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... fatty acid Attractants premix (mg/100 g) supplied for 100 g diet: Inosine 5-monophosphate, 500 mg; Betaine, 660 mg; L-Serine, 170 mg; L-Tyrosine, 170 mg; Phenylalanine, 250 mg; DL-Alanine, 500 mg; L-Aspartic acid sodium, 330 mg; LValine, 250 mg; Glycine, 170 mg. compostoin of microdiets are described in Table 2. ...Context 2
... 8 days of feeding the experimental diets there were no significant differences among mean expression of genes related to Cu or bone metabolism (Supplementary data, Table 1). Differences among mean gene expressions were neither found after 15 days of feeding (Supplementary data, Table 2). Nevertheless, the expression of the copper transporter gene (ctr1) in whole body of gilthead seabream larvae was progressively increased by dietary Cu levels, following a positive linear regression (P > 0.05, R 2 = 0.68, Fig. 3). ...Citations
... The addition of Cu to diets has also been shown to exert beneficial effects on oxidative stress and skeletal muscle development [42]. K not only plays a vital role in nerve function, but also affects enzyme activity and the acid-base balance [43]. The decrease in K after heat stress may have been because of the temperature-induced acceleration of metabolism and the requirement for greater K involvement. ...
The effects of heat stress on aquatic animals are increasingly being discerned, but little is known about the effects of heat stress on muscle meat quality or the flavor of muscle. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of heat stress on the muscle antioxidant properties, structural and physical properties (e.g., pH, muscle color, shear force, and expressible moisture), chemical composition (e.g., nucleotides, organic acids, amino acids, and minerals), and volatile substances of rainbow trout. We observed that the antioxidant capacity of muscle decreased after stress experiments at 22.5 °C for 24 h. The content of inflammatory factors notably increased (p < 0.05), the pH value and red value of muscle decreased (p < 0.05), the interfiber space increased, and several muscle fibers were broken. Heat stress changed the contents of nucleotides, organic acids, minerals, and amino acids in muscle. The contents of IMP and AMP, which play an important role in the flavor of muscle, decreased (p < 0.05). The contents of two amino acids that provide a sweet taste decreased; those of five amino acids that provide a bitter taste increased (p < 0.05). Heat stress also affected the amount and type of volatile substances in muscle, which affected muscle odor. These results suggest that heat stress may exert adverse effects on the oxidative stability, structure, meat quality, and flavor of muscle, requiring attention and prevention.
... However, more recent studies revealed that other nutrients such as vitamins and minerals play important roles in marine larval physiology (Eryalçın et al., 2020;Hamre et al., 2013;Izquierdo et al., 2017). For instance, deficiencies or excess in some minerals and vitamins such as retinol (vitamin A) (Fernández et al., 2008), α-tocopherol (vitamin E) (Atalah et al., 2012), vitamin D3 (Sivagurunathan et al., 2022), vitamin K , ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (Betancor et al., 2012;El Kertaoui et al., 2017;Izquierdo et al., 2019;Izquierdo & Betancor, 2015;, iodine (I) Hamre, Mollan, et al., 2008), selenium (Se) (Hamre, Mollan, et al., 2008;Hamre, Srivastava, et al., 2008;Izquierdo et al., 2017;Saleh et al., 2014), manganese (Mn) Terova et al., 2018), copper (Cu) (Penglase et al., 2015;Tseng et al., 2023), zinc (Zn) Terova et al., 2018), or the calcium/phosphorous (Ca/P) ratio (El Kertaoui et al., 2019) may affect growth, survival, stress resistance, or bone development (Moren et al., 2011). Moreover, the micronutrients contents in enriched zooplankton may be very inconstant due to the large variety of diets and methods commercially available . ...
... Depending on the dietary levels of other antioxidant nutrients, larval gilthead seabream requires 17-20 mg/kg for normal growth and 21.5-22.6 mg/kg to reduce oxidative risk, promote docosahexaenoic, and eicosapentaenoic acid incorporation into larval lipids and prevent skeletal anomalies (Eryalçın et al., 2020;Tseng et al., 2023). Rotifers enriched with commercial products such as Multigreen and Ori-green may also result in low levels of Cu in rotifers (5 and 4 mg/kg DW) compared with natural zooplankton (Maehre et al., 2013). ...
