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![Figure 1. Illustration of a patch antenna [4].](profile/Shehab-Noor/publication/344541003/figure/fig1/AS:944313424941060@1602153273515/llustration-of-a-patch-antenna-4_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 5. Patch antenna with air gap [15].](profile/Shehab-Noor/publication/344541003/figure/fig2/AS:944313424961536@1602153273552/Patch-antenna-with-air-gap-15_Q320.jpg)
This project is carried out to design two antennas; one of them is a basic rectangular microstrip patch antenna and the other is the rectangular microstrip patch antenna added with an air gap technique for the main purpose of gain enhancement. Both antennas have been designed using RT5880 substrate because of its low dielectric constant at 2.2 and...
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A dual‐mode differentially‐fed patch antenna is proposed with out‐of‐band suppression based on substrate‐integrated suspended line (SISL) platform. Taking advantage of the air cavity in the SISL platform, the antenna is with two resonant modes for enhanced bandwidth. One mode is TM01 of the patch and the other one is the TE102 mode of the air cavit...
Citations
... GHz for the new 5G mobile generation, our antenna represents a compact size with dimensions of 50 × 43mm 2 . In [26,27,29], the antennas occupy only the 5G frequency band, in [25,30], the antennas occupy only the 2.4 GHz for WiFi band, while our antenna represents a good performance because it occupies both bands for the same antenna structure. In [25,27], the antennas presented don't support the concept of reconfigurability, whereas our proposed microstrip patch antenna supports the concept of reconfigurability. ...
... In [26,27,29], the antennas occupy only the 5G frequency band, in [25,30], the antennas occupy only the 2.4 GHz for WiFi band, while our antenna represents a good performance because it occupies both bands for the same antenna structure. In [25,27], the antennas presented don't support the concept of reconfigurability, whereas our proposed microstrip patch antenna supports the concept of reconfigurability. ...
Reconfigurable antennas occupy a special position in the field of intelligent and adaptive systems, attracting particular attention from the research community. Due to their advantages, they allow for configuring multiple frequency bands within the same antenna structure. In this research paper, we have introduced an innovative and compact microstrip patch antenna with reconfigurable capabilities to operate in the sub-6 GHz bands, at 2.45 GHz for Wi-Fi, and at 3.5 GHz for 5G. We simulated our antenna design using an FR4 epoxy substrate characterized by a relative permittivity of 4.4, a loss tangent of 0.02, and a thickness of 1.6 mm. In order to attain multiple frequency bands, the design relies on the use of two PIN diode switches, rendering the suggested antenna suitable for a wide range of wireless communication systems and devices.
... Empirical results indicate that introducing a U-slot of width 2.5 mm and arm length 15 mm increases bandwidth by approximately 45 MHz per iteration, confirming the effectiveness of this approach [26,27]. Figure 2 illustrates the current distribution of a slot-loaded patch, highlighting how strategic slot placement redistributes surface currents, thereby introducing multiple resonant frequencies and improving overall bandwidth [28][29][30]. ...
... The choice of substrate material plays a critical role in determining the bandwidth and efficiency of microstrip antennas. The effective dielectric constant ϵ eff governs wave propagation within the substrate and accounts for the influence of fringing fields at the patch edges [1,5,28,32]. It is computed using the empirical relation: ...
... A comparative analysis of various substrates reveals that materials with lower dielectric constants, such as RT/Duroid 5880 (ϵ r = 2.2), exhibit superior bandwidth characteristics. The enhancement in bandwidth can be mathematically related to the substrate properties through [28,30]: ...
Abstract: This paper presents a systematic methodology for enhancing microstrip patch antenna (MPA) performance at 1.3 GHz for Phase Alternating Line (PAL) television broadcasting systems. Through the integration of slot-loaded patch geometries, substrate optimization, and array configurations, the proposed design achieves an 8.1 dBi gain and a 108 MHz bandwidth, representing improvements
of 30% and 50% respectively, over conventional designs [1,2]. The approach combines analytical modeling in MATLAB with full-wave electromagnetic simulations using CST Microwave Studio and is validated through precision measurements of fabricated prototypes. Key innovations include the implementation of a U-shaped slot for multi-resonant operation (∆ f = 45 MHz per iteration), strategic selection of RT/Duroid 5880 substrate (ϵr = 2.2), and a 1 × 4 phased array configuration
incorporating a defected ground structure (DGS) [5]. Experimental verification demonstrates 82% radiation efficiency and −22 dB cross-polarization isolation, fulfilling PAL-TV specifications while maintaining compact dimensions (58 × 58 × 1.6 mm) [6,7]. MATLAB and CST simulations analyze the antenna’s performance, including the reflection coefficient (S11) [11,12]. The optimized MPA achieves
a gain of 8 dBi with a bandwidth exceeding 100 MHz, aligning with the operational requirements of PAL TV applications [3,13]. Future work will explore adaptive configurations and alternative substrate materials. [14,15].
