Figure - uploaded by Aaron S Poteate
Content may be subject to copyright.
Fig. A4. Dendrogram from hierarchical clustering using Ward ’ s distance for disease presence for countries from the GIDEON database. The vertical axis represents Ward ’ s distance between clusters. Our analyses resulted in countries (n 1⁄4 229) being placed into 2 clusters using the full suite of diseases (n 1⁄4 301). Each differently colored cluster indicates a biogeographic region (colors match biogeographic regions from Appendix: Fig. A3).
Source publication
Since the work of Alfred Russel Wallace, biologists have sought to divide the world into biogeographic regions that reflect the history of continents and evolution. These divisions not only guide conservation efforts, but are also the fundamental reference point for understanding the distribution of life. However, the biogeography of human-associat...
Similar publications
Constitutions reflect the character and history of countries, particularly colonial legacy. While legal systems and constitutional texts are often "inherited" from a former coloniser, until now this has not been quantified and interplay with global policy trends and horizontal influence not well understood. In this paper we analyse the structure an...
Citations
... Areas with suitable conditions allow vector proliferation by providing habitats for reproduction and dispersion, which affects pathogen replication and facilitates vector-guest-pathogen contact and transmission of infectious diseases (Ippoliti et al., 2019). Therefore, bioregions can provide information on vector-distribution patterns and may be a tool for prevention of infectious diseases (Just et al., 2014). ...
The subfamily Triatominae includes a group of hematophagous insects, vectors of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is the etiological agent of Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis. Triatomines occur in the Old and New World and occupy diverse habitats including tropical and temperate areas. Some studies suggest the distributions of triatomines group into three or four regions. This study objectively determined bioregions focused specifically on New World Triatominae, using clustering and ordination analysis. We also identified indicator species by bioregion and investigated relationships among bioregions and environmental variables using redundancy analysis and multivariate regression trees. We delineated seven bioregions specific to Tri-atominae and linked each with indicator species. This result suggests more biogeographical structure exists than was revealed in earlier studies that were more general, subjective, and based on older taxonomic and distri-butional information. Precipitation, elevation, and vegetation were important variables in the delimitating bioregions. This implies that more detailed study of how these factors influence triatomine distributions could benefit understanding of how Chagas disease is spread.
... Cependant, les cartes basées sur des rapports de cas ont rarement une résolution spatiale assez fine pour les utilisateurs des régions les plus développées économiquement (Stengaard et al. 2017). Dans ce contexte, la biogéographie fournit des outils pour combler les lacunes dans les connaissances, principalement par l'application de la modélisation de la distribution (Peterson 2006 ;Kraemer et al. 2016), et par la recherche de modèles biogéographiques associés aux agents pathogènes et aux maladies (Just et al. 2014 ;Murray et al. 2015). L'analyse des schémas de distribution impliquant des cooccurrences de maladies dans le temps et l'espace facilite la recherche des causes de l'apparition, de la gravité et de la propagation des maladies. ...
... Comme pour les animaux et les plantes, la régionalisation basée sur la composition des espèces pathogènes informe sur l'histoire probable de ces organismes, et donc Exemplaire réservé à Isabel Sanmartin 306 La biogéographie des maladies. Just et al. (2014) ont démontré l'existence de régions pathogéographiques résultant de la présence de différences climatiques, d'histoires biogéographiques divergentes (c'est-à-dire d'événements de vicariance et de dispersion) et d'idiosyncrasies culturelles et historiques humaines. Les communautés de maladies vectorielles ont montré des régionalisations similaires à celles révélées chez les vertébrés (Holt et al. 2013), et l'analyse des agents pathogènes non vecteurs a reproduit la régionalisation classique de Wallace (1876). ...
... Les communautés de maladies vectorielles ont montré des régionalisations similaires à celles révélées chez les vertébrés (Holt et al. 2013), et l'analyse des agents pathogènes non vecteurs a reproduit la régionalisation classique de Wallace (1876). Cela suggère que, malgré les migrations humaines et les efforts pour contrôler les agents pathogènes et les vecteurs, le climat et l'histoire zoogéographique influencent toujours la biogéographie des maladies (Just et al. 2014). Cependant, les efforts humains contre les maladies, ainsi que l'histoire coloniale, ont laissé une trace dans les régionalisations pathogéographiques qui est déduite des assemblages de pathogènes similaires présentés par l'Australie et certaines parties de la région holarctique (Just et al. 2014). ...