The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of spray‐dried and fresh forms of the microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata and other commonly used commercial diets on vitamin and mineral compositions of rotifer produced under commercial conditions. Experimental rotifers groups were fed Protein‐Plus® (PP treatment), Inactive Beaker's Yeast® (INBY treatment), Algome® (Algome treatment), freshly cultured N. oculata (FA treatment), and spray‐dried N. oculata (SDN treatment). At the end of the experiment, seven essential vitamins, nine macro‐ and micro‐minerals, and two pigments were analyzed in diets and rotifers. All the treatments tested provided adequate levels of Ca, P, Mg, and Co to the rotifers, but insufficient levels of I, Zn, and vitamins B2 and E. Moreover, PP diet produced rotifers with high levels of vitamins B1, B3 and B9, and P; the SDN diet produced rotifers with high levels of P and Cu; the Algome diet produced rotifers high in vitamins B3 and B9, and Ca; the INBY diet produced rotifers with high levels of vitamin B1 and Ca; and the FA diet produced rotifers with more vitamin B6, Se, and Cu. In conclusion, specific minerals or vitamins corrections are required in these feeds for rotifers to adequately meet the nutritional needs for marine larvae.
... Optimal Zn supply in freshwater phase improved the long term health and welfare of Atlantic salmon in the sea Sartipi Yarahmadi et al., 2022). On the contrary, excess dietary Cu supplementation can increase the risk of toxic effects, especially during early life stages (Berntssen et al., 1999a(Berntssen et al., , 1999bDominguez et al., 2019;Tseng et al., 2023). Knowledge on the significance of life-stage specific dietary requirements and the consequence of early life nutrition on later life stages is very limited in fish, more so for trace minerals. ...
... In rats, dietary Cu supplementation was not accompanied by changes in the mRNA expression of lipoprotein-related genes in the liver and intestine (Mazur et al., 1992), which is consistent with our results. Nevertheless, dietary Cu+ intervention reduced whole body lipid and gross energy content in first-feeding fry similar to the observations in other fish species (Abdel-Hameid et al., 2017;Tseng et al., 2023). Further, Cu+ induced changes were also seen in the saturated fatty acid levels in hepatic neutral lipid fraction. ...
The objective of this study was to determine whether supplementation with deficient zinc (Zn) or/and excess copper (Cu) in the first-feeding diet of rainbow trout fry influenced the growth and physiological regulation of juvenile fish subjected to similar challenge feeds again. The feeding trial lasted for 24 weeks and had three phases. In phase I, rainbow trout fry was treated with one of four different plant-based feeds containing or exempting Zn or Cu supplementation (coded Zn-Cu-, Zn+Cu-, Zn-Cu+, Zn+Cu+) for 6 weeks. Thereafter, all groups were fed a common commercial feed for the next 12 weeks (phase II). In phase III, all groups were fed with the “challenge diet” for another 6 weeks which was the basal diet (Zn-Cu-) except that the vegetable oils were replaced by fish oil. The results demonstrated that fish fed a Zn+ diet at first feeding increased larval growth (phase-I), but it had no effect on growth at the end of phase II when fed commercial feeds. In phase III, when re-introduced to a Zn- challenge diet, the feed intake and growth of juveniles with Zn+ history significantly increased, with reduced feed efficiency. Fish growth was neither influenced by dietary Cu levels or by the dietary Cu history in any of the growth phases, but dietary Cu excess (Cu+) reduced body lipid and energy content in fry. In phase I, lower whole-body Zn concentration was observed in the fry of Zn- group compared to Zn+, while the contrary was observed in the juvenile fish as affected by dietary Zn history (phase III). In addition, Zn- dietary history showed increased levels of PUFA and higher mRNA expression of fatty acid biosynthesis genes in the liver. To conclude, early-stage dietary Zn+ history improved growth of juvenile rainbow trout, while dietary Zn- history exhibited signs of improved fatty acid biosynthesis capacity in the liver.
... Because of the reduction in lipid peroxidation, there was an increase in PUFAs, particularly in DHA, EPA and ARA, when dietary Se was increased in gilthead seabream larval diets in the present study. Indeed, dietary mineral supplementation may affect lipid metabolism in terms of increased lipogenesis or alteration of the fatty acids' profiles in fish and mammals (Knez et al., 2022;Tseng et al., 2023;Tseng et al., 2021;Zheng et al., 2015). Thus, the results of the present study agree well with the increased in DHA and n-3 LC-PUFA content found in whole body of seabass and seabream larvae when dietary Se was increased in microdiets (Betancor et al., 2012;Saleh et al., 2014). ...
