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Fatty acid profiles of virgin coconut oil.
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Introduction. This is an open-label pilot study on four weeks of virgin coconut oil (VCO) to investigate its efficacy in weight reduction and its safety of use in 20 obese but healthy Malay volunteers. Methodology. Efficacy was assessed by measuring weight and associated anthropometric parameters and lipid profile one week before and one week after...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... (Cocos Nucifera) is commonly used in Malaysia and other neighbouring countries including Thailand and Philippines as a food source and its oils are used as complementary medicine. The oil extracted from fresh coconut meat (virgin coconut oil) contains more medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) (70-85%) ( Table 1) compared to other coconut oils [7]. MCFAs are easily oxidized lipids and are not stored in adipose tissue unlike long chain fatty acids (LCFAs). ...
Context 2
... oil was certified suitable for consumption by the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MS ISO 9001:2000 and MS ISO/IEC 17025 certified). The composition profile of VCO was determined by an indepen- dent and accredited laboratory (Food Quality Research Unit, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) and is presented in Table 1. The prescribed dosage was 30 mL per day taken in three divided doses, half an hour before each meal. ...
Context 3
... emerging medicinal product of importance from coconut is virgin coconut oil (VCO) which is cheap, easily available, and widely used as over-the-counter complementary medicine in the tropics and many foreign markets [15,16]. Of all different types of coconut oils, VCO contains the highest proportion of medium chain fatty acids, with MCFA content being as high as 85.1% in VCO (Table 1). Hence this oil naturally contains a mixture of MCFA and LCFA in a ratio of 3 : 1. MCFAs are rapidly absorbed in the intestines even without catalyzation by the pancreatic lipase enzyme. ...
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Citations
... A suplementação ou ingestão de OC elevou os níveis de HDL em 7 (7/25) pesquisas realizadas em adultos ou crianças saudáveis (Chinwong;Chinwong;Mangklabruks, 2017;Cox et al., 1995;Cox et al., 1998;Hayes et al., 1992;Karupaiah et al., 2011;Khaw et al., 2018;Müller et al., 2003). Estudos onde não houve alteração de HDL, CT e LDL séricos foram classificados como nulos (n=17) (Austin et al., 2020;Fisher et al., 1983;FUCHS et al., 1994;Ganji;Kies, 1996;Harris et al., 2017;Icayan et al., 1967;Korrapati et al., 2019;LIAU et al., 2011;Maki et al., 2018;Mckenney et al., 1995;Mendis;Kumarasunderam, 1990;Nikooei et al., 2020;Lira et al., 2018;Otto;Rocha, 2019;Sciarrillo et al., 2019;Tan et al., 2017;Vijayakumar;Vasudevan;Sundaram, 2015). Os desfechos negativos foram definidos quando o HDL se manteve inalterado e houve aumento nos níveis de TC, TG, LDL, observado em apenas um estudo (Amatuzio; Hay, 1958). ...
... A concentração diária de OC variou de 9,24 a 27,7g, utilizada entre 1 e 147 dias. A redução nos níveis antropométricos (IMC e circunferência abdominal) foram considerados desfechos positivos e encontrados em cinco (5/8) estudos(Assuncão et al., 2009;Liau et al., 2011;Lira et al., 2018;Valerius et al., 2018;Vogel et al., 2020).Os resultados positivos em relação à obesidade estão relacionados ao OC devido a sua concentração de TCM(Vogel et al, 2020).Desfechos nulos não alteraram os parâmetros e foram encontrados em 37,5% (n=3) dos estudos sobre obesidade. Desfechos negativos não foram encontrados. ...
