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... mitre todavía sigue desprotegida. en 1993 hernán vidal, quién había cambiado su área de especializa- ción, dedicándose a la antropología social, presenta su tesis de maestría en Flacso en donde reflexiona de manera crítica sobre su experiencia como arqueólogo y sobre la apropiación de la imagen de los indígenas en tierra del Fuego (vidal 1993a y b). luego se traslada a ee.uu. a realizar su doctorado en la City University of New York (cunY). ...
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Cet article constitue le deuxième volet de la publication préliminaire des fouilles des Thermes du Levant à Leptis Magna menées par la Mission archéologique française en Libye depuis 1994. En vue de contribuer à l’établissement d’une échelle chronologique de la céramique romaine en Tripolitaine (I), quatre contextes céramiques datés respectivement...
Citations
... Isla Grande of Tierra del Fuego and the surrounding archipelago (southernmost South America) allow the exploration of the people-landscape relationship among terrestrial and maritime hunter-gatherers (Borrero 1985(Borrero , 1998Orquera andPiana 2005, 2009;Zangrando et al. 2011;Morello et al. 2012, among others). Furthermore, regional archaeological and ethnographic records showed that rocks and minerals were raw materials used by Fuegians since the peopling of the archipelago until the beginning of twentieth century (Chapman 1986;Massone 1987. ...
... Early Fuegians were pedestrian huntergatherers with a diet centered on the consumption of guanaco (Lama guanicoe), the native wild camelid, and probably opportunistic use of extinct fauna (Massone 1987(Massone , 2004Borrero 2003). Indeed, hunting, gathering and fishing was the dominant way of life in the whole Fuegian Archipelago until historical times (Borrero 1985(Borrero , 1997Legoupil and Fontugne 1997;Orquera and Piana 1999, 2009Legoupil 2003;Zangrando et al. 2011). ...
... Although technology among Fuegian groups was not limited to stone tools, rocks and minerals played a central role as raw materials in hunter-gatherer life style. For example, lithic projectile points, side-and end scrapers were regular elements in the Fuegian technological repertoire, as archaeological artifact assemblages showed (e.g., Orquera and Piana 1999;Borrazzo 2010;Morello et al. 2012;Oría 2012;Santiago 2013;Zangrando et al. 2011;. In addition, the percussion method of firemaking, body painting, and several polishing tools involved the use of rocks and minerals as well (Lothrop [1928(Lothrop [ ] 2002Fiore 2004Fiore , 2016Gallardo et al. 2018). ...
This chapter deals with geological resources in a distinctive manner: it explores their use as raw materials and geographic markers within hunter-gatherer societies that occupied the Fuegian Archipelago since the end of the Pleistocene until historical times. Here we summarize archaeological and ethnographic data that allow us to identify past human decision-making, particularly some of the specific reasons for the choices that Fuegian people made about rocks and landscape features, as well as the ideas related to them. The trends observed in both archaeological and ethnographic data emphasize the deep knowledge that these populations had on the spatial distribution, physical properties and the potential use of minerals and rocks in the Fuegian landscape. Ethnographic mythological narratives underscore the central role of geology in building Selk’nam maps of the islandscape.
... Por otro lado, hay que señalar que se han realizado análisis radiocarbónicos en contextos mortuorios en distintos sectores de la costa patagónica, pero las trayectorias históricas en la costa atlántica de Patagonia se construyeron fundamentalmente sobre muestras procedentes de concheros (ver por ejemplo . Esta realidad también se observa en la costa atlántica de Tierra del Fuego (Borrero et al. 2006;Zangrando et al. 2011;Santiago 2013), canal Beagle (Orquera y Piana 1999b) y otros sectores costeros de Patagonia insular Morello et al. 2012;San Román 2014;Reyes et al. 2015, entre otros). Esto es lo que justamente debemos poner en perspectiva si nuestro propósito es trasponer una barrera temporal estancada en el Holoceno medio y ciertamente reflexionar sobre los preconceptos que en mayor o menor medida han guiado nuestras investigaciones. ...
