pair of condors in a nest cave in the central Andes of Colombia. In June 2013, we observed a chick of about 6–7 months of age in the nest cave. The most remarkable outcomes of these observations are (1) that females spend more time guarding the chick whereas (2) males focus on guarding the nest cave. While the chick was in the nest cave (80 h of observations), the female was present in the vicinity of the nest cave and attended the chick for a longer time period than the male. However, in the absence of a chick or eggs (880 h of observations), the male was observed more often in the vicinity of the nest cave than the female. Nevertheless, we found no significant differ- ences in vigilance patterns between the sexes. Intraspecific interactions of the Andean Condor with other raptors in the area were recorded during the observation period of this study. We make some predictions on the timing of reproduction of condors based on this reintroduced pair in Colombia and compare them with those reported else- where. Tracking released populations of condors is essential to ensure the positive impact of reintroduction efforts.
... Coragyps atratus was considered to be a strong competitor for the condor in environments where it is very abundant, especially for females and juveniles of the condor (Carrete et al. 2010, Lambertucci et al. 2012. In Chile, aggression from the Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle (Geranoaetus melanoleucus) on the Andean Condor was also observed (Kusch 2006). In southern Colombia, near the Chiles volcano, in the department of Nariño, there were competitive interactions for food (carrion) between reintroduced condors and the Carunculated Caracara (Phalcoboenus carunculatus) (Bastidas pers. ...
· Between 1989–2013, 69 Andean Condors (Vultur gryphus) were reintroduced in eight sites in the Andes of Colombia. Due to the lack of monitoring programs, little is known about the ecology and biology of these reintroduced populations. We present the first observations on a reintroduced breeding pair. For 36 months, we examined the breeding behavior of a pair of condors in a nest cave in the central Andes of Colombia. In June 2013, we observed a chick of about 6–7 months of age in the nest cave. The most remarkable outcomes of these observations are (1) that females spend more time guarding the chick whereas (2) males focus on guarding the nest cave. While the chick was in the nest cave (80 h of observations), the female was present in the vicinity of the nest cave and attended the chick for a longer time period than the male. However, in the absence of a chick or eggs (880 h of observations), the male was observed more often in the vicinity of the nest cave than the female. Nevertheless, we found no significant differences in vigilance patterns between the sexes. Intraspecific interactions of the Andean Condor with other raptors in the area were recorded during the observation period of this study. We make some predictions on the timing of reproduction of condors based on this reintroduced pair in Colombia and compare them with those reported elsewhere. Tracking released populations of condors is essential to ensure the positive impact of reintroduction efforts. Resumen · Comportamiento reproductivo de una pareja reintroducida de Cóndor Andino (Vultur gryphus) en la cordillera Central de Colombia Entre 1989–2013, 69 individuos de Cóndor Andino (Vultur gryphus) fueron liberados en ocho núcleos de repoblación en la región andina de Colombia. Debido a la falta de seguimiento de estas liberaciones, se conoce poco sobre la biología y ecología de la especie en esos núcleos de repoblación. Presentamos la primera información de seguimiento del comportamiento reproductivo de una pareja en los núcleos de repoblación. Por un periodo de 36 meses examinamos el comportamiento reproductivo de esa pareja en un nido encontrado en la cordillera Central de Colombia. En junio de 2013 registramos la presencia de un polluelo de aproximadamente seis a siete meses de edad en el nido. Mientras el polluelo estuvo en el nido (80 h de observación), la hembra permaneció dentro de la vecindad e interactuó por más tiempo con el polluelo en comparación con el macho. En ausencia de polluelo o postura (880 h de observación), el macho permaneció dentro del territorio por un mayor número de horas en comparación con la hembra, aunque estas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Registramos interacciones interespecíficas directas entre el Cóndor Andino y rapaces que ingresaron a su área de anidación. El seguimiento de las poblaciones de cóndor liberadas es clave para garantizar el impacto positivo de los esfuerzos de reintroducción como herramienta para la conservación.
... Coragyps atratus was considered to be a strong competitor for the condor in environments where it is very abundant, especially for females and juveniles of the condor (Carrete et al. 2010, Lambertucci et al. 2012. In Chile, aggression from the Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle (Geranoaetus melanoleucus) on the Andean Condor was also observed (Kusch 2006). In southern Colombia, near the Chiles volcano, in the department of Nariño, there were competitive interactions for food (carrion) between reintroduced condors and the Carunculated Caracara (Phalcoboenus carunculatus) (Bastidas pers. ...