O consumo de óleo de coco (OC) como suplemento alimentar ou como parte da dieta tem sido avaliado devido às expectativas de benefícios à saúde e estratégias de marketing. O objetivo desta revisão foi mapear as evidências de saúde relacionadas ao uso do OC na suplementação oral ou dieta humana. A revisão de escopo envolveu pesquisa em bases de dados (Pubmed/Medline, Scopus e Web of Science) realizada em 26 de novembro de 2021, utilizando termos previamente definidos, além de busca complementar manual. Os estudos foram avaliados por dois revisores independentes. Foram selecionados 77 artigos, publicados entre 1958-2021. A maioria dos estudos foram realizados no Brasil (18%), seguido pelos Estados Unidos (12%), Espanha (8%), Índia (6,5%) e Malásia (6,5%). O uso do OC proporcionou resultados positivos com maior frequência nas seguintes condições de saúde (nº de estudos/frequência positiva): fonte energética (5/100%); melhora na qualidade de vida (mulheres com câncer) (1/100%); sintomas relativos à COVID 19 (1/100%), ação antiinflamatória (1/100%); Doença de Alzheimer (3/75%); índices glicêmicos (9/67%); obesidade (8/62,5%) e marcadores inflamatórios (10/60%). Assim como proporcionou resultados nulos com maior frequência nas seguintes condições de saúde (nº de estudos/frequência nulidade): influência na absorção de nutrientes e efeito cetogênico (4/75%), modulação lipídica (25/68%); influência na saciedade (7/57%) e doença arterial coronariana (7/43%). Esta revisão mapeou pesquisas, oportunizando o direcionamento para estudos complementares que permitam racionalizar a aplicações de OC sobre a saúde humana.
... The major component of coconut oil is saturated fat (92%) of which 60-70% is made of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) (Ferreira et al., 2019;Gervajio et al., 2020). MCFAs are lipids that are easily oxidized and are not retained in the adipose tissue as opposed to long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) (Liau et al., 2011). MCFAs have been linked to positive health benefits enhancing metabolism that helps lose weight (Huang et al., 2011;Nagao & Yanagita, 2010;Schönfeld & Wojtczak, 2016;Wallace, 2019), and lowering the levels of low-and very-low-density lipoproteins in the blood (Famurewa et al., 2018;Nevin & Rajamohan, 2004). ...
Coconut oil is consumed by people for cooking purposes. It is usually subjected to long heating at high temperatures and often reheated and reused. There is a need to investigate the degradation of coconut oil without a food matrix to determine its inherent degradation properties if it is subjected to long thermal stress. This study investigates the thermal degradation of refined, bleached, and deodorized coconut oil (RBDCO). The RBDCO samples were heated at three different temperatures (150, 175, and 200 °C) for 12 hours continuously. Samples were collected every hour interval and analyzed for free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and moisture contents (MC). Results reveal that increased temperature and heating time lead to higher FFA, PV, and MC, indicating significant oil degradation. The findings suggest that maintaining optimal processing conditions is crucial for preserving oil quality and safety standards.
... [19] The coconut oil consists of C12 Lauric acid (47.28 %), C14 Myristic acid (15.803 %), C8 Caprylic acid (12.984 %), C16 Palmitic acid (6.688 %), C18 : 1 Elaidic acid (5.073 %) C18 : 1 Oleic acid (4.97 %) and other fatty acids. [20] 1 H NMR profiles of the wax composites in CDCl 3 are compared in Figure 1 to reveal the chemical structures and their differences. For assignments, the chemical shift associated with the terminal methyl groups (δ = 0.87 ppm) was given a fixed integration of 9 and the other shifts were integrated and assigned accordingly. ...
In this study, we investigated the thermoresponsive behavior of two different binary wax compositions of commercially available natural candles. The chemical nature of carbon bonds in the fatty acid chains of the natural wax component effectuate a different hygroscopic behavior, as confirmed by NMR analysis. The phase transitions of polymorphic stearin‐rapeseed and stearin‐coconut wax composites were tracked by DSC‐TGA and VT‐XRD. The reduction in the eutectic temperatures of wax composites during the second heating cycles of DSC measurements was correlated with the length of fatty acid chains in rapeseed and coconut waxes, as well as their co‐crystallization kinetics with stearin. Mechanical and hygroscopic behavior of the binary waxes were examined at elevated temperatures between 23 °C and 45 °C using QCM‐D. Voigt viscoelastic model was employed to reveal the soft and rigid textures of wax composites. The hydrophilic behavior of the rapeseed wax composite changed to hydrophobic when the co‐crystallized and individual stearin melted above 35 °C. Activation energies required for melting wax crystals were calculated to be 51±3 kJ mol⁻¹ for pure rapeseed wax, 373 kJ mol⁻¹ for co‐crystallized rapeseed and stearin waxes, and 244 kJ mol⁻¹ for co‐crystallized coconut and stearin waxes, using Arrhenius method with the QCM‐D data.