La ausencia de ocupaciones tempranas en espacios costeros de Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego contrasta con la evidencia existente para otros sectores de América. En el extremo sur de este continente persiste la imagen de una colonización significativamente más tardía de ambientes litorales en relación con la ocupación inicial de espacios interiores. Esta situación parece consolidarse cada vez más con el incremento de las investigaciones costeras experimentado en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, el sustancial desarrollo de estos estudios se ha focalizado en concheros, lo cual ha impuesto algunos sesgos analíticos sobre nuestra concepción del paisaje arqueológico costero. Esto se debe al predominio de enfoques interpretativos para explorar las adaptacioneshumanas en ambientes marítimos y a las ventajas que confieren los concheros en términos de preservación, resolución y visibilidad. La dificultad que esto plantea es que no hay motivos certeros para asumir la formación de montículos desde momentos iniciales de una secuencia regional. Esto promueve la necesidad de idear búsquedas y modelos predictivos a partir de perspectivas interdisciplinarias con escaso desarrollo en la región.
... However, in spite of these low productivity conditions, guanaco was a terrestrial staple for hunter-gatherer societies, providing food and raw materials of various types (skins, bones, and tendons, among others) (Orquera and Piana, 1999b: 140-141). From what is known at present, the exploitation of this resource occurred on the coasts of Tierra del Fuego and on the Navarino island, but this hunting practice has not been archaeologically identified on other islands of the archipelago south of 54°S latitude (Saxon, 1979;Orquera and Piana, 1993-94, 1996a, 1999aZangrando, 2009;Tivoli and Zangrando, 2011;Zangrando et al., 2011;Vázquez, 2015;Alunni, 2016). This is largely because the resource would not have been available on the smaller islands south of the Beagle Channel. ...
Palaeoenvironmental information collected from zooarchaeological (guanaco exploitation) and palynological (pollen and fungal remains) records from Tierra del Fuego and Isla de los Estados allowed us to reconstruct the natural scenarios during the Holocene to better understand the human behavioral patterns and cultural changes. We have seen that changes in subsistence and guanaco exploitation would not have necessarily been synchronous with climatic variations. However, there is evidence of great climatic and environmental variability in the Fuegian Archipelago during the last 6000 years that would have influenced the distribution of the hunter-gatherer societies. In particular, the Little Ice Age (LIA) event could have caused a reorganization of subsistence activities of the hunter-gatherer societies. The stress caused by this severe climatic episode might have changed the availability of the guanaco population over the inland and coastal areas along the Beagle Channel. Indeed, the colder conditions would have significantly impacted on both the animal population and the availability of their food sources. In summary, the guanaco availability decreased under those colder and intense winters, which is clearly reflected in the substantial drop in the zooarchaeological record.
... podríamos asociar Isla de los Estados, la cual se encuentra a pocos kilómetros cruzando el estrecho de LeMaire(Zangrando et al. 2011). En esta región los europeos entraron en contactocon las poblaciones nativas por primera vez en 1619 en bahía Buen Suceso, pero recién a fines del siglo XIX estas poblaciones fueron reconocidas como una etnia diferente, denominada Haush o Manékenkn (Tessone et al. 2012). ...
El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una breve síntesis sobre las aplicaciones de los isótopos estables en arqueología. El fin es destacar las virtudes de esta metodología para la resolución de problemáticas relacionadas con el estudio de poblaciones humanas en el pasado. Los isótopos estables le han permitido a la arqueología discutir aspectos relacionados con la subsistencia y alimentación y, por otro lado, con la movilidad y la migración de personas. En lo que sigue se desarrollarán las premisas básicas para comprender el campo de estudio. Por último, se expondrá un ejemplo para lograr una mejor comprensión de la aplicación de los isótopos estables en el campo de la arqueología, específicamente sobre la dieta de cazadores-recolectores en el extremo oriental de Tierra del Fuego.
... Por otro lado, hay que señalar que se han realizado análisis radiocarbónicos en contextos mortuorios en distintos sectores de la costa patagónica, pero las trayectorias históricas en la costa atlántica de Patagonia se construyeron fundamentalmente sobre muestras procedentes de concheros (ver por ejemplo . Esta realidad también se observa en la costa atlántica de Tierra del Fuego (Borrero et al. 2006;Zangrando et al. 2011;Santiago 2013), canal Beagle (Orquera y Piana 1999b) y otros sectores costeros de Patagonia insular Morello et al. 2012;San Román 2014;Reyes et al. 2015, entre otros). Esto es lo que justamente debemos poner en perspectiva si nuestro propósito es trasponer una barrera temporal estancada en el Holoceno medio y ciertamente reflexionar sobre los preconceptos que en mayor o menor medida han guiado nuestras investigaciones. ...
