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Evolución estacional del potencial xilemático mínimo (Ψxmin), durante la temporada 2003/2004. T1: riego a 100% de la Etc durante toda la temporada; T2: riego con 75% de la Etc durante toda la temporada; T3: riego con 50% de la Etc durante toda la temporada; T4: régimen variable de riego entre 0 y 100% durante toda la temporada; durante las dos primeras temporadas este tratamiento no fue regado desde inicio de brotación hasta el día 4/12 (81 y 78 días después de brotación, respectivamente); durante la última temporada T4 fue regado igual que T1 hasta 65 días después de brotación, posteriormente fue sometido a restricciones de riego (sin riego y riego a 100% Etc). Barras verticales representan error estándar. Ψ: n = 3.
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This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between water and production in 'Crimson Seedless' table grapes, and to establish threshold values for plants water status. Field experiments were carried out, during a three-year period, in the Aconcagua Valley, Chile, at 32°47'S and 70°42'W, in a clay-loamy textured soil. Different irrigation water am...
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Growers are concerned about the negative impacts on vine yield and berry quality caused by global warming. Irrigation systems are increasingly being installed in vineyards in order to counteract those problems. Therefore, an efficient irrigation management is required. In this context, a field experiment was carried out over three years (2012-2014)...
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... and cluster weight (g). Similar reduction in yield and its components of grapevines were reported by Ferreyra et al. [31], where deficit water and low soil water content cause stomata to close, limiting the plant's ability to take up carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) for photosynthesis, which in turn causes water stress [32]. Furthermore, Farooq et al. [33] found that dry matter production, assimilate translocation, and dry matter portioning all went down. ...
Water-deficit problem in Egypt due to the scarcity of water resources and climatic changes causes significant stress on all crops such as grapevines. Using soil conditioners like superabsorbent polymer (SAP) and Bentonite (BENT) can reduce water problems due to their abilities to store more water and improve the physical and chemical characteristics of soil.
A field experiment with a completely randomized block design was carried out in three replicates at a private farm in Minia Governorate, Egypt to assess the influence of SAP and BENT on growth, yield, and water productivity (WP) of Red Globe grapevines as well as some physical and chemical properties of soil under water deficit regime (75 and 50% of water requirement) and full irrigation 100% of water requirement (control) during 2021 and 2022 seasons. The vines were 13 years and irrigated by a drip irrigation system in sandy soil. The studied soil was treated with different doses of SAP (250 and 500 g/vine) and BENT (200 and 400 g/vine).
The obtained results showed that reducing irrigation to 75 and 50% of the water requirements led to significant decrease in vegetative growth metrics, readings for SPAD, leaf nutrients (N, P, and K), yield and its constituents as well as the physical and chemical properties of the berries compared to full irrigation. Adding SAP and BENT significantly increase the aforementioned characteristics under water deficit conditions. Application of SAP and BENT was the most effective way to mitigate the negative effects of water shortage on growing Red Globe grapes in sandy soil. SAP gave better results than BENT.
Thus, applying superabsorbent 500 g/vine with deficit irrigation 75% of water requirements was a successful treatment in producing an economical yield and berries with fairly high quality and had a positive effect in enhancing WP as well as it proved to be a promising method to improve sandy soil characteristics.
... Arrows indicate the harvest dates. The dashed line (at 4.5 m 2 m ¡2 ) was inserted at the top of all of the charts to enable the easy visual comparison of the diVerent charts grown in a semi-arid region in Chile, an increase in irrigation from 39 to 96% of ET c (average of 377 to 926 mm season ¡1 ) increased the avarage yield by about 20% (Ferreyra et al. 2006). Although, as mentiond above, there is a large amount of variability in the yields of consecutive seasons, the 7-year average yields of the three irriga-tion treatments in the vineyard are linearly related to the irrigation levels applied. ...
... Yields of up to 21.2 t ha ¡1 for cv. Red Globe in Mexico (Valenzuela-Ruiz et al. 2005), 25 t ha ¡1 for 'Crimson Seedless' in Chile (Ferreyra et al. 2006) and 28.5 t ha ¡1 for cv. Flame Seedless in California (Dokoozlian and Hirschfelt 1995) have also been reported. ...