Between 1989-2013, 69 Andean Condors (Vultur gryphus) were reintroduced in eight sites in the Andes of Colombia. Due to the lack of monitoring programs, little is known about the ecology and biology of these reintroduced populations. We present the first observations on a reintroduced breeding pair. For 36 months, we examined the breeding behavior of a pair of condors in a nest cave in the central Andes of Colombia. In June 2013, we observed a chick of about 6-7 months of age in the nest cave. The most remarkable outcomes of these observations are (1) that females spend more time guarding the chick whereas (2) males focus on guarding the nest cave. While the chick was in the nest cave (80 h of observations), the female was present in the vicinity of the nest cave and attended the chick for a longer time period than the male. However, in the absence of a chick or eggs (880 h of observations), the male was observed more often in the vicinity of the nest cave than the female. Nevertheless, we found no significant differences in vigilance patterns between the sexes. Intraspecific interactions of the Andean Condor with other raptors in the area were recorded during the observation period of this study. We make some predictions on the timing of reproduction of condors based on this reintroduced pair in Colombia and compare them with those reported elsewhere. Tracking released populations of condors is essential to ensure the positive impact of reintroduction efforts. Resumen · Comportamiento reproductivo de una pareja reintroducida de Cóndor Andino (Vultur gryphus) en la cor-dillera Central de Colombia Entre 1989-2013, 69 individuos de Cóndor Andino (Vultur gryphus) fueron liberados en ocho núcleos de repoblación en la región andina de Colombia. Debido a la falta de seguimiento de estas liberaciones, se conoce poco sobre la biología y ecología de la especie en esos núcleos de repoblación. Presentamos la primera información de seguimiento del comportamiento reproductivo de una pareja en los núcleos de repoblación. Por un periodo de 36 meses examina-mos el comportamiento reproductivo de esa pareja en un nido encontrado en la cordillera Central de Colombia. En junio de 2013 registramos la presencia de un polluelo de aproximadamente seis a siete meses de edad en el nido. Mientras el polluelo estuvo en el nido (80 h de observación), la hembra permaneció dentro de la vecindad e interactuó por más tiempo con el polluelo en comparación con el macho. En ausencia de polluelo o postura (880 h de obser-vación), el macho permaneció dentro del territorio por un mayor número de horas en comparación con la hembra, aunque estas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Registramos interacciones interespecíficas direc-tas entre el Cóndor Andino y rapaces que ingresaron a su área de anidación. El seguimiento de las poblaciones de cóndor liberadas es clave para garantizar el impacto positivo de los esfuerzos de reintroducción como herramienta para la conservación.
... En general, en las poblaciones de aves silvestres la proporción de sexos en individuos adultos está sesgada hacia los machos, a diferencia de lo observado en individuos juveniles, donde la proporción de sexos por lo general se encuentra en equilibrio (Donald 2007). En el Cóndor Andino (Vultur gryphus), una especie de ave típicamente carroñera ampliamente distribuida en Sudamérica (McGahan 1972, Fjeldsa & Krabbe 1990, del Hoyo 1994, parece haber una tendencia consistente hacia un predominio numérico de machos dentro de los individuos adultos, a diferencia de la equilibrada proporción de sexo en individuos juveniles (Lambertucci et al. 2012), además de una mayor proporción de aves adultas sobre juveniles (Wallace et al. 1983, Koenen et al. 2000, Kusch 2006, Lambertucci 2010, Arnulphi et al. 2013. ...
... La poca información sobre abundancia y estructura de edad del Cóndor Andino en Chile proviene de fracciones poblacionales estudiadas en el extremo austral del país (Sarno et. al 2000;Kusch 2004Kusch , 2006. En la zona central nada se conoce sobre los aspectos demográficos y del estado poblacional de la especie. ...
... En la Patagonia chilena, Sarno et al. 2000, observaron una marcada diferencia a favor de los individuos adultos. Sin embargo, en un estudio posterior realizado en la misma región, Kusch (2006) no detectó una marcada diferencia. En Bolivia, por el contrario, se observó una mayor proporción de cóndores inmaduros con respecto a los adultos en carroñas experimentales (Ríos-Uzeda & Wallace 2007). ...
Age and sex structure of Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) in feeding areas of central Chile. – The age and sex structures of the Andean Condor are known for some parts of its range while in other such areas data are lacking. The aim of this study was to obtain demographic data from the Andes of central Chile and to compare them with those available from other areas of distribution. From 2009–2010, we studied the age and sex structure of the Andean Condor in central Chile at feeding sites. Four carrion points were provided by us. The carrion comprised carcasses of sheep, donkey, and guanaco. Condor abundance at experimental carrion (mean = 36.25, SE = 48.45) was highly variable (CV = 134%), and we observed a higher proportion of adults (54%) than immatures (46%). Overall the sex ratio of adults was male-biased (52:48). The age and sex structures in our study are consistent with those found in other areas of the species’ distribution. Our results show a higher proportion of adult birds and males at feeding sites in the Andes of central Chile, which has implications on the population viability of the Andean Condor.
