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The first edition of the Brazilian Solar Energy Atlas was launched in 2006 based on ten years of data from the GOES series satellites and the BRAZIL-SR physical model of radiative transfer, validated with data observed at 98 weather stations operated by INMET (National Institute of Meteorology) and spread throughout the country. At the time of the...
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Citations
... The coastal region of the State where the municipality of Serra is located has an annual average of solar irradiance between 4,701 and 4,850 Wh/m 2 /day. 30 Solar irradiance in the region is more influenced by the solar zenith angle, which varies during the day and over the months. The months with the highest solar radiation value in the state of Espírito Santo were the months that represent the summer period in the southern hemisphere of the planet. ...
Objective:
This study aimed to verify vitamin D concentration in children and adolescents during the seasons of the year and to compare vitamin D concentration between children engaged in outdoor activities and those engaged in indoor activities.
Methods:
This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 708 children and adolescents (aged 6-18 years), excluding 109 (16 were over 19 years old; 39 had a disease that required continuous treatment; 20 were on continuous medication; and 34 had no vitamin D data), ending with 599. The plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 was measured with commercial kits following manufacturer instructions.
Results:
Participants who engaged in outdoor activities, as well as those who had data collected during summer and spring, had higher levels of vitamin D. According to the Poisson regression, the proportion of participants with inadequate levels of vitamin D was greater in the participants whose vitamin D was measured during spring (PR 1.15, 95%CI 1.03-1.29) and winter (PR 1.18, 95%CI 1.05-1.32). Also, a greater proportion of inadequate vitamin D was observed for those engaged in indoor activities (PR 1.08, 95%CI 1.01-1.15).
Conclusions:
Participants who measured the vitamin during the summer and autumn had a lower prevalence of hypovitaminosis D. Even in regions with high solar incidence throughout the year, vitamin D levels can vary significantly during the period's seasons.
... De acordo com um estudo realizado pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais -INPE e publicado na segunda versão do Atlas Brasileiro de Energia Solar (Pereira, 2017), os dois designs de sistemas solares fotovoltaicos mais utilizados comercialmente no Brasil, são os de base fixa (item 3.1) e com dispositivo de rastreamento solar de eixo único (item 3.2). No entanto, existem os sistemas solares fotovoltaicos com rastreadores de duplo-eixo (item 3.3), considerados mais complexos e de custo mais elevado, sendo, portanto, pouco utilizados no Brasil. ...
A energia solar é uma fonte de eletricidade renovavél que pode ser captada e convertidas por meio de painéis solares, se tornando uma interessante opção para abastecer locais geograficamente isolados. O objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma análise de mercado de sistemas solares fotovoltaicos para uso residencial e comercial, assim como levantar informações sobre a montagem tradicional (fixa) e móvel (rastreamento solar), com ênfase na melhor eficiência energética para uso em áreas rurais remotas no Brasil. Neste sentido, foi analisado o custo estimado e real para a montagem tradicional dos sistemas solares fotovoltaicos dos últimos 10 anos, assim como foi feita uma análise de implantação da montagem móvel em relação ao mercado atual através das metodologias PEST e SWOT. Foi apontado que um sistema solar fotovoltaico móvel com rastreamento solar tende a gerar mais eletricidade que um de montagem fixa, no entanto, seu custo é maior devido aos dispositivos elétricos necessários para realizar a movimentação. Neste caso, informações mais detalhadas sobre custos não foram encontradas na literatura. Foi apontado também que atualmente a implantação de um sistema solar fotovoltaico (montagem fixa) está em torno de R$ 4,88/Wp para uso residencial e R$ 3,88/Wp para uso comercial, com uma tendência de redução ao longo dos anos. Para futuros estudos propõem-se o levantamento de custos para a implantação de sistemas solares fotovoltaicos com rastreadores solares de eixo único e de duplo-eixo, no intuito de compreender se a melhor eficiência energética gerada é uma vantagem em relação a seu custo de montagem.