... Empirical results indicate that introducing a U-slot of width 2.5 mm and arm length 15 mm increases bandwidth by approximately 45 MHz per iteration, confirming the effectiveness of this approach [26,27]. Figure 2 illustrates the current distribution of a slot-loaded patch, highlighting how strategic slot placement redistributes surface currents, thereby introducing multiple resonant frequencies and improving overall bandwidth [28][29][30]. ...
... The choice of substrate material plays a critical role in determining the bandwidth and efficiency of microstrip antennas. The effective dielectric constant ϵ eff governs wave propagation within the substrate and accounts for the influence of fringing fields at the patch edges [1,5,28,32]. It is computed using the empirical relation: ...
... A comparative analysis of various substrates reveals that materials with lower dielectric constants, such as RT/Duroid 5880 (ϵ r = 2.2), exhibit superior bandwidth characteristics. The enhancement in bandwidth can be mathematically related to the substrate properties through [28,30]: ...
This paper presents a systematic methodology for enhancing microstrip patch antenna (MPA) performance at 1.3 GHz for Phase Alternating Line (PAL) television broadcasting systems. Through the integration of slot-loaded patch geometries, substrate optimization, and array configurations, the proposed design achieves an 8.1 dBi gain and a 108 MHz bandwidth, representing improvements of 30% and 50% respectively, over conventional designs [1,2]. The approach combines analytical
modeling in MATLAB with full-wave electromagnetic simulations using CST Microwave Studio and is validated through precision measurements of fabricated prototypes. Key innovations include the implementation of a U-shaped slot for multi-resonant operation (∆ f = 45 MHz per iteration), strategic selection of RT/Duroid 5880 substrate (ϵr = 2.2), and a 1 × 4 phased array configuration incorporating a defected ground structure (DGS) [5]. Experimental verification demonstrates 82%
radiation efficiency and −22 dB cross-polarization isolation, fulfilling PAL-TV specifications while maintaining compact dimensions (58 × 58 × 1.6 mm) [6,7]. MATLAB and CST simulations analyze the antenna’s performance, including the reflection coefficient (S11) [11,12]. The optimized MPA achieves a gain of 8 dBi with a bandwidth exceeding 100 MHz, aligning with the operational requirements of
PAL TV applications [3,13]. Future work will explore adaptive configurations and alternative substrate materials. [14,15].
... Another method of increasing the bandwidth is to make slots of various shapes on the beaming patch or ground plane [10][11][12][13]. Frequency selective surface usage [14,15], EBG structure usage [16,17], parasitic element usage [18,19], thick dielectric layer usage [20], short 493 circuit pin usage [21], stacked patch usage [22], usage metamaterial [23,24] all of these are used to increase bandwidth. However, it has cost-increasing and complex processing sequences in issues such as prototyping and fabrication. ...
In recent years, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) applications in antenna structures have gained significant traction due to their potential to reduce design and calculation times, offering optimization and prediction capabilities. This study introduces a novel monopole patch antenna design featuring a consecutive square-shaped broadband microstrip-line-fed antenna. The proposed antenna exhibits an impressive impedance bandwidth of 68% (1.55-2.82 GHz), a remarkable return loss of-47.25 dB, and a directivity gain of 2.77 dBi. Simulation studies were conducted using CST™ Studio Suite electromagnetic simulation software. The ANN model developed based on feed-forward backpropagation demonstrates exceptional agreement with the simulation results, showcasing an accuracy of 99.61805% and performing 2769.231 times faster. With advancing technology, ANNs present an effective solution for addressing complex antenna design challenges arising from escalating data rate requirements and uninterrupted data transmission. These results open promising avenues for further advancements in antenna design aided by ANN applications.
