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Esquematización de la entomofauna emergida de Quercus crassipes Humb & Bonpl.
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RESUMEN. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivos estudiar la entomofauna presente en agallas de Quercus crassipes Humb & Bonpl en el bosque de Rancho Concepción, Estado de México, así como caracterizar los morfotipos de agallas de este encino. Se estudiaron dos modelos morfológicos distintos de Amphibolips hidalgoensis y se concluyó que la fauna es más di...
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... al género Synergus. La presencia de agallas en los ecosistemas templados favorece la diversidad y mantiene numerosas cadenas tróficas (Pujade-Villar, 2013). Para el análisis de la diversidad se tomaron sólo dos de los tres morfotipos: Amphibolips hidalgoensis de agalla esférica y Amphibolips hidalgoensis con agallas terminadas en punta (Fig. 1); Neuroterus sp. no fue comparado ya que tiene muy pocos individuos reportados (8 inductores). De esta manera, de acuerdo al índice de Simpson, Amphibolips hidalgoensis con punta es el morfotipo de agalla que presenta más diversidad de insectos: Amphibolips hidalgoensis sin punta (1.18) Amphibolips hidalgoensis con punta (1.1272). En el ...
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Neuroterus apenninus Trotter, 1923 associated with a Cerris section oak, Quercus cerris L., was rediscovered in Italy in 2017. Alessandro Trotter (1903) described a leaf gall collected on Q. cerris from the Italian Apennines; he did not obtain the gall inductor and ascribed the galls to the genus Neuroterus, based on morphological similarity with o...
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... In general, arthropods associated with galls use it as a refuge (from the environment and natural enemies) or as food (Askew 1984;Pujade-Villar 2004, 2013. The arthropod orders recorded in this study are congruent with those reported in galls of others Mexican oak host species, for example, Q. castanea (Valencia-Cuevas et al. 2018), and Q. crassipes (Flores-Mercado 2018;Flores-Mercado et al. 2019). In this study, Lepidoptera larvae were found in the galls, which use it as food. ...
The galls induced by cynipids in host oaks have been proposed as biodiversity hotspots. They constitute support for the development of arthropod communities of great diversity and functional complexity that find in them nutrition and protection from external abiotic and biotic elements which change according to environmental gradients. We characterize the abundance, richness, and diversity of gall-inducing cynipids associated with the galls of the host oak Quercus rugosa, through an elevation gradient. This study was conducted on 140 oak trees belonging to seven populations (20/site) in central Mexico. We identified 39 gall-inducing cynipid species (Cinipini), three inquiline species of galls (Synergini), and seven parasitoids of gall-inducing cynipid (Chalcidoidea), and the secondary fauna was characterized by eleven arthropod orders. We detected a positive and significant effect exerted by the altitudinal gradient on abundance, species richness, and diversity of gall-inducing cynipids, parasitoids, inquilines, and secondary fauna (order richness level). We documented positive and significant relationships between the gall-inducing cynipids and their parasitoids, inquilines, and secondary fauna in terms of species richness, diversity, and abundance of individuals. Arthropod community composition associated with gall-inducing cynipids differed among localities. This study suggests that gall-inducing cynipids in Q. rugosa act as ecosystem engineers that modify the host plant to offer a new habitat to other arthropods. Also, our results supported that Cynipid gall acts to protect the galls-associated arthropod community from unfavorable abiotic conditions throughout the altitudinal gradient.
Torymus lasallei, sp. nov., a species with an unusual ovipositor, reared from galls of Amphibolips spp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Quercus spp. (Lobatae section) from Mexico, is described. The placement of this new species within the genus Torymus, and the morphology and function of its ovipositor, are discussed.
http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0B9F9B11-DD95-465D-A98C-53742A8099CC
Theory ecology is applied to comprehend how genetic variation within tree dominant species may be an important driver of ecological processes. In this sense, studies performed suggest that the genetic diversity of the foundation species can have robust organizational influence at the population, community and ecosystem levels. Foundation species are a small subset of the total species in an ecosystem; it has been suggested that they should capture most of the variation of the community structure and ecosystem processes. The trees of forest ecosystems are excellent candidates to be considered as foundation species because their architectural, functional, and physiological characteristics define the structure of the forests and can influence the microclimate; their biomass contributes significantly to ecosystem processes. Species of the genus Quercus (Fagaceae) are one of the most important tree canopy groups, due to its diversity and dominance in temperate forests in particular. In ecological terms, oaks are important for their ecological functions, also their canopy function as habitats for a wide variety of biological groups, including epiphytic plants, mammals, birds, fungi and arthropods. In particular, the gall-forming wasp belonging to the Cynipidae family (Cynipini Tribe) associated with the genus Quercus are considered one of the most specialized groups of herbivorous insects. The galls produced by cynipids form a microcosm with great ecological activity, harboring a closely associated community of guest organisms (including non-gall-inducing cynipids, flies, moths and beetles) and parasitoids. The parasitoids associated with cynipids are specific to them. It has been reported that their communities may be affected by the genetic attributes of plants. Therefore, oaks and the insects associated with the galls oak canopy represent an excellent system to study the effect of genetic variation of foundation species on cynipid communities, their associated parasitoids, and secondary fauna. Mexico is considered one of the most important centers of diversification of the genus Quercus, with 161 species (30%). Quercus crassipes and Q. castanea are two species of red oak, which are a canopy dominant elements of different forest types that support a wide variety of associated species. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to determine if Q. crassipes and Q. castanea can be recognized as foundation species. This review denotes that both species are dominant oaks of Mexican temperate forests. They have wide geographic distribution and both species act as important reservoirs of canopy arthropod fauna. Also, we have shown that genetic diversity in both oak species results in extended phenotypes that extends to the community and ecosystem levels, in particular, on the associated community structure of oak – gall – inducing wasp –parasitoids and secondary fauna associated with oak canopy.
