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-Análise de Componentes Principais para as séries anuais de dados de qualidade da água
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The main objective of this research was to evaluate the water quality of the Baquirivu-Guaçu river located in the cities of Arujá and Guarulhos, State of São Paulo, during the period from 1983 to 2010, based on the urban population increase as well as the land use diversification and occupation in those urban areas. For this purpose two-monthly rec...
Citations
... Despite not including the multiple uses issue, the effective implementation of PDPA-Billings measures to reduce the phosphorus load will ensure an overall improvement in the water quality of the reservoir, which will also ensure the continuity of the multiple uses of water (Saad et al., 2015). However, integrating multiple themes into planning can be more extensive and time-consuming, but it is an opportunity to find valuable connections between themes and advance interdisciplinary and intersectoral proposals. ...
Basins of interest for public water supply can be defined as Water Source Protection and Recovery Areas
(APRM, in the Portuguese acronym) in São Paulo state, Brazil. These areas must have specific instruments for
environmental management, such as the Development and Environmental Protection Plan (PDPA, Portuguese
acronym), which must diagnose problems and propose actions to protect, recover, and preserve springs and
must be included in basin plans. The Billings Reservoir Basin was defined as an APRM in 2009; its first PDPA
was published in 2010, and the second in 2017. The role of these plans is underexplored in the scientific
literature, and sustainability assessment is an interesting approach to subsidize discussions about the scope of
these plans. In this paper, we present a sustainability assessment of the PDPA-Billings, identifying strengths
and weaknesses in the context of one of the municipalities of Billings Basin - São Bernardo do Campo (SP).
As a method, a case study was developed, with literature and document review and interviews, guided by a
set of eight sustainability assessment criteria. The result was a table containing 51 questions on 24 themes.
One of the relevant positive results is the identification of the PDPA as a central instrument for sectorial
integration, especially between water and land use planning. As potential issues for improvement, we indicate
the possibility of better exploring the multiple uses of water, deepening the theme of water security from the
climate change perspective, and an opportunity for PDPA to contribute with regional development strategies,
seeking to influence and support decisions about water in the future of the regional economy. The evidence
also indicates low control and deficient implementation of the proposed actions, so it would be essential to
review the governance arrangements.
... Apesar de não trazer a temática dos usos múltiplos no texto, o cumprimento das ações previstas no PDPA-Billings para a redução da carga de fósforo garantirá uma melhoria na qualidade da água do manancial, assegurando também a continuidade dos usos múltiplos da água (Saad et al., 2015). Porém a integração de vários temas no planejamento pode deixar um plano mais extenso e demorado, mas é uma oportunidade de encontrar e valorizar conexões entre temas e avançar em propostas interdisciplinares e intersetoriais. ...
RESUMO: Bacias hidrográficas de interesse para o abastecimento público de água podem ser definidas como Área de Proteção e Recuperação de Mananciais (APRM) no estado de São Paulo. Tais áreas devem possuir instrumentos de gestão ambiental específicos, como o Plano de Desenvolvimento e Proteção Ambiental (PDPA) que deve diagnosticar problemas e propor ações visando proteger, recuperar e preservar mananciais, e deve ser inserido em planos de bacia hidrográfica. A Bacia Hidrográfica do Reservatório Billings foi definida como APRM em 2009, teve seu primeiro PDPA publicado em 2010, e o segundo, em 2017. O papel desses planos é um tema pouco explorado na literatura científica, e, para esta análise, a avaliação de sustentabilidade é uma abordagem interessante para subsidiar discussões sobre o escopo e alcance deles. Neste artigo, apresentamos uma avaliação de sustentabilidade do PDPA-Billings, com identificação de pontos fortes e fragilidades para o contexto do município de São Bernardo do Campo (SP). Como método, foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso, reunindo revisão bibliográfica, documental e entrevistas, orientado por um conjunto de oito critérios de avaliação de sustentabilidade. Obteve-se como resultado um quadro contendo 51 questões de 24 temáticas. Um dos resultados positivos relevantes foi a identificação do PDPA como um instrumento central para a integração entre os planejamentos de recursos hídricos e de uso de solo. Como potenciais pontos para aprimoramento, indicamos a possibilidade de explorar melhor o tema dos usos múltiplos da água, a necessidade de aprofundamento no tema da segurança hídrica considerando impactos das mudanças climáticas e identificamos uma oportunidade do PDPA contribuir com estratégias de desenvolvimento regional, buscando influenciar e apoiar decisões sobre a água no futuro da economia. As evidências também indicaram a existência de um cenário de baixo controle e implementação deficitária das ações propostas no plano, demandando a revisão dos arranjos de governança.