... In recent years, researchers have developed new designs to improve the performance of patch antennas, enabling them to operate in multiple bands, achieve greater gain, wider bandwidth, and be more compact [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. In reference [6], a Teflon substrate-based patch antenna that operates in three different bands under sub-6 GHz 5G, with overall dimensions of 50 mm × 80 mm was reported. ...
... A highgain, single-band antenna using Arlon AD300C substrate and operating at 5.65 GHz was proposed in reference [9], with an overall gain of 7.15 dBi and a bandwidth of 135 MHz. To enhance the gain of microstrip patch antennas at 2.4 GHz, the airgap method was reported in [10], which involves inserting an airgap between the substrate and ground plane. By inserting a 3 mm airgap, the gain increased from 7.1 dBi to 7.91 dBi, while the bandwidth reduced from 110.7 MHz to 72.873 MHz. ...
This paper presents a novel microstrip patch antenna design using slots and parasitic strips to operate at the n77 (3.3-4.2 GHz)/n78 (3.3-3.8 GHz) band of sub-6 GHz and n96 (5.9-7.1 GHz) band of sub-7 GHz under 5G New Radio. The proposed antenna is simulated and fabricated using an FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.3 and copper of 0.035 mm thickness for the ground and radiating planes. A conventional patch antenna with a slot is also designed and fabricated for comparison. A comprehensive analysis of both designs is carried out to prove the superiority of the proposed antenna over conventional dual-band patch antennas. The proposed antenna achieves a wider bandwidth of 160 MHz at 3.45 GHz and 220 MHz at 5.9 GHz, with gains of 3.83 dBi and 0.576 dBi, respectively, compared to the conventional patch antenna with gains of 2.83 dBi and 0.1 dBi at the two frequencies. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effect of the parasitic strip's width and length on antenna performance. The results of this study have significant implications for the deployment of high-gain compact patch antennas for sub-6 GHz and sub-7 GHz 5G wireless communications and demonstrate the potential of the proposed design to enhance performance and efficiency in these frequency bands.
... The antennas offering ISM and WLAN dual-bands are considered excellent candidates for wireless devices [4]. Researchers have recently proposed several antennas operating on the ISM and WLAN bands [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. The reported works [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] demonstrate various antenna designs operating over the 2.4 GHz ISM band. ...
... Researchers have recently proposed several antennas operating on the ISM and WLAN bands [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. The reported works [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] demonstrate various antenna designs operating over the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The antennas proposed in [5,6] have simple geometry and offer a high gain of 8.68 dBi and 8.5 dBi, respectively. ...
... The reported works [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] demonstrate various antenna designs operating over the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The antennas proposed in [5,6] have simple geometry and offer a high gain of 8.68 dBi and 8.5 dBi, respectively. However, the proposed designs have comparatively larger dimensions of 60 mm × 80 mm × 3 mm and 100 mm × 15 mm × 3 mm, respectively. ...
The article presents a Co-planar Waveguide (CPW) fed antenna of a low-profile, simple geometry, and compact size operating at the dual band for ISM and WLAN applications for 5G communication devices. The antenna has a small size of 30 mm × 18 mm × 0.79 mm and is realized using Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate. The proposed dual-band antenna contains a CPW feedline along with the triangular patch. Later on, various stubs are loaded to obtain optimal results. The proposed antenna offers a dual band at 2.4 and 5.4 GHz while covering the impedance bandwidths of 2.25–2.8 GHz for ISM and 5.45–5.65 GHz for WLAN applications, respectively. The proposed antenna design is studied and analyzed using the Electromagnetic (EM) High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSSv9) tool, and a hardware prototype is fabricated to verify the simulated results. As the antenna is intended for on-body applications, therefore, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analysis is carried out to investigate the Electromagnetic effects of the antenna on the human body. Moreover, a comparison between the proposed dual-band antenna and other relevant works in the literature is presented. The results and comparison of the proposed work with other literary works validate that the proposed dual-band antenna is suitable for future 5G devices working in Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM), and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bands.
... The majority of the antennas are resonant devices, which operate efficiently over a frequency band that is relatively narrow. The main reason for choosing microstrip antennas is that they can be made cheaply and easily and can be tailored to meet specific needs in terms of performance and other characteristics [1]. Figure 1 illustrates a microstrip patch antenna, which is sometimes referred to as an MPA. ...