... Daily consumption of 30 mL of VCO for 8 weeks among 35 healthy volunteers significantly increased the levels of HDL cholesterol (Harris et al., 2017), corroborating the findings of Cardoso et al. (2015). A 4-week VCO supplementation regimen significantly improved the lipid profile without causing anthropometric changes (Liau et al., 2011). The experiment was further extended to investigate any potential side effects of consuming 30 mL of VCO daily. ...
Widely acclaimed as the "tree of life," the coconut is intrinsically woven into human culture as a source of food, shelter, and medicine. Coconut oil and its derivatives have found diverse applications in both food and industry. Of late, the consumption of coconut in the form of oil and its derivatives has been proven to be beneficial. Taking into account the most recent clinical evidences, an attempt was made to present a concise review of the cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-obesity effects of coconut and its derivatives. Our analysis reveals that research evidence supports the cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects of coconut. Numerous clinical trials have proven the anti-obesity and hypoglycemic effects of coconut oil and products. High contents of myocardial anti-oxidants, and differential metabolism of medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) provide cardioprotective effects. The ketogenic effect of coconut derived products confers neuroprotective measures and enhanced energy expenditure in the metabolism of MCFAs and polyphenolic anti-oxidants are suggested to offer anti-obesity effects. Nevertheless, further research with more randomized, controlled, large clinical trials that evaluate the optimal dosage and side effects, if any, are warranted. Based on this comprehensive review, it is understood that MCFAs are the key component, apart from the phytochemicals such as polyphenols, tocopherols, and other antioxidants that accord these health benefits. Overall, the health benefits of coconut and its derivatives are perceptible, though there is a need for long-term clinical trials. Also a shift of research focus from coconut fatty acids and oil to other phytochemicals and to design appropriate clinical and epidemiological studies to discover coconut biomolecules of health importance is warranted.
... Palm oil and coconut oil, as edible oils with a high content of saturated fatty acids, promote the formation of a stable amylose-lipid complex in the form of a single-helical inclusion complex, which limits the starch digestibility of cooked rice starch and rice flour [18]. These oils are also said to have various health benefits, such as reducing visceral adiposity and plasma glucose levels and lowering cholesterol levels [19][20][21]. The proportion of saturated fatty acids in palm oil and coconut oil is around 50% and 90%, respectively [22,23]. ...
The effects of palm oil (PO) and coconut oil (CO) additions on the physicochemical properties and in vitro starch digestibility of extruded pineapple stem starch (PSS) were studied. The native PSS was adjusted to 15% moisture and blended with PO or CO in amounts of 5 and 10% (w/w of starch), while the control sample without added oil was adjusted to 25% moisture before being extruded with a twin-screw extruder at a maximum barrel temperature of 140 °C. Due to the lubricating effect, the added oils reduced the expansion ratio of the extrudates, which led to an increase in cell wall thickness, bulk density, hardness, and water adsorption index, but to a reduction in the water solubility index, especially with 10% oils. PO had a greater impact on the physicochemical changes in the extrudates than CO. Surprisingly, no amylose-lipid complex was observed in the extrudates with added oil, as shown by XRD, DSC, and FTIR results. The phenolic compounds contained in PSS remained in all extrudates, which could affect the formation of the amylose-lipid complex during extrusion. The addition of 5% oil had no effect on the digestibility of the starch compared to the control extrudates, while the 10% oils, both PO and CO, reduced the rapidly digestible starch content but significantly increased the resistant starch content of the extruded PSS.
... However, milk supplement is commonly optimized using plant-based fat, such as soya and coconut oils, which have different FA profiles from sow's milk. One of the peculiarities of sow's milk is that it contains a high level of PA (8 to 11 g) compared to cow milk (1 to 2 g), soya oil (0.4 g), or coconut oil (0.01 g) per 100 g of total FA (Ayorinde et al., 2000;Bee, 2000;Liau et al., 2011). Therefore, the present study suggests that PA can be used as a dietary ingredient in milk supplement optimization to improve the survival and growth of piglets. ...
