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Producción media anual([N-número de piñas por árbol) según la edad sobre injerto E en los cuatro bancos clonales de Pinus pinea en Puerta de Hierro (tendencias lineales en trazado discontinuo; tendencia media en rojo N = 0,5*E-1,5).
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Though stone pine is currently a genuine forest tree of Mediterranean ecosystems, its use as grafted orchards crop for its edible pine nuts is potentially feasible. Therefore, genetic improvement of the species has been undertaken by several Spanish forest administrations, establishing in the Nineties experimental clonal orchards by grafting scions...
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... entrada en producción de los cuatro bancos a par- tir de los 4-6 años sobre injerto mostró un incremen- to medio de una piña cada dos años (Fig. 1), no difi- riendo las tendencias entre bancos significativamente, aunque esta tendencia lineal fue fuertemente enmas- carada por una variación interanual muy sincronizada entre bancos: desde 1999, las diferencias entre la pro- ducción media por árbol de cada año fueron mínimas entre los tres bancos más antiguos injertados. Las cua- tro ...
Similar publications
Though stone pine is currently a genuine forest tree of Mediterranean ecosystems, its use as grafted orchards crop for its edible pine nuts is potentially feasible. Therefore, genetic improvement of the species has been undertaken by several Spanish forest administrations, establishing in the Nineties experimental clonal orchards by grafting scions...
Citations
... In the 1980s, extensive prospecting work was carried out in the Iberian Peninsula culminating in the selection of highly productive genotypes of P. pinea that are currently catalogued for use as clonal Forest Reproductive Materials (FRM) of tested category, five clones, and as qualified, ten more (MUTKE et al., 2007(MUTKE et al., & 2017. In parallel, it was found that a grafted genotype advances the entry into production by more than 10 years vs a seedling (MUTKE et al., 2000;GUADAÑO, et al., 2016;LOEWE et al., 2024). ...
The forestry sector in Spain faces the need to develop more attractive and profitable products. One of the most valuable in the Mediterranean forest is the pinenut which use in the local cuisine is ancestral. Moreover, its nutritional value is highly appreciated and currently the world demand is far from being covered. But its production still comes from naturals stands and a certain degree of domestication is required to increase the offer. First step was to select highly productive clones and the second to verify the grafted plants improve the entry into production. Now it is time to achieve a good level of grafting success to exploit the potential of these genotypes. More than 7,300 grafts were made for four years to identify factors that influence grafting success: scion quality, grafting period, clone origin, grafter experience, etc. The results shown that the average grafting success is up to 82.6% over four years, with slight variations depending on the grafter experience or climatic conditions. The importance to achieve suitable scions for grafting is highlighted, leading to the establishment of officially commissioned mother fields to produce FRM, scions of the registered genotypes. The work concludes that the main current challenge is not the grafting process itself, but the need to increase scion production to supply the current demand for Stone pine grafted plants.
... Due to few management practices, slow growth rate, phenological and genetic traits intrinsic to the species, and reliance on natural regeneration or reforestation for new trees, production of pine nuts could take up to 15 years to start (Sandoval-García et al. 2022). This contrasts with the technological toolbox for other nuts, including P. pinea, which includes innovations for higher yields; grafting techniques; selection for highly appreciated genotypes that improve on yield, fruit size, concentration of nutraceutical compounds, or precocity; use and genetic improvement of rootstocks; and well-established management practices for plantations (Mutke et al. 2007;Vahdati et al. 2021). ...
... These results mark the first step in converting a wild forest species to assisted planting. Mutke et al. (2007) mention that selecting pine trees (P. pinea) in Spain justifies genetic improvement for seed production. ...
... Even though there are more than 10 species of pine trees in Mexico, this is the first report of grafts for this taxon to find alternatives to promote seed production as a source of high economic value for producers. In Pinus pinea of the Iberian Peninsula, it has been reported that grafting improves the production and quantity of female strobili (Mutke et al. 2007). Due to the success of grafting in this species, plantations have been established in Chile, showing that seed production is successful (Loewe-Muñoz et al. 2021). ...