Recent research has focused on enhancing the performance of microstrip antennas, particularly in terms of their gain and bandwidth. In this paper, a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with enhanced gain is designed using HFSS software. The designed antenna has a resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz, making it suitable for Wi-Fi application. The substrate chosen for designing the proposed MPA is FR4_epoxy with dielectric constant of 4.4. To improve the gain performance of the proposed antenna, a pair of parasitic patches and 0.2 mm reduction in the size along the length of the ground plane with respect to the substrate are considered during the designing of the antenna. The simulation results revealed that the antenna's gain was increased from 2.4 dB (basic antenna) to 9.2 dB, while the frequency remained unchanged at 2.4 GHz. The results of the simulation are presented and broken down into categories such as gain, VSWR, S11, and co and cross pole polarization. The findings clearly demonstrate that the proposed design possesses beneficial characteristics that are appropriate for use in Wi-Fi applications.
... Nevertheless, theoretically, the smaller the dielectric constant, the better the antenna performance will be [10]. In fact, in [11][12][13][14], researchers proved theoretically and experimentally that a floating patch with an air dielectric improves the performance of the bandwidth and gain; however, this is at the cost of a small increase in size. This increment can be minimized by shorting posts and slots at the cost of increasing the manufacturing complexity [15]. ...
This paper presents a feasibility study for designing a floating patch antenna structure fed with a probe from a microstrip. The main premise is to eliminate the dielectric in the patch design, which is equivalent to having an air dielectric and leads to the necessity of proper support to fasten the patch in the air. The novelty of this paper is that this new device, apart from being fed with the though-wire technique directly from the microstrip line, has to be, by design, robust and easy to manufacture, and, at the same time, it has to present, simultaneously, good values in all of the performance indexes. A prototype has been designed, manufactured, and measured with good performance results: a bandwidth higher than 10% around 2.4 GHz, a radiation efficiency higher than 96%, a 9.63 dBi gain, and a wide beamwidth. The main advantages of this prototype, together with its good performance indexes, include its low fabrication cost, low losses, light weight, robustness, high integration capability, the complete removal of the dielectric material, and the use of a single post for feeding the patch while simultaneously fixing its floating position.
... The rectangular microstrip patch antenna reported in [5] contains an air gap to obtain a high gain of 6.9dBi. The antenna offers high gain but has a setback of large size of 80mm × 60mm and a narrow band of 0.06GHz. ...
... The structure and operation of 5G communication were explained as well. Al-Kharusi et al. [16] explained in detail the composition and structure of patch antennas in addition to their determining factors. The benefits of introducing air gaps within the substrate to improve performance and how it influences the gain and bandwidth were discussed. ...
A novel design of a 30 GHz microstrip line-fed antenna for 5G communication has been presented in this paper. 5G is the latest industry standard in mobile communication, which is designed to deliver higher data speeds, lower latency, greater network capacity, and higher reliability. It uses major parts of the mmWave spectrum (28 GHz to 40 GHz), allowing for a wide range of applications like mobiles, vehicles, medical devices, and other IoT networks. This mmWave network requires efficient antennas for its effective communication. Patch antennas use the function of oscillating their physical structure to the wavelength of the transmitting wave. Thus, higher efficiency can be achieved in the mmWave spectrum due to its proximity to the actual dimensions of the patch antenna, which also allows us to design antennas at small sizes and high reliability. The design in this report has a patch antenna with a centre frequency of 30 GHz. The antenna was optimized for this frequency based on the best reflection coefficient and gain while keeping the restraints of staying within the FR-2 band of 28 GHz to 33 GHz. The proposed antenna has been implemented using Rogers RT5880 substrate for high gain and performance across a wide range of frequencies. The feed is also accompanied by a quarter-wave feed cut for performance increase and impedance matching. The design has a gain of 8.45, with a reflection coefficient of -8 dB at a resonant frequency of 30 GHz. It shows great directivity of 5o and VSWR of 2.3 over a bandwidth of 3.5 GHz. It also employs a 0.4 mm C slot, which induces a dipole effect, thereby increasing the directivity and gain of the antenna. Hence, it is recommended for use in applications related to 5G mobile communication.
Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-06-06
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