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Producción media anual([N-número de piñas por árbol) según la edad sobre injerto E en los cuatro bancos clonales de Pinus pinea en Puerta de Hierro (tendencias lineales en trazado discontinuo; tendencia media en rojo N = 0,5*E-1,5).
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Though stone pine is currently a genuine forest tree of Mediterranean ecosystems, its use as grafted orchards crop for its edible pine nuts is potentially feasible. Therefore, genetic improvement of the species has been undertaken by several Spanish forest administrations, establishing in the Nineties experimental clonal orchards by grafting scions...
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Context 1
... entrada en producción de los cuatro bancos a par- tir de los 4-6 años sobre injerto mostró un incremen- to medio de una piña cada dos años (Fig. 1), no difi- riendo las tendencias entre bancos significativamente, aunque esta tendencia lineal fue fuertemente enmas- carada por una variación interanual muy sincronizada entre bancos: desde 1999, las diferencias entre la pro- ducción media por árbol de cada año fueron mínimas entre los tres bancos más antiguos injertados. Las cua- tro ...
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Pink pine nut, a dried fruit, is produced by a Mexican pine species. However, unlike other nuts, the lack of management practices and the absence of grafting techniques hinder its production. This work evaluated the behavior and growth of Pinus cembroides (PC) and P. orizabensis (PO) grafted onto four rootstocks. Two trials were conducted in April...
Citations
... Experiences carried out for exploring the possibilities of stone pine as an orchard crop have been mainly focused on the evaluation of their productive potential, in elucidating the relevance of environmental factors and in the selection of the best productive genotypes (Catalán Bachiller 1990;Mutke Regneri et al., 2003;Mutke et al., 2005a;Mutke et al., 2005b;Mutke et al., 2007). However, there is very little information (Climent et al., 1997) concerning which is the suitable plant material to use as rootstock in each environment and how it affects the phenology and fruitfulness in grafted plantations. ...
This chapter deals with two emblematic species of the Argentine forests: Araucaria araucana, a conifer with a restricted distribution area and considered a living fossil, and Salix humboldtiana, a willow with a continental distribution but the only native to this country and particularly threatened in Patagonia. Each species is presented in a separate subchapter (7.1 and 7.2). For each species the main characteristics as well as natural distribution, ecology and reproductive biology are fully described. State of knowledge of the molecular genetic diversity at landscape level together with genetic variation at adaptive traits provide a general picture of the genetic structure of each species. Both are at risk of extinction due to past overexploitation, and different anthropogenic pressures currently menace their conservation. Araucaria araucana is protected under the red list of CITES, so its logging is forbidden. However, climate change, increase of habitat fragmentation and livestock pressure are threatening its persistence. Social and cultural aspects are also discussed, with particular reference to the traditional use of these species; the sacred nature of Pewen for the Mapuche Nation is highlighted. Regarding the native willow, a genetic swamping process caused by the invasion of exotic willows along the Patagonian rivers is described. They have the ability to hybridize spontaneously. Restoration, conservation and breeding strategies are related both with timber and non-timber forest products. The particular case of conservation through use in A. araucana is shown.
OPEN ACCESS at http://www.sisef.it/iforest/abstract/?id=ifor3180-013 -
Cones of the Mediterranean stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) constitute one of the most relevant non-wood forest products collected in the Mediterranean forests , providing high value edible kernels. In the last years a severe decline has been observed in the kernel-per-cone yield (kg of kernels obtained from a kg of fresh cones) throughout the whole area of the species.
This decline has been associated with both ongoing climate change and the recent expansion over the Mediterranean Basin of the Western Conifer Seed Bug, Leptoglossus occi-dentalis Heideman, an exotic pest which predates seeds of conifer species.
In the present work we aimed to confirm and quantify the impact of this recent decline on pine nut and kernel production, identify the main factors provoking this reduction, and give evidence over causality by a potential biotic agent. We analysed recent and historical series of pine nut and kernel production obtained in the four main regions where Pinus pinea occurs in Spain.
Our results showed a significant drop in the final kernel-per-cone yield on three of the four regions analysed, reaching reductions over 50% in the most affected areas. We observed that this reduction is mainly associated with a significant and generalised drop in the kernel-per-nut yield (kg of kernels per kg of pine nuts in shell), triggered by an increment in the rate of damaged pine nuts and, to a lesser extent, a reduction in the number of pine nuts per cone.
The persistence of this reduction on kernel-per-cone yield over different years and provenances with contrasting climate reinforces the hypothesis of the implication of a biotic factor which can be aggravated on extreme drought years.
Few studies have been conducted on Stone pine (Pinus pinea) morphology, cone to kernel yield (KY) and composition. To study the species variability, a morphometric and chemical characterization of pine nuts was performed across the species distribution in Chile. Seventy-six highly productive trees were selected in three macrozones. Ten cones per tree were harvested, and cone weight, in-shell pine nut number cone⁻¹ and size and weight of in-shell pine nuts and kernels were measured; KY was determined. Chemical and nutritional characterization of pine nuts was performed in 38 trees. Differences among macrozones were tested with mixed linear models. Partial correlation was used to test for correlation between cone and pine nut morphometric data, chemical features, and climate. Canonical correlation coefficients between groups were tested. Selected trees differed in cone and in-shell pine nut size, kernel morphometry, and KY, with lowest trait values being generally found in the coast. KY was higher than in Europe. Chemical composition was similar to values reported in producer countries, homogeneous among macrozones, with the exception of oleic acid and potassium. Detected differences would respond to the environment and to the interaction genotype × environment given the restricted origins of the genetic material, confirming the species adaptability.
Pinus pinea is characterized by phenotypic plasticity, tolerance to harsh soils and climates, but low differentiation in growth parameters and low genetic variability. Growth and cone production of six European stone pine provenances (two from Italy, three from Spain and one from Slovenia) were analyzed in a field trial experiment established in central Chile. The study evaluated height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and crown diameter growth of 147 nineteen-year-old trees per provenance, as well as fruiting variables (i.e., number of cones per tree and cone weight). Survival over the first 7 years was also evaluated. Provenances significantly differed in cone number per tree, cone weight, height and DBH growth, and crown diameter growth. Provenances were grouped according to growth and production variables: one group included the Italian and Slovenian provenances, the second group Andalucía and Sierra Morena (Spain), and the third included Meseta Castellana (Spain). Individual cone production was positively correlated with cone weight and other growth variables. Meseta Castellana provenance showed the highest growth and productivity. Our results provide useful information for the selection of P. pinea provenances to be used in new plantations in central Chile.
http://star-tree.eu/images/deliverables/WP2/Deliverable2_1.pdf