Pink pine nut, a dried fruit, is produced by a Mexican pine species. However, unlike other nuts, the lack of management practices and the absence of grafting techniques hinder its production. This work evaluated the behavior and growth of Pinus cembroides (PC) and P. orizabensis (PO) grafted onto four rootstocks. Two trials were conducted in April and June 2020 with PC and PO scions. The rootstocks used were PC, P. patula (PP), P. teocote (PT), and P. greggii var. australis (PG). The variables evaluated were engraftment (%), height increase (HI), scion diameter (SD), rootstock diameter (RD), scion-rootstock ratio (SRR), survival (%), and number of shoots (NS). No statistical analyses were performed for engraftment, survival, and SRR; for HI, SD, and RD, a mean comparison was performed (Tukey ≤ 0.05), and NB was analyzed by Poisson regression. In the first trial, successful engraftment varied from 45.5 to 100%; in the second trial, the range was from 73.3 to 100%. In terms of height, the PO/PC combination reached 21.14 cm, and the PC/PC combination measured 17.69 cm for April and June. The average survival was 60.42% for the first experiment; for the second experiment, only two combinations (PC/PG and PC/PC) survived with an average of 75.85%. Thus, it is possible to implement the grafting technique in pine nut species. This is the first work reporting successful grafting for this species, focusing on seed production.
... In eucalyptus, drought and temperature increases are expected to be major causes of productivity decline in Portugal (Leal et al. 2022). In maritime pine and stone pine, drought stress also affects seed productiv-ity, decreasing the yield in seed orchards (Mutke et al. 2007). In southern environments, drought is increasingly a problem for Scots and maritime pine (Navarro-Cerrillo et al. 2019, Gea-Izquierdo et al. 2019. ...
... However, so far, few studies have tested for genetic correlations or trade-offs in multipurpose trees between timber and non-timber production. When studied, generally positive genetic correlations have been found between NWFP productivity and growth/tree size, following the above-mentioned principle of ontogenetic allometry, whereas competing resource-sinks are complexly correlated, only evident when many traits are evaluated in the same individuals [257][258][259][260][261]. ...
Purpose of Review
In this review, we synthesise current knowledge on trade-offs among traits in key fitness dimensions and identify major research gaps with the intention of laying the groundwork for a rapid advance in tree breeding for multiple objectives as a key contribution to the sustainability of planted forests in the future.
Recent Findings
Trade-offs among growth, reproduction, defence, stress tolerance and product quality predicted theoretically have been reported experimentally in many breeding programmes. Among these trade-offs, the genetic linkage between resistance against biotic threats and growth (or other relevant traits) is particularly critical for the current and future management of forest genetic resources. Maintaining tree growth and wood quality in the novel environments of the future requires the assessment of genetic correlations of target traits with phenology, closely linked to survival to temperature extremes. Improving our current knowledge on the genetic trade-offs of drought tolerance as a breeding objective in forest trees obligates a more precise definition of both the specific traits and the experimental conditions. Published evidence suggests that common target traits in breeding programmes may trade-off with reproductive success and fire-adaptation, and the simultaneous improvement of growth and wood quality traits still remains as a constraint in traditional tree breeding.
Summary
Changing environments combined with pests and diseases are challenging plantation forestry worldwide, which implies an urgent need to develop new improvement strategies to build the resilience of forestry for our future environments. It is essential to have a better understanding of how traits interact, especially those important for production, climate and biotic threat resilience, but much of the information is still missing. Since many key trade-offs are affected by the environment, we need new studies under novel environments to forecast levels of multi-trait integration in breeding populations.
... However, so far few studies have tested for genetic correlations or trade-offs in multipurpose trees between timber and non-timber production. When studied, generally positive genetic correlations have been found between NWFP productivity and growth/tree size, following the above-mentioned principle of ontogenetic allometry, whereas competing resource-sinks are complexly correlated, only evident when many traits are evaluated in the same individuals [257][258][259][260][261]. ...
Purpose of Review. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge on trade-offs among traits in key fitness dimensions and identify major research gaps with the intention of laying the groundwork for a rapid advance in tree breeding for multiple objectives as a key contribution to the sustainability of planted forests in the future. Recent Findings. Trade-offs among growth, reproduction, defence, stress tolerance and product quality predicted theoretically have been reported experimentally in many breeding programs. Among these trade-offs, the genetic linkage between resistance against biotic threats and growth (or other relevant traits) is particularly critical for the current and future management of forest genetic resources. Maintaining tree growth and wood quality in the novel environments of the future requires the assessment of genetic correlations of target traits with phenology, closely linked to survival to temperature extremes. Improving our current knowledge on the genetic trade-offs of drought tolerance as a breeding objective in forest trees obligates a more precise definition of both the specific traits and the experimental conditions. Published evidence suggests that common target traits in breeding programs may trade-off with reproductive success and fire-adaptation, and the simultaneous improvement of growth and wood quality traits still remains as a constraint in traditional tree breeding. Summary. Changing environments combined with pests and diseases are challenging plantation forestry worldwide, which implies an urgent need to develop new improvement strategies to build the resilience of forestry for our future environments. It is essential to have a better understanding of how traits interact, especially those important for production, climate and biotic threat resilience, but much of the information is still missing. Since many key trade-offs are affected by the environment, we need new studies under novel environments to forecast levels of multi-trait integration in breeding populations.