... The dietary Cu requirements of fish vary from 2 to 22.6 mg/kg (Table 1), which is similar to the results of Dawood (2022) and Antony Jesu Prabhu et al. (2016). This range is within the EU Commission for feeds for cultured fish species (25 mg Cu/kg diet) (Tseng et al., 2023). The variance in Cu requirements is associated with fish species, life stages, experimental conditions and periods, Cu levels and forms, basal diet composition, and criteria for Cu requirements. ...
... Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the optimal dietary Cu concentrations for economically important fish species across different life stages. Notably, Tseng et al. (2023) reported that gilthead seabream larvae have a significantly greater dietary Cu requirement (21.5-22.6 mg/kg) than other juvenile or adult fish species (Table 1) (Tseng et al., 2023). To date, several forms of Cu supplementation, such as organic Cu, novel inorganic Cu, and CuNPs, have been investigated and utilized in aquafeeds. ...
... Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the optimal dietary Cu concentrations for economically important fish species across different life stages. Notably, Tseng et al. (2023) reported that gilthead seabream larvae have a significantly greater dietary Cu requirement (21.5-22.6 mg/kg) than other juvenile or adult fish species (Table 1) (Tseng et al., 2023). To date, several forms of Cu supplementation, such as organic Cu, novel inorganic Cu, and CuNPs, have been investigated and utilized in aquafeeds. ...
Copper (Cu) is an essential element for various vital biological processes, but a comprehensive systematic review focusing on Cu metabolism, deposition, nutritional functions, and toxicity in fish is lacking. We found dietary Cu requirements for fish are 2-22.6 mg/kg, but information for some economically important species is lacking. Waterborne Cu can influence the absorption of dietborne Cu, emphasizing the importance of considering waterborne Cu when evaluating the dietary requirements of fish. Inadequate or excessive intake of dietary Cu was found to lead to growth inhibition and compromised antioxidant and immune statuses through distinct mechanisms. Cu accumulation levels in various organs are normally positively related to dietary Cu levels, whereas muscle is not a preferred Cu accumulation tissue. This review also explored the bioavailabilities of organic Cu and Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs). However, further research is necessary to investigate the nutritional functions and potential toxicity of different Cu forms, as well as their interactions with other minerals and regulation of lipid metabolism and the intestinal microbiota. These findings highlight the importance of Cu in various physiological processes and provide insights into potential research directions for aquafeeds.
... In the present work, Copper (Cu) digestibility increased concomitantly with the increase in PM levels. Cu plays crucial roles in metabolic processes and is involved in various enzymatic complexes, including in the regulation of lipid metabolism (Chen et al., 2015;NRC, 2011;Tseng et al., 2023). While limited research has focused on the effects of dietary copper on fish lipid metabolism, some studies have demonstrated that higher levels of Cu significantly decrease the overall lipid content in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after six weeks of feeding (Berntssen et al., 1999). ...
In recent years, the pursuit of sustainable aquaculture practices has focused on alternatives to fisheries-derived ingredients, to avoid economic and environmental unsustainability. Low-trophic organisms, such as polychaetes, could be a suitable alternative to fishmeal due to their high protein content. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of replacing fishmeal with the polychaete meal (Alitta virens; PM) in diets for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax; Wi, ∼14.5 g). Four isoproteic (51% dry matter, DM) and isolipidic (17% DM) diets were fed to seabass juveniles: a fishmeal-based diet (FM) and three experimental diets with PM at inclusion levels of 2.5% (PM2.5), 5% (PM5), and 10% (PM10), replacing 10%, 20% and 40% of fishmeal, respectively. After 93 days of feeding, the effects of the PM on growth, digestibility, nutrient utilization, plasma metabolites, liver lipogenic activity, and anterior intestine histomorphology were analyzed. The environmental impact of all diets was also assessed. All diets were well-accepted by the fish, and promoted equal growth performance, ensuring high feed efficiency. The muscle EPA + DHA content in all dietary groups exceeded the recommended levels for human consumption. Hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) levels were increased in fish fed PM2.5, suggesting that the PM promoted alterations in lipid metabolism, especially at low inclusion levels. PM2.5 also seemed to enhance the absorption capacity of the anterior intestine by increasing villus length and goblet cells number/area, albeit without impacting nutrient digestibility and growth performance. Furthermore, copper digestibility increased with higher levels of PM inclusion. The assessment of environmental sustainability indicated that the experimental diets incorporating PM present a more sustainable option compared to fishmeal. Overall, this study demonstrated that PM can serve as a sustainable alternative to fishmeal, replacing it by up to 40%, without compromising European seabass growth and nutrient utilization, while guaranteeing a high nutritional quality fillet for human consumption. The best environmental performance could be achieved with a diet comprising 5% to 10% (w/w) PM content. However, further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of PM's effects on intermediary metabolism and its potential as a functional ingredient.