... A influência da área urbana foi muito relevante para as interações entre os parâmetros da qualidade da água, visto que os valores de IQA apresentaram um decréscimo, em todas as campanhas, após a área urbana. A expansão urbana sem planejamento e saneamento básico torna-se uma das principais causas da redução da qualidade da água (Saad et al., 2016). ...
A água tem o papel fundamental para o desenvolvimento econômico de uma nação, além de ser essencial para a vida de todos os seres vivos. Atividades antrópicas, como o uso do solo, causam alterações nos parâmetros da qualidade da água. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a variabilidade espacial e sazonal dos parâmetros físicos, químicos, biológicos e microbiológicos, bem como, as possíveis relações entre os padrões do uso do solo e cobertura vegetal no Rio dos Frades, Bahia. As concentrações determinadas foram comparadas com os padrões estabelecidos pela resolução do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente - CONAMA nº 357/2005. Com os resultados obtidos observou-se que os parâmetros oxigênio dissolvido, pH e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio ficaram em desacordo com valores estabelecidos pela legislação, nos locais que sofre maior interferência das zonas urbanas dos municípios de Guaratinga e Itabela. Com o auxílio de análises multivariadas observou-se que os parâmetros avaliados apresentam comportamento distinto de acordo com a precipitação, nos quais a série nitrogenada se correlacionou com o período chuvoso enquanto a turbidez com o período seco. Com o auxílio de ferramentas de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG), foi realizada a delimitação da bacia e a classificação supervisionada do uso do solo e cobertura vegetal, revelando a forte pressão antrópica sofrida pelo rio, causada principalmente pela agropecuária. Water quality assessment of a tropical river from a soil usage and vegetation cover perspectiveA B S T R A C TWater plays a fundamental role in the economic development of a nation, besides being essential for the life of all living beings. However, anthropic activities, such as land use, have caused changes in the quality of this resource. Therefore, this study evaluated the spatial and seasonal variation of the physical-chemical, biological and microbiological factors, as well as the possible relationships between the patterns of land use and vegetation cover in the Rio dos Frades Basin - BA. For this, four campaigns were carried out, August / 2018, April, July and October / 2019, where they were analyzed, according to the Standard Methods, the total and dissolved solid parameters, salinity, conductivity, chloride, total and thermotolerant coliforms, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved phosphorus, pH, chlorophyll-a and temperature, and subsequently analyzed according to CONAMA resolution 357/2005. As for analysis of land use and vegetation cover and its correlation, the software QGIS and PAST were used. With the obtained results, if the parameters OD, pH and BOD were at odds with what is recommended by the legislation, due to the use and occupation of the soil without the monitoring of basic infrastructure. Multivariate analyzes showed different behaviors according to precipitation where the nitrogen series is correlated with the rainy season and turbidity with the dry season. Analysis of land use and occupation, revealed strong anthropic pressure suffered by the river, caused mainly by agriculture.Keywords: Rio dos Frades, Water Resources, Geographic Information System, River Basins
... A influência da área urbana foi muito relevante para as interações entre os parâmetros da qualidade da água, visto que os valores de IQA apresentaram um decréscimo, em todas as campanhas, após a área urbana. A expansão urbana sem planejamento e saneamento básico torna-se uma das principais causas da redução da qualidade da água (Saad et al., 2016). ...
... A influência da área urbana foi muito relevante para as interações entre os parâmetros da qualidade da água, visto que os valores de IQA apresentaram um decréscimo, em todas as campanhas, após a área urbana. A expansão urbana sem planejamento e saneamento básico torna-se uma das principais causas da redução da qualidade da água (Saad et al., 2016). ...
Water plays a fundamental role in the economic development of a nation, besides being essential for the life of all living beings. However, anthropic activities, such as land use, have caused changesin the quality of this resource. Therefore, this study evaluated the spatial and seasonal variation of the physical-chemical, biological and microbiological factors, as well as the possible relationships between the patterns of land use and vegetation cover in the Rio dos Frades Basin - BA. For this, four campaigns were carried out, August / 2018, April, July and October / 2019, where they were analyzed, according to the Standard Methods, the total and dissolved solid parameters,salinity, conductivity, chloride, total and thermotolerant coliforms, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved phosphorus, pH, chlorophyll-a and temperature, and subsequently analyzed
according to CONAMA resolution 357/2005. As for analysis of land use and vegetation cover and its correlation, the software QGIS and PAST were used. With the obtained results, if the parameters OD, pH and BOD were at odds with what is recommended by the legislation, due to the use and occupation of the soil without the monitoring of basic
infrastructure. Multivariate analyzes showed different behaviors according to precipitation where the nitrogen series is correlated with the rainy season and turbidity with the dry season. Analysis of land use and occupation, revealed strong anthropic pressure suffered by the river, caused mainly by agriculture.