Piglet survival is a major challenge in the first few days postpartum and interventions during this period may improve survival and growth. This study investigated the effects of palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7; PA) supplementation on growth performance, body temperature, fatty acid (FA), and energy metabolism in milk-replacer-fed piglets. Forty-eight piglets were stratified by body weight and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% PA supplementation as a percent of milk replacer) and given the diet through an orogastric tube. They were fed dietary treatments every 2 h for 4 d in the first week postpartum and all were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. The piglets were weighed daily, and half in each dietary treatment group, the same piglets each day, were exposed daily to a lower temperature for 2 h. Plasma samples were collected immediately before sacrifice for analyses of FA and other plasma metabolites. The weight of organs and empty body weight were determined after sacrifice. Liver and semimembranosus muscle tissue samples were collected and analyzed for FA content. Contents of C16:1n-7 and C18:1n-7 in both plasma and liver (P < 0.001), and C16:1n-7 in semimembranosus muscle (P < 0.001) increased linearly as PA supplementation increased. Most plasma FA levels (except C16:1n-7, C16:1n-9, and C22:5n-3) were lower in piglets exposed to lower temperature than those that were not. Plasma glucose, triglycerides, and lactate dehydrogenase levels increased linearly with PA supplementation (P < 0.001). Piglets’ average daily gain, liver glycogen pool, liver weight, and gallbladder weight increased linearly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.001, respectively), but lung weight, liver nitrogen content, and body temperature drop decreased linearly (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, and P < 0.05, respectively) with PA supplementation. Piglets exposed to low temperature had greater liver nitrogen (P < 0.05) and lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.001) contents but had lower liver weight (P < 0.01) and plasma lactate concentration (P < 0.05) than those that were not. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the importance of PA on the growth performance of the piglets by increasing their average daily gain and decreasing a drop in body temperature upon cold exposure, most likely due to a modified energy metabolism.
... Depending on the rate of digestion, starch is divided into 3 fractions, i.e., rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch risk of coronary heart disease, and preventing free radicals (Liau et al., 2011;Szulczewska-Remi et al., 2019;Sura et al., 2020;Deen et al., 2021;Messina et al., 2021;Xu et al., 2021). ...
Amylose has the ability to form inclusion complexes with lipids and is resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. This research aimed to explore the impacts of different healthy edible oils, i.e., coconut oil (CO), rice bran oil (RO), palm oil (PO), and soybean oil (SO) on the in vitro starch digestibility and physical properties of rice starch and rice flour. Each edible oil (10% w/w) was transferred to rice starch and rice flour and cooked at 95 °C for 8 min. The contents of rapidly digestible starch and resistant starch in both cooked rice starch and rice flour were reduced and increased, respectively, by the addition of all edible oils, especially the CO and PO. The cooked rice starch and rice flour with added CO and PO had higher melting temperatures and dissociation enthalpies of the amylose‐lipid complex (ALC) and V‐type crystalline order than those with RO and SO inclusion. The results suggest that the high amounts of saturated fatty acids in CO and PO favour the formation of stable ALC, which limits the starch digestibility of cooked rice starch and rice flour. ALC products could be used as an alternative functional food ingredient to improve our health.
... However, milk supplement is commonly optimized using plant-based fat, such as soya and coconut oils, which have different FA pro les from sow milk. One of the peculiarities of sow milk is that it contains a high level of PA (8-11 g) compared to cow milk (1-2 g), soya oil (0.4 g), or coconut oil (0.01 g) per 100 g of total FA [25][26][27]. Therefore, the present study suggests that PA can be used as dietary ingredient in milk supplement optimization to improve survival and growth of piglets. ...
Background Survival of piglets poses a significant challenge in the initial days after birth because piglets are lacking readily oxidizable brown adipose tissue and born with limited amount of body reserves, which in turn limited theirthermogenic capacity. This study investigated the effects of palmitoleic acid (PA) supplementation on growth performance, maintenance of body temperature, muscle fatty acid (FA) compositions, and energy metabolism in milk replacer fed piglets. Forty-eight piglets were stratified by body weight and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% PA supplementation as percent of milk replacer). Piglets were weighed daily, and half in each dietary treatment groups were exposed daily to low temperature for 2 h. Plasma and tissue samples were collected at the end of the experiment for further analyses.