Les progrès récents des méthodes d’analyse en biologie, impliquant différentes disciplines, ouvrent un large panel d’études qui fait aujourd’hui de la biogéographie une approche intégrative de l’évolution du vivant. En tant que telle, la biogéographie va bien au-delà d’une simple description de la répartition des espèces vivantes sur Terre.La biogéographie est une discipline où écologistes et évolutionnistes cherchent à comprendre la manière dont les espèces vivantes s’organisent en relation avec leur environnement. Face aux défis majeurs tels que le réchauffement climatique, l’extinction massive d’espèces ou les pandémies, la biogéographie fournit les éléments indispensables à l’élaboration des solutions.La biogéographie présente un large aperçu des différents domaines de cette discipline. Les auteurs internationaux y développent différentes analyses sur la base de leurs connaissances et de leur expérience, illustrant les vastes domaines couverts par la biogéographie.
... However, maps based on case reports rarely have fine enough spatial resolution for users in the most economically developed regions (Stengaard et al. 2017). In this context, biogeography provides tools for completing knowledge gaps, mostly through the application of distribution modeling (Peterson 2006;Kraemer et al. 2016), and through the search of biogeographic patterns associated with pathogens and diseases (Just et al. 2014;Murray et al. 2015). The analysis of distribution patterns involving disease co-occurrences in time and in space facilitates the search for causes of disease outbreak, severity and spread. ...
... Just as with animals and plants, regionalization based on pathogen species composition informs about the probable history of these organisms, and so of disease. Just et al. (2014) demonstrated the existence of pathogeographic regions resulting from the presence of climatic differences, diverging biogeographic histories (i.e. vicariant and dispersal events), and human cultural and historical idiosyncrasies. ...
... vicariant and dispersal events), and human cultural and historical idiosyncrasies. Vector-borne disease communities showed similar regionalizations to those detected in vertebrates (Holt et al. 2013), and the analysis of non-vector-borne pathogens reproduced the classical Wallace's (1876) regionalization, suggesting that, despite human migrations and efforts to control pathogens and vectors, climate and the zoogeographical history still influence the biogeography of disease (Just et al. 2014). However, the human efforts against disease, and also the colonial history, have left a trace in pathogeographic regionalizations that is deduced from the similar pathogen assemblages shown by Australia and parts of the Holarctic Region (Just et al. 2014). ...
Freshwater ecosystems occupy only 2.3% of Earth's surface, yet they support an excessive portion of the world's most speciose and endemic taxa. They are estimated to harbor 12% of the world's fauna and one third (18,000 species) of the global vertebrate species richness. In this chapter, the author draws together threads of recent theoretical and empirical results and patterns at multiple scales; both may offer a useful roadmap of theoretical background for identifying new paths of investigation and future challenges into the field of freshwater biogeography, which needs to be considered to safeguard the status of aquatic ecosystems. Neotropics and Afrotropics are among the global hotspots of freshwater fish endemism. Recent findings in freshwaters underscore the importance of studying simultaneously historical processes, drainage basin characteristics and local environmental conditions to understand variation in species richness. Freshwater species richness and endemism patterns are the result of climate, productivity and biogeographical history.
... This is the case, for example, with human pathogens. The number of kinds of human pathogens is strongly correlated with the diversity of bird and mammals, whereas the identity of those pathogens is influenced by ancient biogeographic regions and the evolutionary histories they contain (Dunn et al. 2010;Just et al. 2014). ...
The control of microbes in food has been as important to human societies as the domestication of plants and animals. The direct or indirect management of microbes has been critical to food safety, ensuring nutrient availability, and developing desired sensory characteristics in food. Fermentation is more universal than is agriculture inasmuch as it is practiced by agricultural societies, pastoralists, and hunter-gatherers. In addition, fermentation likely predates agriculture, potentially by hundreds of thousands of years. However, we lack a general approach to understanding of (a) when and why technologies associated with fermentation emerged and (b) how those technologies and the microbes associated with them diverged once they emerged. Here we offer a framework for the study of the diversification of fermented foods in and among human societies. In developing this framework, we draw heavily from research on language and more generally cultural diversification. © 2021 The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. All rights reserved.