... The possibility of a new crisis on qualitative and quantitative scarcity is further aggravated by global environmental changes that may alter the hydrological and biogeochemical cycles and may potentially intensify pollution, eutrophication, toxicity and disease spreading (Tundisi 2008;Hartmann et al. 2013). Land cover and use are important drivers of water quality, and their variation in space and time can convert ecosystem services in disservices, with consequences mainly for public health (Tong and Chen 2002;Saad et al. 2015;Sousa and Semensatto 2015;Mokondoko et al. 2016). Usually, when the land cover and use change, water quality changes accordingly (Tong and Chen 2002;Saad et al. 2015;Mokondoko et al. 2016). ...
... Land cover and use are important drivers of water quality, and their variation in space and time can convert ecosystem services in disservices, with consequences mainly for public health (Tong and Chen 2002;Saad et al. 2015;Sousa and Semensatto 2015;Mokondoko et al. 2016). Usually, when the land cover and use change, water quality changes accordingly (Tong and Chen 2002;Saad et al. 2015;Mokondoko et al. 2016). ...
Essential ecosystem services provided by watersheds consider quantity and quality of water supply. In the current study, we used the Avoided Cost valuation method to assess the impacts of changes in land use of Guarapiranga Reservoir watershed (Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Southeast Brazil) on the quality of raw water and on costs of treating the public water supply. Vegetation cover area significantly correlates with the average dosage of reagents for raw water treatment. Reduction of vegetation area increased 7.1 times the cost of water treatment, generating a significant externality for users of the system that reached around US$ 6.6 million in 2010. Even whether underestimated, management of the Metropolitan reservoirs should consider this value, enabling to reinforce water conservation as a state policy and effectively implemented with the participation of society. This study highlights the potential governing processes and management strategies related to the sustainable management of the watershed.
... Unfortunately, it was not observed when the comparative results of the entry point (BQGU 03150) and the exit point (BQGU 03850) were analyzed. The low percentage of non-conformity cases for dissolved oxygen (DO) at point BQGU 03150, 17% as observed in table 5, is due to the fact that the STP located in the Arujá municipality is close to CETESB collecting point and the DO content in the effluent of the plant yields values greater than 5 mg.L -1 , due to the aeration process at the exit of the STP (Saad et al., 2015). The high non-conformity values for FC and BOD at both points confirm the high organic matter content coming from the sewage, no matter the time of the year. ...
... Total phosphorous is another para-meter that is high above the values established by legislation, with 96% of non-conformity cases for this nutrient. At point BQGU 03150, as discussed by Saad et al. (2015), processing at the STP is aerated lagoon followed by decantation, that is a secondary treatment that is not efficient to remove phosphorous and nitrogen. ...
... In the northern portion of the Guarulhos municipality, the water bodies have dendritic forms, constituting watershed areas, as highlighted in Chart 1. Unfortunately, the outcropping, good quality BGRHB water receives domestic sewage a few meters ahead of illegal occupations with no basic sanitation, which compromises both water quality and population's health (Rosa, 2014;Saad et al., 2015). ...
The population growth in Guarulhos (São Paulo State) has been above the average for the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (RMSP). The Baquirivu-Guaçu River Basin (BHRBG), where the Baquirivu-Guaçu River is located, is exactly the urban expansion vector of Guarulhos municipality and neighboring areas. This study presents an analysis of the quality of the Baquirivu-Guaçu River waters at the entrance and at the exit of the Guarulhos municipality, in order to assess the effects of the implementation of sewage treatment plants (STPs) and land use on the Baquirivu-Guaçu River water quality between 2010 and 2014. For that were prepared the land use maps in the period analyzed, an analysis of the functioning of STPs in the study area, a statistical analysis of the Water Quality Index (WQI) and its parameters at different points of the river. The data relative to the Baquirivu-Guaçu River physico-chemicals and microbiological analyses indicate a much lower water quality in the exit of the Guarulhos municipality (WQI=16), when compared to that coming from the Arujá municipality (WQI=32). The mean values highlighted for BOD, DO, TU, TS and FC parameters indicate a considerable worsening of the Baquirivu-Guaçu River waters at point BQGU 03850. The values of TN, TP and pH parameters both at the entrance and exit of the basin are close. The analysis of land use evolution and water quality shows the consequences of an improper process of urban growth in the basin and that the domestic and industrial polluting sources represent considerable risk to water quality, attesting that the sanitation works carried out up to now have not been effective in reducing the polluting charges launched in the Baquirivu-Guaçu River waters. © 2017, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. All rights reserved.
... Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos por Saad et al. (2015) em seu trabalho sobre a qualidade das águas do alto curso do Rio Baquirivu-Guaçu (Alto Tietê), concluindo que desde o início da operação da ETE Arujá, em 2004, a degradação da água sofreu uma desaceleração e a qualidade manteve-se constante até pelo menos o ano de 2010. Novamente, esta condição de degradação relaciona-se com um crescimento urbano sem planejamento, por isso a importância de aplicar corretamente os instrumentos políticos a fim de alcançar a universalidade de acesso aos recursos hídricos. ...
The urbanization growth on a global scale has intensified conflicts over the use of water resources, not only because the increased demand, but also because of supply reduction, which is the result of an unplanned development that deteriorates water quality. Thus, in this work we assessed the impact of Piracicamirim Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP), inaugurated in 1998, over the water quality of the Piracicaba River Hydrographical Basin, where urbanization in the 1960’s was stimulated by industrial decentralization in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. Through the information provided by the State Environmental Company of São Paulo (CETESB) it was possible to explore the annual series of the variables dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and fecal coliform, besides the Water Quality Index, for a period between 1980 and 2012. The results indicated that in the period before the implementation of the WTP there was a significant deterioration in the water quality of the Piracicaba River between the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. The WTP has prevented the deterioration to intensify in what seems to indicate a run between unbridled growth and the capacity of the sewage system. This work highlights the importance of planning and integration between sanitation and urbanization policies.
... Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos por Saad et al. (2015) em seu trabalho sobre a qualidade das águas do alto curso do Rio Baquirivu-Guaçu (Alto Tietê), concluindo que desde o início da operação da ETE Arujá, em 2004, a degradação da água sofreu uma desaceleração e a qualidade manteve-se constante até pelo menos o ano de 2010. Novamente, esta condição de degradação relaciona-se com um crescimento urbano sem planejamento, por isso a importância de aplicar corretamente os instrumentos políticos a fim de alcançar a universalidade de acesso aos recursos hídricos. ...
As interações antropogênicas por meio do desenvolvimento humano acarretam ações negativas quando relacionadas ao meio ambiente, devido à falta de boas práticas ambientais, obtendo os recursos hídricos como um dos principais impactados devido às interações do lançamento de efluentes sanitários e industriais. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem como o objetivo analisar a interação antropogênica do município de Caçador com a qualidade de um sistema lóticos. O estudo foi realizado no percurso do Rio do Peixe entres os municípios de Calmon, Caçador e Rio das Antas, contemplando 11 pontos amostrais – através de um ano de amostragem, por meio de análises físicas, químicas e biológicas, e respectivo Índice da Qualidade da Água (IQANFS). O estudo apresenta que as atividades antrópicas do município de Caçador interferem na qualidade da água do Rio do Peixe, por meio do lançamento in natura do esgoto sanitário, que consequentemente interfere na qualidade da água do Rio do Peixe – apresentando uma ponderação anual variando de regular a bom (50,33 – 61,42) no IQANFS. Assim, é necessário a atenção de entidades públicas e privadas do município de Caçador para o tema abordado, visando a minimização da contaminação desse sistema lótico, visto que o município de Caçador é a primeira cidade que possui interação significativa com o Rio do Peixe.Palavras-chave: Monitoramento Hídrico. Índice da Qualidade da água. Interação Antrópica. Analysis of anthropic interaction in the water quality of a lotic system, Rio do Peixe, Santa Catarina, Brazil A B S T R A C TAnthropogenic interactions through human development lead to negative actions when related to the environment, due to the lack of good environmental practices, obtaining water resources as one of the main impacts due to the interactions of the sanitary effluent discharge and Industries. Therefore, the present work has the objective of analyzing the anthropogenic interaction of the municipality of Caçador with the quality of a lotic system. The study was carried out along the Rio do Peixe, between the municipalities of Calmon, Caçador and Rio das Antas, analyzing 10 sampling points - through one year of sampling, through physical, chemical and biological analyzes and respective Water Quality Index (WQINFS). The study shows that the anthropic activities of the municipality of Caçador interfere in the quality of the water of the Rio do Peixe by means of the in natura launching of the sanitary sewage, that consequently interferes in the quality of the water of the Rio do Peixe - presenting an annual weighting varying from regular to good (50.33 - 61.42) in the WQINFS. Thus, it is necessary the attention of public and private entities of the municipality of Caçador to the topic addressed, aiming at minimizing the contamination of this lotic system, since the municipality of Caçador is the first city that has significant interaction with Rio do Peixe.Keywords: Water Monitoring. Water Quality Index. Anthropic Interaction.