... The first step was the use of grafts, which allows a notable reduction of the trees unproductive period, being much shorter than the expected in planting seedlings [5,[16][17][18]. Recently, a new improvement has been added by grafting selected scions from outstanding individuals with high productivity [19]. Also, the success reached in some preliminary trials using Pinus halepensis as a rootstock of stone pine led to the extension of P. pinea plantations to calcareous and compact soils [20][21][22]. ...
... In fact, the amount of reproductive load seemed to show its potential productive ceiling in the last three years in both species (Figure 1). Neither of the mast seeding patterns of the species [19] seemed to be influenced by the rootstocks (Figure 3). ...
Stone pine (Pinus pinea) grows in natural stands within the Mediterranean basin and its nut is highly appreciated for its nutritional profile. Nevertheless, a decline in this species due to biotic and abiotic damages is currently being clearly observed. This situation has led to its development as a nut crop, to try to save its production and obtain regular harvests over the years. Under this agronomic scenario, the aim of this work was to compare the behavior of the stone pine grafted onto two rootstocks, P. pinea (PP) and P. halepensis (PH), by evaluating cone productivity, tree growth response, mast seeding patterns and pine nut composition. The field test was composed of 14 PH and 14 PP, randomly distributed into groups of 4–5 trees/rootstock. Data were from seven productive growing seasons. The results show higher growth and ripe cone production on PP rather than PH, although the productivity (cones/m² canopy) was similar. Any effect of rootstock was observed on the mast seeding pattern and weight of cones, while the pine nut composition showed differences in the fatty acids content. The global quality of production was similar in PH and PP.
... Este rendimiento final equivale al producto entre el rendimiento en piñón con cáscara de las piñas verdes y el rendimiento en piñón blanco del piñón con cáscara. El primero de estos rendimientos intermedios es un valor que experimenta gran variabilidad interanual (12-19 %), asociada tanto al tamaño medio de la piña, el tamaño de los piñones y el número de piñones contenidos en cada piña, factores muy relacionados con la precipitaciones ocurrida durante el último año de maduración de la piña (Mutke et al., 2007). Por el contrario, los registros históricos indican una menor variabilidad en el rendimiento en piñón blanco del piñón con cáscara, situado en torno al 20-24 %, estando relacionado este rendimiento con el porcentaje de piñones dañados o vanos, cuyo valor normalmente no alcanzaba el 15 % de los piñones (tabla 2). ...
Article in the Spanish foresters journal FORESTA about the observed kernel yield loss in Mediterranean stone pine cones since 2012, putatively caused by Leptoglossus occidentalis feeding.
... El pino piñonero presenta entre sus singularidades el hecho de ser una especie genéticamente muy homogénea pese a su amplia distribución geográfica: de hecho, su extrema falta de variabilidad molecular (Fallour et al., 1997;Vendramin et al., 2008) Sin embargo, se ha comprobado que las diferencias en la productividad de piña observadas frecuentemente entre pinos vecinos tienen un componente genético, cuya repetibilidad clonal en ensayos injertados (grado de determinación genética, H 2 ) se ha estimado en un 20% (Mutke et al., 2005c(Mutke et al., , 2007a. Por ello, la producción de plantones de material genético seleccionado de P. pinea propagado por injerto resulta de interés, dado el incremento mundial de sus plantaciones para la obtención de piñón mediterráneo como fruto seco de gama alta. ...
... Contrasting to the lack of genetic diversity of stone pine at provenance level both at molecular markers and at fitness related phenotypic traits, significant clonal variation has been detected for morphological and functional traits (Carneiro 2005;Mutke et al. 2005b;Carrasquinho et al. 2010). Research on clonal selection and grafting techniques in stone pine has been under way for a few decades in Italy, Portugal and Spain (Magini 1965;Baudín 1967;Magini and Giannini 1971;Balguerías 1971;Gil and Abellanas 1989;Catalán 1990Catalán 1998Abellanas et al. 1997;Prada et al. 1997;Mutke et al. 2000Mutke et al. , 2005bMutke et al. , 2007bGordo 2004;Castaño et al. 2004). When evaluating the cone productivity of different clones in several comparative grafted field tests, a similar common dependence on microsite was observed for tree growth and cone productivity, given that individual cone production correlates strongly with the crown size of the tree (r of 0.6-0.9) ...