The lack of early occupations in coastal areas of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego contrasts with the existing evidence for other sectors of America. The peopling of the southern end of this continent shows a significant difference between the initial occupation of steppe areas during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition and the later colonization of coastal environments in the Mid-Holocene. This situation seems to be increasingly consolidated with the development of coastal research in the last decades. However, the substantial development of these studies has focused on shell middens, which has imposed some analytical bias on our conception of the coastal archaeological landscape. This is due to the predominance of interpretative approaches to explore human adaptations in maritime environments and the advantages conferred by shell middens in terms of preservation, resolution and archaeological visibility. The difficulty that this situation imposes is that there are no reasons to assume the formation of shell mounds from the initial moments of a regional sequence. This promotes the need to devise surveys and predictive models from interdisciplinary perspectives with scarce development in the region.
... Archaeological and ethnohistorical information from the Fuegian Archipelago suggests that social interaction among terrestrial and maritime populations was probably taking place at least since 4000-3000 BP (Labarca et al., 2014;Legoupil et al., 2011;Morello et al., 2012), which also included overlapping land use on the west coast of the Isla Grande (Gusinde, [1937(Gusinde, [ ] 1982Ocampo and Rivas, 1996;Yesner et al., 2003). At least four human groups were involved in this processes during historic times: the Selk'nam (terrestrial hunter-gatherers of northern and central Isla Grande), the Káweskar (maritime hunter-gatherers from the western islands), the Yamana (maritime hunter-gatherers of the Beagle Channel, southern coast of Isla Grande and the southern islands of the Fuegian Archipelago), and the Haush (a small group inhabiting southeastern sector of Isla Grande) (Yesner et al., 2003;Zangrando et al., 2012). ...
... Use-wear analysis showed that Fuegian end-scrapers exhibit a high degree of functional integrity (Álvarez, 2004;De Ángelis, 2012). Indeed, the southernmost occurrence of silicified tuff in an archaeological assemblage is represented by an endscraper and small flake at Bahía Valentín site 11 (Vidal, 1988;Zangrando et al., 2012), on the southeastern coast of Tierra del Fuego. There are no evidences of projectile point manufacture on silicified tuff despite the presence of a~7 cm biface recorded at Inútil Bay area . ...
... By contrast, southern Fuegian sites with Miraflores artifacts, like Kami 1 (De Ángelis and Mansur, 2015) and Bahía Valentín site 11 (Zangrando et al., 2012), are connected with Chorrillo Miraflores source only through optimal pathways derived from eastern portion of the island. Thus, the model indirectly suggests that the transportation of Miraflores rocks did not require the participation of maritime groups (entering the island through Almirantazgo Sound and following the Strait/Azopardo River basin to reach the western margin of Fagnano Lake) to circulate and distribute towards the south of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. ...
Using GIS applications to simulate optimal human movements from archaeological sites to the lithic source
known as Miraflores Valley (Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Southernmost South America), this paper discusses
potential pathways for the spatial distribution of artifacts made of the two distinctive Miraflores raw materials
(tuff and silicified tuff). In addition, we discuss possible models of exploitation and transport for Miraflores
rocks through a distributional analysis on the depositional environment of the findings. Archaeological collections
aswell as petrographic and geochemical studies showa large-scale archaeological distribution of Miraflores
rocks; however they are absent from most Fuegian lithic assemblages and scarce in those wherein they appear.
We propose and discuss the provisioning strategies applied in their procurement. Potential pathways through
the islandscape are correlated with a statistical analysis based on the location of sites with the presence or absence
of Miraflores raw materials. Spatial analyses provide a robust framework to discussMiraflores distribution
and circulation, humanmobility aswell as the social interactionamong terrestrial hunter-gatherers andmaritime
populations of southernmost South America.Our results indicate that Miraflores rocks procurement varied across
Fuegian geography.While independent circuits andmultiple accesses to the source may have existed in the north
of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, the distribution of these rocks southwards may have had a higher dependence
on a few optimal routes connected to northern archaeological localities of San Sebastián and Inútil Bays. Therefore,
southern populations may have drawn heavily on social interaction for the supply of Miraflores raw materials.
