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![Área del lenguaje según Dejerine [6].](profile/Alfredo-Ardila-3/publication/292142479/figure/fig1/AS:391358322888721@1470318503777/Figura-1-Area-del-lenguaje-segun-Dejerine-6.png)
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![Figura 1. Área del lenguaje según Dejerine [6].](profile/Alfredo-Ardila-3/publication/292142479/figure/fig1/AS:391358322888721@1470318503777/Figura-1-Area-del-lenguaje-segun-Dejerine-6_Q320.jpg)
Introduction:
During the late 19th and early 20th century, a 'brain language area' was proposed corresponding to the peri-Sylvian region of the left hemisphere as concluded by clinical observations. This point of view has continued up today.
Aim:
Departing from contemporary neuroimaging studies, to re-analyze the location and extension the brain...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... observaciones clinicoanatómicas existentes en el momento y propuso que existe un 'área del lenguaje' (o 'zona del lenguaje'), que incluye el área de Broca (tercera circunvolución frontal) y el área de Wernicke (el segmento posterior de la primera cir cunvolución del lóbulo temporal), y un 'centro del lenguaje escrito' (la circunvolución angular) (Fig. 1). Aunque Dejerine sugirió que la ínsula podría parti cipar en los procesos lingüísticos, no la incluyó ex plícitamente dentro del área del lenguaje. Como resultado de esto, prácticamente desapareció el in terés en la posible participación de la ínsula en el lenguaje hasta finales del siglo xx; en 1996, Dron kers [7] demostró que la ...
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disability with global implication. Altered brain connectivity in the language network has frequently been reported in ASD patients using task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) compared to typically developing (TD) participants. Most of these studies have focused on a specific...
Citations
... Another subcortical area underlying language processing is the insula (BA 13), which strategical position allows coordination between frontal and temporal cortical areas involved in linguistic function. Although already Wernicke suggested the role of this structure in speech, the insula was out of the focus of interest in language research for more than a century (Ardila et al., 2016). The seminal work of Dronkers (1996) and other patient studies (Gorno Tempini et al., 2004;Nestor et al., 2003) recovered the interest on the relation between this subcortical region and language, showing the role of the insula in programming and coordinating complex articulatory movements during speech production (see Ackermann & Riecker, 2004, for a review). ...
The Wernicke-Geschwind model has been considered the main reference in regard to the neural basis of language function. Indeed, this model has been systematically used to explain and interpret different aphasic disorders. However, recent findings across several neuroimaging studies challenge the suitability of this model to explain the cerebral dynamics observed after brain damage. This paper provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the most recent findings on language neuroscience. Thus, a consistent body of evidence obtained from the use of various techniques (including fMRi, EEG, MEG, TMS, tDCS, among others) strongly indicates the existence of a dynamic brain network involved in language function that recruits distant brain regions across both hemispheres, hence revealing the obsoleteness of traditional approaches for a complete understanding of language dysfunction. Despite these systematic and well-stablished findings, this and other language models are still considered nowadays in the educational and clinical practice, with detrimental implications for the successful characterization and rehabilitation of aphasic patients. Taking into account the dynamic reorganization of the language neural network, the use of modern brain neuro-modulatory techniques, together with the implementation of intense speech therapy, are discussed as the first option to be considered for the successful treatment of aphasia.
... 4; [28]). Das Wernicke-Zentrum schließt den primären auditorischen Kortex in der Heschl-Windung des superioren temporalen Gyrus der Brodmann-Region BA41 ebenso ein wie den lateralen superioren temporalen Gyrus (BA22) und die multimodale Region des BA21 [3]. ...
... Diese reduzier-Abb. 3 8 Gegenüberstellung der überschwelligen akustisch evozierten Hirnstammantwort (Amplitude und Latenz) im Tinnitustiermodell (a,c) und bei Tinnituspatienten (b,d) sowie des spontanen regionalen Blutflusses in definierten Gehirnregionen des auditorischen Kortex in beiden Spezies in Analogie zu Daten aus [44,45]. µV Mikrovolt, ROI Gehirnregion von Interesse. ...
Due to demographic change and altered recreational behavior, a rapid increase in hearing deficits is expected in the next 20–30 years. Consequently, the risk of age-related loss of speech discrimination, tinnitus, hyperacusis, or—as recently shown—dementia, will also increase. There are increasing indications that the loss of specific hearing fibers in humans and animals is involved in various hearing disorders. This fiber loss can be caused by cochlear synaptopathy or deafferentation and does not necessarily lead to clinically measurable threshold changes. Animal experiments have shown that reduced auditory nerve activity due to acoustic trauma or aging can be centrally compensated by disproportionately elevated and faster auditory brainstem responses (ABR). The analysis of the suprathreshold amplitudes of auditory evoked brain stem potentials and their latency in combination with non-invasive imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging can help to identify the central compensatory ability of subjects and to assign defined hearing deficits.