Results Contents of C16:1n-7 and C18:1n-7 in both plasma and liver (P < 0.001), and C16:1n-7 (P < 0.001) in semimembranosus increased linearly as PA levels increased. Most plasma FA levels (except C16:1n-7, C16:1n-9 and C22:5n-3) were lower in piglets exposed to low temperature than those that were not. Plasma glucose, triglycerides and lactate dehydrogenase levels increased linearly with PA supplementation (P< 0.001). Piglets’ average daily gain, liver weight, liver glycogen pools, and gallbladder increased linearly with PA supplementation (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.001, respectively), but lung weight, liver nitrogen content, and body temperature drop at cold exposure decreased linearly with PA supplementation (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, and P < 0.05, respectively). Piglets exposed to low temperature had greater liver nitrogen (P < 0.05) and lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.001) contents, but had lower liver weight (P < 0.01) and plasma lactate concentration (P< 0.05) than those that were not.
Conclusion Dietary supplementation of PA increased C16:1n-7 concentrations in plasma, liver, and semimembranosus as well as average daily gain of the piglets. The drop in body temperature of the piglet upon cold exposure decreased linearly with increasing PA supplementation.
... For example, in a randomised controlled trial among females who consumed coconut oil or soybean oil as a replacement for their usual cooking oils, a reduction in BMI was observed in both treatment groups, but only the coconut oil group had a significant mean reduction in WC (Assuncao et al., 2009). Another single-arm trial found a substantial decrease in WC in men with obesity after consuming coconut oil, although this change was not demonstrated in females with obesity (Liau et al., 2011). In 50 contrast, no change in BMI, WHR, or FM % was found in a randomised single-blind controlled experiment in individuals with coronary artery disease randomly allocated to either coconut oil or sunflower oil (Vijayakumar et al., 2020;Swarnamali et al., 2021). ...
... In 50 contrast, no change in BMI, WHR, or FM % was found in a randomised single-blind controlled experiment in individuals with coronary artery disease randomly allocated to either coconut oil or sunflower oil (Vijayakumar et al., 2020;Swarnamali et al., 2021). As a result of the ongoing debate regarding the potential beneficial effects of coconut oil in weight management, with both beneficial (Dulloo et al., 1996;Liau et al., 2011;Vijayakumar, Vasudevan and Sundaram, 2016;Oliveira-de-Lira et al., 2018;Korrapati et al., 2019) and neutral effects (Frantz and Carey, 1961;Vijayakumar et al., 2016;Harris et al., 2017;Khaw et al., 2018;Vogel et al., 2020;Nikooei et al., 2021) on BW reduction from individual clinical trials, we carried out another systematic review and meta-analysis to identify the impact of coconut oil on anthropometric parameters compared to other oils and fats, with a feeding length more than one month. p=0.29 respectively) (Swarnamali et al., 2021). ...
... Introducing VCO is cost-effective in ACS management compared to currently available medication. VCO is a natural resource available in Malaysia which lowers lipid level sand glucose levels, based on results of animal studies (5,6,7,8). However, there are still limited studies on human testing. ...
... Researchers have confirmed that there are significant benefits experienced by the intervention group (subjects who consume VCO as an intervention). Several studies on animals claimed that VCO has a valuable benefit on health such as lowering lipid and glucose levels, serving as anti-inflammation and analgesic agent, and increasing the effectiveness of hepatoprotective activity [5,8,10,11,12,13,14). ...
Introduction: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a leading cause of death in Malaysia and worldwide. Besides, teh current treatment which involves teh prescription of statins is found to TEMPhas several side TEMPeffects on ACS patients. Those side TEMPeffects TEMPhas guided teh author to introduce virgin coconut oil (VCO) as supplemental management of ACS. However, its benefits TEMPhas not been widely tested on humans. Methodology: dis study examines teh use of VCO among ACS patients via a crossover trial. It seeks to ascertain teh TEMPeffect of VCO on serum lipid profile and hs-CRP level among ACS patients. Result: VCO was found to be statistically significant in reducing serum lipid level and hs-CRP level (p<0.001). These findings measured from small to moderate Cohen’s d TEMPeffect size, thus proving teh results from dis study as statistically and clinically significant. Conclusion: These findings suggest dat dietary intake wif saturated fatty acid (C6 to C12) can improve health condition. Keywords: virgin coconut oil, acute coronary syndrome, saturated fatty acid, medium-chain triglycerides