Nevertheless, Least Cost Path model suggests that the participation of canoe people was not required to
explain the current distribution of Miraflores materials throughout the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
... At the time of Gusinde's fieldwork (1918Gusinde's fieldwork ( -1924 on the island, they were disappearing (Gusinde, 1982(Gusinde, [1931), although still Chapman (1986still Chapman ( [1982) located 11 Haush territories previous to 1880, when the modern colonization of the island began. Nowadays, from the pioneering archaeological works by Chapman and Hester (1973), an extensive research project is in progress to understand the history and way of life of this group (Zangrando et al., 2011). ...
... Both aspects are critical for understanding how shellfish were exploited by human societies in the past. Shell remains are ubiquitous in archaeological middens along the south coast of Tierra del Fuego (Orquera andPiana, 1999a, 2009;Zangrando, 2010;Zangrando et al., 2011). Mollusks were key dietary and technological resources in the subsistence of coastal and marine hunteregatherers through the Middle and Late Holocene. ...
This paper presents a systematic analysis of the shellfish assemblages recovered from Heshkaia 35, an archaeological site located in the southern tip of South America. Possible arguments concerning to environmental variations and resource depression are considered in an attempt to explain taxa composition and shell size. Results are also discussed in light of expectations based on optimal foraging models and taking into account other factors beyond biological parameters. Shellfishing activities were focused on small mussels, with statistical significant changes in mean shell size along the archaeological sequence of the site. Current knowledge about past variations in sea surface temperature does not seem to explain changes in shell size. Gathering of small mussels appears to be the corollary of resource depression at a local scale. This interpretation reinforces arguments that foraging decisions would have derived from territorial packing on the southeastern coast of Tierra del Fuego during the Late Holocene.
... On southernmost latitude, within the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, all the assemblages with non-Fishtail stemmed projectile point were dated so far from 2500 to 2000 BP to historical times (Borrero, 1979(Borrero, , 1985Orquera andPiana, 1999, 2009;Borrero et al., 2008;Alvarez, 2009Alvarez, , 2011Borrazzo, 2010;Zangrando et al., 2011;Morello et al., 2012;Orquera et al., 2012;Santiago, 2013, among others). ...
The aim of this work is to assess shape variation in Patagonian stemmed projectile points related to spatial and environmental factors by means of geometric morphometric and multivariate methods. The sample includes 1445 projectile points from Fuego-Patagonia (Southern South America) assigned to Late Holocene (ca. 3600 BP). Besides the authors' own research and the revision of published literature, most of the projectile points come from a broad survey program of museum collections. Previous research showed a trend of shape change related to latitudinal axis in continental Patagonia, but no digital sample was available at that time from some areas, especially Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, in southernmost Patagonia. With the purpose of extending our analysis to overall Patagonia (continental and insular) and taking advantage of the new digital dataset available, we focus on the correlation between spatial and environmental variables (precipitation and temperature) and morphological change. The new results obtained show a pattern of high morphological variation in lithic projectile points across Patagonia. In particular, we note that there is not a clear global trend for the distribution of shapes along the study area in relation to environment at the large scale considered in the present study. However, smaller scale spatial patterns were detected which allow discussing the role of local variations in environment, resource availability, technological strategies, reduction intensity and/or mobility ranges in overall technological behavior.
... This general pattern was regionally supported with archaeological radiocarbon dates (Borrazzo 2010(Borrazzo , 2012Favier Dubois and Borrero 2005;Morello et al. 2009Morello et al. , 2012Salemme and Bujalesky 2000, among others). Moreover, lithic projectile points are absent from the scarce Middle Holocene lithic assemblages identified so far (Morello et al. 2012;Salemme, Bujalesky, and Santiago 2007;Santiago 2013;Zangrando, Vázquez, and Tessone 2011); the only known exception, Beagle Channel region, exhibits large stemmed leaf-like bifacial tips dated around 4000 BP (Álvarez 2009a, 2009bOrquera and Piana 1999). Since 2000 BP, the archaeological signal all over the Grande Island records a significant intensification which has been explained as a result of demographic growth (Borrero 2005;Morello et al. 2012). ...
This paper focuses on the application of geometric morphometrics to the study of the lithic record in southern South America. We review the regional background, discuss methodological issues and summarize research advances. Here a geometric morphometric approach is applied to the case study of Late Holocene stemmed lithic projectile points from Grande Island of Tierra del Fuego (southernmost South America). Our aim is to assess size and shape changes in a broad spatial scale. Projectile point morphometric variations are used to discuss spatial scales of interaction and differentiation among past human populations across the island. Finally, several hypotheses are introduced to explain the patterns observed.