... Além dos benefícios ambientais gerados pela ampliação do uso da fonte solar, o Grupo 1 também relaciona a normativa e o SCEE com os "mais de 233 mil empregos e mais de 39,8 bilhões de novos investimentos" (BAITELO, 2021) no Brasil, desde a publicação da normativa. Além disso, a movimentação desse mercado também é capaz de gerar renda adicional para a população e promover uma economia mais justa e inclusiva (KALOGIROU, 2004;MARTINS, 2017;VIEIRA, 2016). ...
A centralização e a baixa diversificação da matriz elétrica brasileira aumentaram a sensação de insegurança energética no País, um problema que ganha proporções ainda maiores diante das mudanças globais do clima. Esta pesquisa analisou a arena política em torno da regulamentação da geração distribuída de energia elétrica afim de elucidar os entraves a sua expansão. Para tanto, foram analisados documentos, discursos, entrevistas, apresentações, material audiovisual e publicações na imprensa sobre a geração distribuída e a fonte solar no País. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que, apesar do grande potencial de desenvolvimento da fonte no País, e dos compromissos internacionais firmados, as coalizões identificadas disputam narrativas que resultam em retrocessos para as agendas do clima e do desenvolvimento sustentável.
... Solar energy is an inexhaustible source of resources, which presents great electrical potential in Brazil, a country possessing extraordinary levels of solar irradiation, even in less sunny locations (JEAN et al., 2021;PEREIRA, 2017). However, although the installation of photovoltaic systems has represented a 33% increase over the years 2019 and 2020, public policies and regulation standardization on the use of the solar source have not yet been able to reach the Brazilian generation potential. ...
... Pathways to achieve a set of ambitious global sustainability objectives by 2050: explorations using the Image integrated assessment model. A energia solar é uma fonte inesgotável de recurso, que apresenta um grande potencial elétrico no Brasil, país detentor de níveis extraordinários de irradiação solar, mesmo em locais menos ensolarados(JEAN et al., 2021;PEREIRA, 2017). Embora a instalação dos sistemas fotovoltaicos tenha representado um aumento de 33% em relação aos anos de 2019 e 2020, as políticas públicas e as normativas sobre a utilização da fonte solar ainda não foram capazes de alcançar o potencial de geração brasileiro. ...
Mining dams within urban areas are a technological risk because, in the event of an accident, theyaffect water security. For example, a sand mining dam accident caused an interruption in the watersupply in the downstream city of São José dos Campos. Thus, the social vulnerability of the populationthat suffered from a failure in the drinking water supply was evaluated. A water shortage indicator,the Social Urban Water Shortage Vulnerability Index – SUWSVI, was composed. Variables that bestreflect the socioeconomic condition were used: Average Income of Head of Household, Female Headof Household, and Children and Elderly Dependent Ratio. The sensitivity analysis considered the cityby geographic regions and zoning classes, considering infrastructure supply and lot size. The resultsshowed that although there are full water supply and sewerage infrastructure (99.6%), the access towater was unequal (39% of the population in the medium SUWSVI range).
... Vinculam o Legislador, que haverá de legislar para, preservando esses valores e buscando referidos objetivos, proteger os direitos fundamentais, normativamente, assim como, eventualmente, fiscalizando a atuação dos demais poderes. E, por fim, vincula também o Poder Judiciário que, ao decidir, há, certamente de levar em conta os princípios, os objetivos e os direitos fundamentais" (MARTINS, 2017(MARTINS, , p. 1052 Nesse escopo, valorosa a lição do Ministro Gilmar Ferreira Mendes e do jurista Paulo Gustavo Gonet Branco: Nessa dimensão objetiva, também assume relevo a perspectiva dos direitos à organização e ao procedimento (Recht auf Organisation und auf Verfahren), que são aqueles direitos fundamentais que dependem, na sua realização, de providências estatais com vistas à criação e conformação de órgãos e procedimentos indispensáveis à sua efetivação. (MENDES, BRANCO, 2017, p. 572). ...