... When evaluating the cone productivity of different clones in several comparative grafted field tests, a similar common dependence on microsite was observed for tree growth and cone productivity, given that individual cone production correlates strongly with the crown size of the tree (r of 0.6-0.9) (Mutke et al. 2007b). The degree of (clonal) genetic determination for cone or nut production was estimated in 7-18 % of overall phenotypic variation, based on the performance of 462 candidate clones in several grafted comparative trials in Spain, but it increased to as much as 24-57% once estimates were adjusted for variation in tree size. ...
... Corresponding estimations for genetic gain would be in the range from +12 to +39% of mean cone yield in each test site by selecting the top 10% (most productive clones), though genotype×site interactions were found to be significant, marking certain agroclimatic gradient from more genuine Mediterranean to colder, more continental climate zones. The genetic gain might be higher if referred to an overall average for the species, because the original selection of the clones compared in the grafted trials included only plus trees for cone production (Mutke et al. 2005b(Mutke et al. , 2007b. ...
The Mediterranean stone pine is currently on its way to domestication. Its genuine Mediterranean pine nuts are among the most expensive nuts in the world because they are mainly wild-collected from pine forests and woodlands. Despite the wide current distribution of stone pine over the whole Mediterranean biome, old-growth forests are scarce, often associated locally with dynamics on lose sands, coastal dunes or
former estuary marshes. The species has been found to be genetically depauperate, putatively due to a population bottleneck in a local refugium during the Last Glacial Maximum confirmed in southern Iberia, and a possibly anthropic range expansion during Holocene. Only recently, cone harvesting and processing mechanisation have allowed for profitable pine nut production from orchard plantations. In Spain and Portugal, first elite clones have been registered for their use as grafted orchard crop.
The book URL is https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319964539
... Contrasting to the lack of genetic diversity of stone pine at provenance level both at molecular markers and at fitness related phenotypic traits, significant clonal variation has been detected for morphological and functional traits (Carneiro 2005;Mutke et al. 2005b;Carrasquinho et al. 2010). Research on clonal selection and grafting techniques in stone pine has been under way for a few decades in Italy, Portugal and Spain (Magini 1965;Baudín 1967;Magini and Giannini 1971;Balguerías 1971;Gil and Abellanas 1989;Catalán 1990Catalán , 1998Abellanas et al. 1997;Prada et al. 1997;Mutke et al. 2000Mutke et al. , 2005bMutke et al. , 2007bGordo 2004;Castaño et al. 2004). When evaluating the cone productivity of different clones in several comparative grafted field tests, a similar common dependence on microsite was observed for tree growth and cone productivity, given that individual cone production correlates strongly with the crown size of the tree (r of 0.6-0.9) ...
... When evaluating the cone productivity of different clones in several comparative grafted field tests, a similar common dependence on microsite was observed for tree growth and cone productivity, given that individual cone production correlates strongly with the crown size of the tree (r of 0.6-0.9) ( Mutke et al. 2007b). The degree of (clonal) genetic determination for cone or nut production was estimated in 7-18% of overall phenotypic variation, based on the performance of 462 candidate clones in several grafted comparative trials in Spain, but it increased to as much as 24-57% once estimates were adjusted for variation in tree size. ...
... Corresponding estimations for genetic gain would be in the range from +12 to +39% of mean cone yield in each test site by selecting the top 10% (most productive clones), though genotype × site interactions were found to be significant, marking certain agroclimatic gradient from more genuine Mediterranean to colder, more continental climate zones. The genetic gain might be higher if referred to an overall average for the species, because the original selection of the clones compared in the grafted trials included only plus trees for cone production ( Mutke et al. 2005bMutke et al. , 2007b. ...
Banana and plantains are one of the important fruit crops grown extensively in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The world production of banana is 145 million tons of which only a few million tons is exported, which means that most production is primarily for local consumption. The banana cultivars are derived from two diploid wild species, Musa acuminata (AA genome) and Musa balbisiana (BB genome). Majority of the edible banana cultivars are propagated vegetatively, and hence, the improvement of banana through conventional breeding methods is difficult. Attempts have been made to improve banana by inducing genetic variability by using both physical and chemical mutagens and exploiting the somaclonal variation a few varieties have been released for cultivation. Transgenic approach has also been used to incorporate the desirable traits into banana. Recent advances in genomics and the availability of genome sequence of both Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana helps in the improvement of this fruit crop. Also the recent reports of genome editing through CRISPR-CAS9 will aid in speeding up the banana improvement programmes in the near future. This review summarizes the various advances made in inducing genetic diversity in banana.