... As one of the most striking observations, there was a significant reduction in evoked responses in the core Wernicke's reception/understanding system (Ardila et al., 2016), which includes the primary auditory cortex (AC) in Heschl's gyrus of the superior temporal gyrus Brodmann area 41 (BA41), the lateral superior temporal gyrus (BA42), the posterior superior temporal gyrus (BA22) and the multimodal region of BA21. ...
The exact neurophysiological basis of chronic tinnitus, which affects 10-15% of the population, remains unknown and is controversial at many levels. It is an open question whether phantom sound perception results from increased central neural gain or not, a crucial question for any future therapeutic intervention strategies for tinnitus.
We performed a comprehensive study of mild hearing-impaired participants with and without tinnitus, excluding participants with co-occurrences of hyperacusis. A right-hemisphere correlation between tinnitus loudness and auditory perceptual difficulty was observed in the tinnitus group, independent of differences in hearing thresholds. This correlation was linked to reduced and delayed sound-induced suprathreshold auditory brain responses (ABR wave V) in the tinnitus group, suggesting subsided rather than exaggerated central neural responsiveness. When anatomically predefined auditory regions of interest were analysed for altered sound-evoked BOLD fMRI activity, it became evident that subcortical and cortical auditory regions and regions involved in sound detection (posterior insula, hippocampus), responded with reduced BOLD activity in the tinnitus group, emphasizing reduced, rather than increased, central neural gain. Regarding previous findings of evoked BOLD activity being linked to positive connectivities at rest, we additionally analysed r-fcMRI responses in anatomically predefined auditory regions and regions associated with sound detection. A profound reduction in positive interhemispheric connections of homologous auditory brain regions and a decline in the positive connectivities between lower auditory brainstem regions and regions involved in sound detection (hippocampus, posterior insula) were observed in the tinnitus group. The finding went hand-in-hand with the emotional (amygdala, anterior insula) and temporofrontal/stress-regulating regions (prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus) that were no longer positively connected with auditory cortex regions in the tinnitus group but were instead positively connected to lower-level auditory brainstem regions. Delayed sound processing, reduced sound-evoked BOLD fMRI activity and altered r-fcMRI in the auditory midbrain correlated in the tinnitus group and showed right hemisphere dominance as did tinnitus loudness and perceptual difficulty. The findings suggest that reduced central neural gain in the auditory stream may lead to phantom perception through a failure to energize attentional/stress-regulating networks for contextualization of auditory-specific information. Reduced auditory-specific information flow in tinnitus has until now escaped detection in humans, as low-level auditory brain regions were previously omitted from neuroimaging studies.
Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS0006332.
... Many contemporary researchers continue to state their aims in terms of localizing language function to ''Broca's" and ''Wernicke's areas" (e.g. Ardila, Bernal, & Rosselli, 2016;Binder, 2015;DeWitt & Rauschecker, 2013;Grodzinsky & Santi, 2008;Hagoort, 2014;Hagoort & van Berkum, 2007;Heim, Opitz, & Friederici, 2002;Kunert, Willems, Casasanto, Patel, & Hagoort, 2015;Matchin & Hickok, 2016;Mesulam, Thompson, Weintraub, & Rogalski, 2015;Meyer, Obleser, Anwander, & Friederici, 2012;Santi, Friederici, Makuuchi, & Grodzinsky, 2015;Schnur et al., 2009;Thothathiri, Kim, Trueswell, & Thompson-Schill, 2012;Wang et al., 2015;Wise, Greene, Büchel, & Scott, 1999). Yet the field still lacks consistent definition of either region, over 150 years after their initial introduction. ...
With the advancement of cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychological research, the field of language neurobiology is at a cross-roads with respect to its framing theories. The central thesis of this article is that the major historical framing model, the Classic “Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind” model, and associated terminology, is no longer adequate for contemporary investigations into the neurobiology of language. We argue that the Classic model (1) is based on an outdated brain anatomy; (2) does not adequately represent the distributed connectivity relevant for language, (3) offers a modular and “language centric” perspective, and (4) focuses on cortical structures, for the most part leaving out subcortical regions and relevant connections. To make our case, we discuss the issue of anatomical specificity with a focus on the contemporary usage of the terms “Broca’s and Wernicke’s area”, including results of a survey that was conducted within the language neurobiology community. We demonstrate that there is no consistent anatomical definition of “Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas”, and propose to replace these terms with more precise anatomical definitions. We illustrate the distributed nature of the language connectome, which extends far beyond the single-pathway notion of arcuate fasciculus connectivity established in Geschwind’s version of the Classic Model. By illustrating the definitional confusion surrounding “Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas”, and by illustrating the difficulty integrating the emerging literature on perisylvian white matter connectivity into this model, we hope to expose the limits of the model, argue for its obsolescence, and suggest a path forward in defining a replacement.