Este livro leva a comunidade acadêmica o conhecimento a partir da pesquisa individualizada, contribuindo para todas e todos aqueles que ainda não concluíram suas graduações, bem como para aqueles profissionais que já desfrutam da busca por aperfeiçoamento e desenvolvimento profissional.
... 13,14 Also, it has the highest solar irradiation rate in Brazil, with an average total daily value of horizontal global irradiation of 5.49 kWh/m². 15 Highlighting the capitals, the average annual temperature is 27.1ºC. 14 This study included only the capitals, considering the homogeneity of health scenarios; the fact that the capitals concentrate diagnosis and treatment centers for the most complex diseases; and similar environmental and climatic conditions. ...
Introduction: Melanoma comprises 3% of all skin tumors and can produce metastasis with high mortality.
Objective: To analyze the temporal behavior of mortality from skin melanoma in the capitals of Northeast Brazil from 2001 to 2017.
Methods: We conducted an ecological time series study involving all deaths due to melanoma registered in the capitals of the Northeast region of Brazil from 2001 to 2017. Crude and standardized rates by the world and Brazilian populations were analyzed. We obtained the indicators from the National Cancer Institute (INCA).The regression model by inflection points was used in the statistical analysis, calculating the annual variation and the average annual variation percentages.
Results: There were 954 deaths from melanoma.The three rates analyzed showed a linear growth trend over the time series: proportional mortality increased from 2.1% to 8.28% (AAPC 6.0%; p
... Because of the amount of missing data, only 54 of these have enough information to output complete historical data series. Subsequently, a data consistency check was performed: 50 stations presented data compatible with the national and regional reality, based on the Solar Atlas, named Atlas Brasileiro de Energia Solar [28]. Among these 50 stations, 4 were chosen since they presented usable data for a more complete analysis, and finally, the station of Teresópolis in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, was selected (Latitude: − 22.407, Longitude: − 42.793, Altitude: 871 m). ...
In the last decade, photovoltaic (PV) energy has grown within the Brazilian electricity matrix and still presents a promising decarbonized alternative. Thus, the assessment of the viability of investment in PV projects in a dynamic market and regulation framework is necessary. The standard approaches to investment decision taking: Net Present Value (NPV) of forecasted Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) consider both the return and risk of the project. Nonetheless, these approaches do not consider several uncertainties that may constitute risk factors, such as the variability of solar irradiation and the penalty rules imposed by the regulator. In this paper, monthly daily measurements of the solar resource were collected over five years in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. Using this database, the statistical distribution that best fits the variability of irradiance is determined. A centralized PV solar energy project is simulated under the typical characteristics of auctions held since 2014 by the Brazilian National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL). Monte Carlo method is applied on the irradiation data and the risk of the financial return falling below a specified value is calculated, using a Real Options approach to estimate the effect of energy output shortfall. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work contemplating financial risk quantification of centralized-generation auction’s contracts using such an approach, which mixes Monte Carlo simulation, expected shortfall and Real Options. It demonstrates how important it can be to capital investors to correctly value the compound effect of irradiation variability coupled with regulatory rules, and the financial risk effect these issues might have on the project value of centralized-generation projects. It can be clearly seen that the corresponding NPV of the project is significantly reduced from almost 8 million R$ to less than 2 million R$, with capping rules penalties, and to less than 0.6 million R$ in the case of output shortfall. But more important is the risk arising from non-compliance, or shortfall, with the guaranty contracted in the auction. This penalty can cause up to 30% risk of a negative NPV, or almost 0.36 million R$ expected shortfall or CVaR, compared to no risk or very small loss risk when without the effect of contract penalties.