Water consumption of table grapevines (Vitis vinifera cv. Superior Seedless) trained to a large open-canopy gable system was measured during six growing seasons (1999, 2001–2005)
using 12 drainage lysimeters. The lysimeters (1.3m3 each) were installed as part of a one-hectare vineyard in a semi-arid region in southern Israel. Water consumption of the
lysimeter-grown vines (ETc) was used as the basis for the calculation of irrigation applications in the vineyard. Three irrigation treatments, 80% (high),
60% (medium) and 40% (low) of ETc of the lysimeter-grown vines, were applied in the vineyard. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated from regional meteorological data according to the Penman–Monteith equation. Seasonal curves for the crop
coefficient (K
c) were calculated as K
c=ETc/ETo. Maximum ETc values in different seasons ranged from 7.26 to 8.59mmday−1 and seasonal ETc (from DOY 91 through DOY 304) ranged from 1,087 to 1,348mm over the six growing seasons. Leaf area index (LAI) was measured
monthly using the SunScan Canopy Analysis System. Maximum LAI ranged from 4.2 to 6.2m2m−2 for the 2002–2005 seasons. A second-order polynomial curve relating K
c to LAI (R2=0.907, P<0.0001) is proposed as the basis for efficient irrigation management. The effects of the irrigation treatments on canopy
growth and yield are presented. The high ETc and K
c values that were observed are explained by the wide canopy layout that characterize the large open-gable trellis system.
For three consecutive years (2015–2017), two deficit irrigation (DI) strategies were used in a 12-year old vineyard (cv. ‘Crimson Seedless’) to implement a sustainable irrigation protocol according to the available water for the farmer. Four different irrigation treatments were assessed: (i) Control (CTL), irrigated to satisfy the maximum crop water requirements throughout the entire growing season; two DI treatments irrigated as CTL except during post-veraison, when the vines were irrigated at 50% CTL: (ii) Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI); and (iii) Partial Root Drying (PRD), alternating the wet and dry sides of the root zone, and (iv) irrigated according to the criteria followed by the farmer (FARM), and conditioned by the availability of water each season. The DI strategies resulted in a 50% increase in water use efficiency in the first two years and 81% during the third year. Weekly deficit irrigation protocols are proposed, which specify a maximum difference of 0.22 MPa of midday stem water potential with respect to well-watered vines for a range of irrigation water availabilities between 4000 and 7000 m³ ha⁻¹. An applied water prediction model based on the Gaussian regression using day of the year and maximum temperature of the day is also proposed.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the total number of clusters per plant and the sugar concentration of "Superior Seedless" grapevine branches under different soil water tensions conditions. The statistical design was a randomized block with 4 treatments (a) control, b) 70 kPa tension, c) 50 kPa tension, d) 30 kPa tension, and 6 replications, each plot consisting of two plants. Soil moisture curves were plotted in laboratory and field conditions, potential bud fertility (carried out with the help of a 30x magnifier glass and collecting 17 branches in the primary arm of the plant with 15 buds each), actual fertility (given by the fertile buds to sprouted buds per plant ratio) and total sugars. Laboratory conditions helped stress to reach a -70 kPa level in just 21 days during the procedure to determine the retention curve in the laboratory. The different stress levels applied to the soil did not cause significant differences in the total number of clusters per plant. However, a -30 kPa stress showed a 68% reduction in water depth when compared to control and different soil water stress affected the carbohydrate percentage in branches of the "Superior Seedless" vine.
In the Aconcagua Valley, Chile, a 5-year research (2007/2012), has been carried out to evaluate the response of table grape 'Thompson Seedless' vines to different volumes of irrigation water. The experimental site was a commercial orchard of 'Thompson Seedless' grafted on Freedom rootstock, located in the Aconcagua valley (70°41'23"W. Long. and 32°47'20.9"S. Lat.), Chile. Four irrigation treatments were applied: 60, 90, 120 and 140 percent of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during the seasons 2007/08 to 2010/11, and 40, 54, 92 and 108% of Etc in the last season (2011/12). Soil water content was monitored with a capacitive probe in each treatment. Midday stem water potential was also measured. Soil available water as a result of irrigation treatments affected berry size distribution. A linear relationship between berry size and SAW was found. The bunch weight was also affected by a lower application of water (60% ETc). Maximum exportable yield was obtained in the 120% ETc treatment. Table grape production was lowered either by a water application of less than 90% ETc or more than 120% ETc. In the former case, yield reduction may be related to soil water deficit. In the latter case it may be related to poor soil aeration. The water use efficiency changed, on the average, from 7 kg/m3 of exported fruit at 40% ETc to 2.3 kg/m3 with water applied at 140% ETc.
Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a maturação tecnológica e as dimensões
(diâmetro, comprimento e volume) das bagas de videiras cultivadas em ambiente
protegido, submetidas a diferentes condições de disponibilidade hídrica no solo e
consumo de água. Utilizaram-se plantas de Vitis vinifera L., cv.
'Itália', enxertadas sobre '420A', conduzidas em latada descontínua e cobertas com
lonas plásticas de polipropileno trançado impermeabilizado com polietileno (160μm).
Os tratamentos constituíram-se de distintos conteúdos de água disponível no solo, com
o tratamento controle (T1) sob condição de capacidade de campo e potencial matricial
da água no solo (ψm) ao redor de -33,34kPa. Os demais tratamentos tiveram
limites inferiores de -42,12kPa (T2), -76,28kPa (T3) e -94,32kPa (T4). Quando esses
limites eram alcançados, iniciava-se a irrigação até atingir a capacidade de campo.
Os tratamentos T3e T4 anteciparam o ciclo e a maturação tecnológica das bagas em
relação ao controle, mas restringiram o acúmulo relativo de sólidos solúveis totais e
o volume da baga em relação ao controle. Em contrapartida, o déficit hídrico moderado
(T2) apresentou maior eficiência do uso da água pelas plantas, racionalizando o uso
da água, e foi a condição mais adequada para incrementar a qualidade das uvas
The need to determine the variables that help characterize the real water status of vineyards calls for further research aimed at testing current techniques for water status quantification, and particularly for the determination of leaf water potential (LWP). The Scholander Pressure Chamber (SPC) has been widely used and considered as the reference technique. Yet, the frequent use of thermocouple psychrometers and, more
specifically, of water activity meters (WAMs) demands a comparative analysis of the performance of SPC and WAMs and the applicability of WAMs to plant samples instead of soil samples, which has seldom been studied. This paper presents a comparison of two techniques for the determination of leaf water potential in Vitis vinifera var. Albariño in Galicia (NW Spain), WAMs (two models: WP4 and WP4-T) and SPC (model 600-PMS). In addition, this paper presents an assessment of the time required to perform determinations with the three instruments tested. The performances of the three instruments were assessed during two seasons: in 2011, we assessed SPC performance against WAM performance; in 2010, we assessed the performances of the two models of WAM. The comparison between SPC and WP4 was carried out by randomly selecting 22 vines under two irrigation treatments [rainfed (R) and irrigation] and with two irrigation systems [surface drip irrigation (DI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI)]. LWP readings were taken simultaneously with SPC and WAM model WP4. The performance of the two WAM models was assessed in terms of calibration protocol and measurement protocol. To this end, five vines were randomly selected and the following physiological indicators were determined: predawn and midday LWP, predawn and midday osmotic LWP and stem water potential. The time required for measurements was computed for the three instruments. Results reveal a strong correlation between LWP values measured with SPC and WAM (WP4 model), with coefficients of determination above 0.84. According to the results, WAMs are more versatile than SPC, but SPC measurements require less time. Among WAMs, WP4 produces faster measurements than WP4-T and requires fewer calibrations per sample. The use of a WP4 WAM to take real measurements produced reliable results and allowed for the determination of plant water status according to different irrigation treatments showing high sensitivity to plant water status variations among treatments.
The objective this work was to evaluate the effect of water defi cit conditions, during the maturation phase of grapes, on the production and quality of the 'Superior Seedless', between July and November of 2007. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with four replicates, in a (3x3) + 1 factorial arrangement: three times of alteration of the irrigation depths (21, 13 e 5 days before harvest); three irrigation depths (100, 50 e 0% of crop evapotranspiration); and a control treatment, which was the producer’s irrigation management scheme. Irrigation timing and depth infl uenced berry fi rmness and titrable acidity. The management with cut-off irrigation depths at 13 or 21 days before harvesting and the control had the same yield, grape quality and water use effi ciency, and may be adopted to save water for irrigation in the São Francisco Valley region.