... Plant biodiversity shows similar global patterns to bird and mammal diversity, largely due to their covariation with climate 25 (link 10), and diversity of vertebrate hosts increases the risk of infection through zoonotic events and by acting as a reservoir for human diseases 26 (link 14). Biodiversity could also drive an indirect association between spice use and poverty, because GDP is correlated with many aspects of biodiversity 27,28 , including pathogen diversity 29 and infectious disease 30 . However, we find no evidence of a significant association between mean spice use and the diversity of plant species or crop plants in the cuisine area (Table 2); nor do we find evidence of association between mean spice per recipe and the number of spices growing within the cuisine area (link 13: β=−0.04, ...
Spicier food in hot countries has been explained in terms of natural selection on human cultures, with spices with antimicrobial effects considered to be an adaptation to increased risk of foodborne infection. However, correlations between culture and environment are difficult to interpret, because many cultural traits are inherited together from shared ancestors, neighbouring cultures are exposed to similar conditions, and many cultural and environmental variables show strong covariation. Here, using a global dataset of 33,750 recipes from 70 cuisines containing 93 different spices, we demonstrate that variation in spice use is not explained by temperature and that spice use cannot be accounted for by diversity of cultures, plants, crops or naturally occurring spices. Patterns of spice use are not consistent with an infection-mitigation mechanism, but are part of a broader association between spice, health, and poverty. This study highlights the challenges inherent in interpreting patterns of human cultural variation in terms of evolutionary pressures.
... Host attributes, such as phylogenetic relatedness or overlap in habitat use, are useful for predicting whether hosts share the same parasite species through ecological fitting (Streicker et al., 2010;Wells, O'Hara, Morand, Lessard, & Ribas, 2015) or how invasions into novel environments may result in novel host-parasite associations (Agosta & Klemens, 2008;Clark et al., 2017). Conversely, knowledge of whether species attributes such as demography, body size or diet increase the likelihood of sharing parasites with humans, and whether zoonotic disease burdens in humans or domestic animals exhibit biogeographical structure, remains sparse (Han, Schmidt, Bowden, & Drake, 2015;Just et al., 2014;Stephens et al., 2016). ...
Changes in species distributions open novel parasite transmission routes at the human–wildlife interface, yet the strength of biotic and biogeographical factors that prevent or facilitate parasite host shifting are not well understood. We investigated global patterns of helminth parasite (Nematoda, Cestoda, Trematoda) sharing between mammalian wildlife species and domestic mammal hosts (including humans) using >24,000 unique country-level records of host–parasite associations. We used hierarchical modelling and species trait data to determine possible drivers of the level of parasite sharing between wildlife species and either humans or domestic animal hosts. We found the diet of wildlife species to be a strong predictor of levels of helminth parasite sharing with humans and domestic animals, followed by a moderate effect of zoogeographical region and minor effects of species’ habitat and climatic niches. Combining model predictions with the distribution and ecological profile data of wildlife species, we projected global risk maps that uncovered strikingly similar patterns of wildlife parasite sharing across geographical areas for the different domestic host species (including humans). These similarities are largely explained by the fact that widespread parasites are commonly recorded infecting several domestic species. If the dietary profile and position in the trophic chain of a wildlife species largely drives its level of helminth parasite sharing with humans/domestic animals, future range shifts of host species that result in novel trophic interactions may likely increase parasite host shifting and have important ramifications for human and animal health.
... pathogen type, transmission mode) also affect infectious disease αand β-diversity patterns (Fig. 5C). The strongest β-diversity patterns, for example, can be observed in zoonotic, vector-borne and parasitic infectious diseases, likely due to a more dominant role of environmental factors and persistence of historical dispersal barriers limiting their geographic distributions, while patterns of humanspecific diseases are far more homogenous at the global scale (Smith et al. 2007, Dunn et al. 2010, Just et al. 2014, Murray et al. 2015, Jean et al. 2016) (see also Box 3 Fig. panel D). ...