... Therefore, the new model can predict instantaneous variations within the 5 min interval since it considers the effects of the average thermal capacity of the PV module. Fig. 9 shows that for the 172 days, the highest daily irradiation on the PV module occurred for values situated between 5500 e 6500 Wh/m 2 , which corresponds to the annual average values of solar radiation in the Southeast region, according to the Atlas of Solar Irradiation in Brazil l (Pereira et al., 2017). Table 8 Main statistical parameters for 172 days (in ascending order of median values). ...
The current study developed an analytical model to predict the PV module's operating temperature based on an experimental database, which considers cell temperature, local meteorological data (irradiance, ambient temperature, wind velocity, and humidity), voltage, and current generated by the photovoltaic system associated with the purely resistive load. Based on the analysis of the 172-day database, it was possible to compare the most used correlations in the literature with the analytical model developed in the current work. For all conditions, the model showed a better response to climate variation-with 100% of the data within an error band of ± 20% and an absolute mean percentage error of 3.1%-predicting well the PV module's operating temperature for both sky conditions (clear or cloudy) and demonstrated that the thermal capacity of the PV module to climatic variations should not be neglected. Moreover, the new model considered the PV module's thermal response capacity to include the variations in the incident solar irradiance caused by the presence of clouds (shading effect). By considering a global heat capacity as a mean value of the heat capacities of the layers of the PV module, the term transient-generally neglected in several works-is considered in the energy equation in the current work, which gives a better response to the variations in the incident radiation.
... According to data released in 2020 by the IEA (International Energy Agency, 2020), non-renewable energy sources such as coal and oil represent about 73.8% of the total consumption, while renewable energy sources represent about 26.2%. In Brazil, hydroelectric plants are the most significant source of electricity, representing 61.27% of its total (Pereira, et al., 2017). ...
... In 2019, investments made in Infrastructure stood out with around BRL (Brazilian Reais) 8.4 billion with 87 requests approved, with emphasis on projects in the energy sector, with BRL 7.4 billion and 55 requests approved. Source: ( Pereira et al.. 2017) Among the tax incentives granted by SUDENE there is the Exemption from IRPJ (Programa de Inclusão Digital -Digital Inclusion Program), which consists of a 75% reduction in taxes for new projects. ...
The concept of hybrid power plants has driven several studies to optimize the energy generation process. In Brazil, the focus country of this work, despite having great potential for alternative energy sources, still concentrates its electric production in hydrographic sources. The main issue with hydrographic sources relies in their nature, which are inconstant and due to the evident climate changes, their scenario can be even more aggravated. This article proposes a study of the application of operational research as a way of improving the implementation process and choosing a location for a hybrid plant in Brazilian territory. This work presents quantitative-qualitative analyzes on the subject and a proposal for the implementation of a plant through the center of gravity technique. The data was provided by a large company in the energy sector. As a result, the calculation of the optimal point of implementation was obtained, resulting in a necessary investment of about 38,896,000.00 Brazilian Reais (BRL), with a payback period of 12 years.
... Os principais fatores climáticos que influenciam o desempenho térmico de uma construção que tem uma parede totalmente envidraçada são a radiação solar incidente na fachada e a diferença entre a temperatura do ar interno e externo [1]. Pereira et al. [10] apontam que a região Nordeste apresenta a maior radiação global horizontal média (5,9kWh/m².dia) e a menor variabilidade interanual (entre 5,7 e 6,1kWh/m².dia) ...
Os ganhos de calor externo de uma edificação decorrem, sobretudo, da radiação solar incidente em sua envoltória, em especial por meio dos vidros. Este estudo avalia o desempenho energético de edificações com o uso de vidros laminados e insulados em cinco cidades do Nordeste do Brasil. Uma sala típica de escritório foi modelada no software EnergyPlus e foram simuladas diferentes configurações de janelas, variando-se o tipo de vidro e a área de janela. Os resultados mostram que quanto maior a temperatura média do ar externo, mais vantajoso é o uso do vidro insulado em termos de economia de energia.