... Natural spawns of gilthead seabream larvae were obtained from selected broodstock (PROGENSA (Spanish National Breeding Program) project [2] from GIA (Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura, ECOAQUA Institute, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University (ULPGC), Spain). Larvae (initial total length 6:27 ± 0:46 mm, dry body weight 0:22 ± 0:03 mg, mean ± SD) previously fed rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) enriched with ORIGREEN (Skretting, Norway) until 22 days post hatch (dph) [58] were randomly distributed in 12 experimental tanks at a density of 1200 larvae in each tank. After the distribution, larvae were fed with experimental diets for 21 days (43 dph). ...
Vitamins D and K are essential fat-soluble nutrients that intervene in bone development processes among other biological functions. The present study is aimed at investigating the potential combined effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin K 3 (menadione) in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. For that purpose, seabream diets were supplemented with different combinations of vitamin D 3 /vitamin K 3 (mg/kg diet) as follows: 0.00/0, 0.06/70, 0.06/170, 0.13/70, 0.13/170, 0.40/70, and 0.40/170. Feeding gilthead seabream larvae (22 days post hatch) for 21 days with the diets supplemented with 0.06-0.13 mg/kg vitamin D 3 and 70 mg/kg vitamin K 3 (diets 0.06/70 and 0.13/70) led to the highest larval growth and survival and the highest expression of important biomarkers of both bone development and health, such as bmp2, osx, and mgp, and calcium homeostasis, such as pthrp and casr. However, the increased supplementation with both vitamins at 0.40 mg/kg vitamin D 3 and 170 mg/kg vitamin K 3 (diet 0.40/170) reduced larval growth and survival, downregulated bmp2 and pthrp expressions, and upregulated osx and mgp, causing an unbalance in the relative expression of these genes. The results of the present study have shown the interaction between vitamin D 3 supplementation and vitamin K 3 supplementation in larval performance and gene expression related to bone development and calcium homeostasis, denoting the significance of a correct balance between both vitamins in larval diets.
Dynamic changes of tissues, organs and growth that occur in fish larvae during the transition to the juvenile stage are accompanied by differences in metabolic, locomotor and feeding activities that can reflect on fish's oxidative status. In this study, we examine how body growth, antioxidant system (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and oxidative damage (malondialdehyde-MDA) parameters change in larvae of yellowfin seabream larvae (Acanthopagrus latus) during early development (0, 7, 15, 22 and 30 day after hatching-DAH). Body growth (length and weight) starts to intensify from 15 DAH. We observed general increase in the antioxidant system (AOS) with the age of larvae from newly hatched and 7 DAH up to 15 and 22 DAH individuals. 15 and 22 DAH larvae had the greatest levels of TAC, SOD and GR activity, while 30 DAH larvae had higher CAT activity from 0, 7 and 15 DAH and MDA concentration in comparison to 15 DAH individuals. Several developmental events can be linked with observed results: lower AOS in 0 and 7 DAH individuals with low locomotor activity, growth, endo-exogenous feeding phase and cell differentiation; 15 and 22 DAH larvae are under pressure of fast growth, enhanced swimming and foraging capacity; while higher MDA production in 30 DAH larvae can be a result of shifts in muscle metabolism, changes in both quality and quantity of food and a significant increase in weight. The present study provides insight into the changes in redox status during the ontogeny of A. latus, fish species about which physiology is still little known but with a potential for use in marine culture. Ability to lower oxidative stress during critical developmental periods can enhance that potential.