Biogeography is an implicit and fundamental component of almost every dimension of modern biology, from natural selection and speciation to invasive species and biodiversity management. However, biogeography has rarely been integrated into human or veterinary medicine nor routinely leveraged for global health management. Here we review the theory and application of biogeography to the research and management of human infectious diseases, an integration we refer to as ‘pathogeography’. Pathogeography represents a promising framework for understanding and decomposing the spatial distributions, diversity patterns and emergence risks of human infectious diseases into interpretable components of dynamic socio-ecological systems. Analytical tools from biogeography are already helping to improve our understanding of individual infectious disease distributions and the processes that shape them in space and time. At higher levels of organization, biogeographical studies of diseases are rarer but increasing, improving our ability to describe and explain patterns that emerge at the level of disease communities (e.g., co-occurrence, diversity patterns, biogeographic regionalisation). Even in a highly globalized world most human infectious diseases remain constrained in their geographic distributions by ecological barriers to the dispersal or establishment of their causal pathogens, reservoir hosts and/or vectors. These same processes underpin the spatial arrangement of other taxa, such as mammalian biodiversity, providing a strong empirical ‘prior’ with which to assess the potential distributions of infectious diseases when data on their occurrence is unavailable or limited. In the absence of quality data, generalized biogeographic patterns could provide the earliest (and in some cases the only) insights into the potential distributions of many poorly known or emerging, or as-yet-unknown, infectious disease risks. Encouraging more community ecologists and biogeographers to collaborate with health professionals (and vice versa) has the potential to improve our understanding of infectious disease systems and identify novel management strategies to improve local, global and planetary health.
... R. Soc. B 372: 20160164 pathogens [38,39]. Globally, human pathogen richness has been shown to correlate positively with the spatial distribution of vertebrate species richness and negatively with healthcare spending [40]. ...
This paper argues for an integrative modelling approach for understanding zoonoses disease dynamics, combining process, pattern and participatory models. Each type of modelling provides important insights, but all are limited. Combining these in a ‘3P’ approach offers the opportunity for a productive conversation between modelling efforts, contributing to a ‘One Health’ agenda. The aim is not to come up with a composite model, but seek synergies between perspectives, encouraging cross-disciplinary interactions. We illustrate our argument with cases from Africa, and in particular from our work on Ebola virus and Lassa fever virus. Combining process-based compartmental models with macroecological data offers a spatial perspective on potential disease impacts. However, without insights from the ground, the ‘black box’ of transmission dynamics, so crucial to model assumptions, may not be fully understood. We show how participatory modelling and ethnographic research of Ebola and Lassa fever can reveal social roles, unsafe practices, mobility and movement and temporal changes in livelihoods. Together with longer-term dynamics of change in societies and ecologies, all can be important in explaining disease transmission, and provide important complementary insights to other modelling efforts. An integrative modelling approach therefore can offer help to improve disease control efforts and public health responses.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘One Health for a changing world: zoonoses, ecosystems and human well-being’.
... Harkins & Stone, 2015;Houldcroft & Underdown, 2016;Trueba & Dunthorn, 2012;Wolfe et al., 2007) highlight the gaps in our understanding of the origins of diseases, and especially their relationship with human evolution, behaviour and migration in Africa. Besides being the cradle of behaviourally modern Homo sapiens (d'Errico et al., 2012;Henshilwood et al., 2009Henshilwood et al., , 2011Mourre et al., 2010), sub-Saharan Africa also brings together exceptionally rich biodiversity with pathogen abundance (Just et al., 2014). Prehistoric sub-Saharan African populations who inhabited the region over the past 150,000 years are, therefore, believed to characterise the human ancient disease landscape. ...
Background:
The biology of human migration can be observed from the co-evolutionary relationship with infectious diseases. While many pathogens are brief, unpleasant visitors to human bodies, others have the ability to become life-long human passengers. The story of a pathogen's genetic code may, therefore, provide insight into the history of its human host. The evolution and distribution of disease in Africa is of particular interest, because of the deep history of human evolution in Africa, the presence of a variety of non-human primates, and tropical reservoirs of emerging infectious diseases.
Methods:
This study explores which pathogens leave traces in the archaeological record, and whether there are realistic prospects that these pathogens can be recovered from sub-Saharan African archaeological contexts.
Results:
Three stories are then presented of germs on a journey. The first is the story of HIV's spread on the back of colonialism and the railway networks over the last 150 years. The second involves the spread of Schistosoma mansoni, a parasite which shares its history with the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the origins of fresh-water fishing. Finally, we discuss the tantalising hints of hominin migration and interaction found in the genome of human herpes simplex virus 2.
Conclusions:
Evidence from modern African pathogen genomes can provide data on human behaviour and migration in deep time and contribute to the improvement of human quality-of-life and longevity.
... revue transmission de maladies. La validité de ce postulat est d'ailleurs renforcée dans les environnements néotropicaux où la diversité des habitats et des espèces procure une infinité de niches écologiques pour des virus à ARN [6]. En Amérique du Sud, plus de 1300 espèces de mammifères ont été décrites, ce qui représente 23 % de la diversité des mammifères à l'échelle mondiale [7]. ...