This paper reviews musicology, linguistics, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience research on the importance of music in developing human speech and cognition. It cites research from several scientific fields on how the brain processes and reacts to melody, rhythm, harmony, loudness, dynamics and types of articulation and timbre. It also discusses musical concepts and prosodic features such as intonation, rhythm and stress related to linguistic terminology and summarises results of earlier research on how the two systems interact to strengthen or weaken an individual’s ability to function without nurturing stimulation. Music is an important preventive and therapeutic factor for human life. The author describes the interplay between music and language in the nervous system, improving or hindering communication and how it affects us personally and impacts societal mental health.
Os avanços teóricos e metodológicos decorrentes da neurociência cognitiva têm promovido importantes mudanças na forma como investigamos e concebemos a linguagem. Pesquisas têm cada vez mais utilizado técnicas, como a neuroimagem, em estudos multidisciplinares, com o objetivo de melhor compreender o processamento da linguagem no cérebro. Nesse contexto, este artigo apresenta uma revisão assistemática de importantes estudos sobre as bases neurais do processamento da linguagem e sobre as contribuições do hemisfério direito (HD) para o processamento discursivo e pragmático. Discutem-se alguns dos trabalhos mais relevantes e suas principais contribuições teóricas sobre a temática. Os resultados dos estudos analisados indicam que a linguagem não tem sua especialização em uma única região cerebral, mas envolve conexões entre diversas regiões dos dois hemisférios cerebrais. Além disso, parece haver um consenso quanto ao importante papel do HD na integração de informações semânticas, nos processos de elaboração de inferência e em atividades cognitivas complexas ligadas ao processamento pragmático-discursivo.
Aunque los procesos lectores están bien documentados desde modelos cognitivos, se conocemenos su correlato neurofuncional y lateralización. Está estudiada la participación hemisférica en lenguaje oral y en algunos procesos del lenguaje escrito, localizados preferentemente en el hemisferio izquierdo, pero no se ha descrito la existencia de un patrón de activación diferenciado en tareas de lectura de palabras y conciencia fonológica.Para analizar estas variables desde esta perspectiva, se presenta una nueva instrumentación tecnológica y metodología de análisis para registrar la actividad electrodermal (EDA) y la actividad electrodermal diferencial (EDA-D) como indicador de la asimetría hemisférica. El instrumento mide el valor diferencial de la variable EDA y ha sido utilizado en otras aplicaciones, permitiendo conocer la activación hemisférica preferente ante tareas. Se registró la activación hemisférica diferencial mediante EDA en tareas de lectura de palabras y conciencia fonológica en 30 participantes (15 mujeres y 15 varones). Se registró también la activación basal de cada participante como medida inicial; posteriormente, se presentaron en formato powerpoint, cuatro tareas de lectura: palabras en euskera, palabras suecas, pseudopalabras y palabras familiares, y dos tareas de conciencia fonológica. Los resultados muestran patrones diferenciados en y entre algunas tareas.
Gender similarities and differences have long been a matter of debate in almost all human research, especially upon reaching the discussion about brain functions. This large scale meta-analysis was performed on functional MRI studies. It included more than 700 active brain foci from more than 70 different experiments to study gender related similarities and differences in brain activation strategies for three of the main brain functions: Visual-spatial cognition, memory, and emotion. Areas that are significantly activated by both genders (i.e. core areas) for the tested brain function are mentioned, whereas those areas significantly activated exclusively in one gender are the gender specific areas. During visual-spatial cognition task, and in addition to the core areas, males significantly activated their left superior frontal gyrus, compared with left superior parietal lobule in females. For memory tasks, several different brain areas activated by each gender, but females significantly activated two areas from the limbic system during memory retrieval tasks. For emotional task, males tend to recruit their bilateral prefrontal regions, whereas females tend to recruit their bilateral amygdalae. This meta-analysis provides an overview based on functional MRI studies on how males and females use their brain.
Background:
Understanding brain organization of speech production has been a principal goal of neuroscience. Historically, brain speech production has been associated with so-called Broca’s area (Brodmann area –BA- 44 and 45), however, modern neuroimaging developments suggest speech production is associated with networks rather than with areas. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the connectivity of BA47 ( pars orbitalis) in relation to language .
Method:
A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the language network in which BA47 is involved. The Brainmap database was used. Twenty papers corresponding to 29 experimental conditions with a total of 373 subjects were included.
Results:
Our results suggest that BA47 participates in a “frontal language production system” (or extended Broca’s system). The BA47 connectivity found is also concordant with a minor role in language semantics.
Conclusions:
BA47 plays a central role in the language production system.
Language is the expression of human communication through which knowledge, belief, and behavior can be experienced, explained, and shared. What are the origins of language? How did language develop? Who were the first characters the first in human history to use language? What disorders/diseases are associated with speech and language?
This research evaluates these issues from a contemporary viewpoint. The Biblical text was examined and verses related to language development in humans were studied closely.
