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Figur 1 visar också skillnaden mellan män och kvinnor. Vid första undersökningstillfället (se det vänstra diagrammet) mådde kvinnorna sämre, jämfört med männen. Sju kvinnor och en man har GHQ-poäng ≥ 16. Vid sju månader efter olyckan är det fortfarande kvinnor som mår sämst men gruppens hälsa har förbättrats och det gäller även kvinnorna som grupp. Dock är det fortfarande tre kvinnor som mår mycket dåligt (GHQ-poäng ≥ 22).
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Citations
... Adverse events were assessed at T1 with a checklist of 13 items [35]. Respondents were asked to indicate whether they had experienced post-disaster stressful events not related to the tsunami, including accidents, disasters, war/terror, violence/abuse, severe illness/injury to self or relatives, severe family conflicts/divorce, parents' divorce, and death of a significant other. ...
Background
The long-term trajectories of prolonged grief are poorly understood. The aims were to examine the course of grief among bereaved disaster survivors up to six years post loss and factors predicting worse bereavement outcome. A third aim was to explore differences in grief indicators between trajectories.
Methods
Bereaved Swedish tourists who survived the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamis responded to surveys including the Inventory of Complicated Grief 1 to 6 years after the disaster. Latent growth mixture modeling was used to identify longitudinal trajectories of grief. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine predictors of class membership.
Results
Three trajectories were identified: resilient (41% of the sample), recovering (48%), and chronic (11%). The strongest predictor of chronic grief was the loss of one’s child. When examining grief indicators, the chronic trajectory was characterized by not accepting the loss, while yearning was common in all trajectories.
Conclusions
This study highlights the importance of considering how traumatically bereaved individuals can be affected by loss for several years after a disaster, especially after losing one’s child. An inability to accept the loss, more so than yearning, appears to characterize bereaved survivors at risk of a chronic trajectory of grief.
... Adverse events were assessed with a checklist of 13 items (Bergsten Brucefors et al., 2001). The respondents were asked to indicate if they had experienced pre-disaster events in childhood (0-16 years of age) and/or as adults (N 16 years of age), and/or experienced post-disaster events. ...
The aims were to examine whether trajectories of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and general distress are related to personality traits and to investigate personality's contributing factor to PTS and general distress. The sample was 2549 Swedish tourists who survived the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and responded to postal surveys at 1, 3 and 6 years after the tsunami, including assessment of personality traits, PTS and general distress. The sample was categorized into a direct exposure group and an indirect exposure comparison group.
... Adverse events were assessed with a checklist of 13 items (Brucefors, Sidén Silfver, & Schulman, 2001). The respondents were asked to indicate if they had experienced pre-disaster events in childhood (0-16 years of age) and/or as adults (>16 years of age), and/or if they had experienced post-disaster events. ...
Background:
The characteristics of long-term trajectories of distress after disasters are unclear, since few studies include a comparison group. This study examines trajectories of recovery among survivors in comparison to individuals with indirect exposure.
Methods:
Postal surveys were sent to Swedish tourists, repatriated from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami (n=2268), at 1, 3, and 6 years after the tsunami to assess posttraumatic stress (PTS) and poor mental health. Items were used to ascertain high and moderate disaster exposure groups and an indirect exposure comparison group.
Results:
Long-term PTS trajectories were best characterized by a resilient (72.3%), a severe chronic (4.6%), a moderate chronic (11.2%) and a recovering (11.9%) trajectory. Trajectories reported higher levels of PTS than the comparison group. Exposure severity and bereavement were highly influential risk factors.
Conclusions:
These findings have implications regarding anticipation of long-term psychological adjustment after natural disasters and need for interventions after a single traumatic event with few secondary stressors.
... Suicidal ideation was retrieved from the surveys at T1-T3 as assessed by a single item that asked the participants whether they had had thoughts about suicide in the past 12 months (yes/no/unable to recall). The participants' history of stressful life events before the disaster was assessed in the survey at T1 by a Swedish life event checklist (Bergsten Brucefors, Sidén Silfver, & Schulman, 2001) with 15 dichotomous items (yes/no responses) covering a range of stressful life events (e.g., accident, disaster, war/terror, violence/abuse, serious illness/injury, serious conflict with significant others, death of significant others, unemployment, and severe economic hardships). All 15 events are among the top 20 most distressing events on the Revised Social Adjustment Rating Scale (Hobson et al., 1998). ...
The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in survivors with low levels of risk factors for PTSD. The sample included 142 adults (58% women, 54% university education, 93% employed/students/retired) on vacation in Southeast Asia during the 2004 Indian Ocean disaster. Semi-structured clinical interviews (SCID-I) were performed after 6 years including PTSD, depression, specific phobia, and alcohol abuse. The 6-year prevalence of PTSD was 11.3% and the current prevalence was 4.2%, with onset mainly within 1 month and remission within 3 years post-disaster. Suicidal ideation and comorbidity were common in PTSD cases. Lifetime prevalence of depression was 19%, specific phobia 7%, and alcohol abuse 4%. The findings suggest elevated levels of PTSD but not other disorders as compared with general population samples, but still lower levels than other disaster samples. Despite benign circumstances, however, the course and burden of PTSD were comparable to similar studies.
... Langius' et al (1992) KASAM är ett ofta använt instrument då man söker faktorer som motverkar psykisk ohälsa. I två svenska studier av psykologiska reaktioner i samband med trafikolyckor fann man ingen skillnad i " känsla av sammanhang " mellan de som varit med om en bilolycka och hade andra kvarvarande symtom och de som inte hade kvarvarande symtom (Bergsten Brucefors et al., 2001). ...
Social support buffers the negative impact of stressful events. Less, however, is known about the characteristics of this association in the context of disaster and findings have been discrepant regarding direct and buffering effects. This study tested whether the protective effects of social support differed across levels of exposure severity (i.e., buffered distress) and assessed whether the buffering effect differed between event-specific and general distress. Participants were 4,600 adult Swedish tourists (44% of invited; 55% women) repatriated within 3 weeks after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. A survey 14 months after the disaster included the Crisis Support Scale, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Social support buffered the negative impact of exposure on both outcomes. The support and distress association ranged from very small in participants with low exposure to moderate in those with high exposure (η(p) (2) = .004 to .053). The buffering effect was not found to differ between the IES-R and GHQ-12, F(2, 4589) = 0.87, p = .42. The findings suggest that social support moderates the stressor-distress relationship after disasters. This study might help explain discrepant findings and point to refinements of postdisaster interventions.
