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El algodoncillo (Asclepias spp.) produce algunos compuestos tóxicos para los vertebrados. Se muestra la fórmula de uno de estos, la Calotoxina. La oruga de la monarca come las hojas de Asclepias spp y asimila el compuesto, éste es retenido por la oruga hasta llegar al estado de mariposa. El compuesto hace que la mariposa sea desagradable a los pájaros depredadores.
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En este trabajo se analizó cómo un venado que se alimenta de arbustos o un ratón come semillas, ambos practican una forma de
depredación llamada herbivorismo. El hecho de alimentarse de las plantas tiene consecuencias de supervivencia, tanto para los
vegetales como para los herbívoros. La substracción de tejidos vegetales, hojas, corteza, tallos, r...
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... The response of arthropods to plant sexual dimorphism has been studied during the last century mostly in the context of herbivore preference and performance, showing a great support for the hypothesis of sexbiased herbivory (Danell et al. 1985, Boecklen et al. 1990, Hjaltén 1992, Agren et al. 1999, Cornelissen and Stiling 2005, Granados-Sánchez et al. 2008, Kabir et al. 2014. This hypothesis suggests that male plants experience higher herbivory than female plants due to male plants allocating more resources on vegetative growth, while female plants allocate more resources into reproduction and defensive traits (Cornelissen andStiling 2005, Ribeiro-Mendes et al. 2012). ...
Intraspecific variation in plants is expected to have profound impacts on the arthropod communities associated with them. Because sexual dimorphism in plants is expected to provide consistent variation among individuals of the same species, researchers have often studied the effect it has on associated arthropods. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on the effect of sexual dimorphism in a single or a few herbivores, thus overlooking the potential effects on the whole arthropod community. Our main objective was to evaluate effects of Buddleja cordata’s plant-sex on its associated arthropod community. We surveyed 13 pairs of male and female plants every two months during a year (June 2010-April 2011). Every sampling date, we measured plant traits (water content and leaf thickness), herbivory, and the arthropod community. We did not find differences in herbivory between plant sex or through time. However, we found differences in water content through time, with leaf water-content matching the environmental seasonality. For arthropod richness, we found 68 morphospecies associated with female and 72 with male plants, from which 53 were shared by both sexes. We did not observe differences in morphospecies richness; however, we found sex-associated differences in the diversity of all species and differences on the diversity of the most abundant species with an interesting temporal component. During peak flowering season male plants showed higher values on both parameters, but during the peak fructification season female plants showed the higher values on both diversity parameters. Our research exemplifies the interaction between plant-phenology and plant-sex as drivers of arthropod communities’ diversity, even when plant sexual-dimorphism is inconspicuous, and highlighting the importance of accounting for seasonal variation. We stress the need of conducting more studies that test this time-dependent framework in other dioecious systems, as it has the potential to reconcile previous contrasting observations reported in the literature.
... A pesar de que Pérez-Cortez y Matus-Pérez (2010) reportan el ricino (Ricinus communis) como una planta que forma parte de la dieta del danto, esta fue rechazada por el tapir en las pruebas de palatabilidad. Esta especie contiene terpenoides tóxicos de defensa para evitar la herbivoría (Granados-Sánchez et al., 2008). ...
Los tapires son herbívoros ramoneadores que consumen una amplia variedad de plantas. En cautiverio pueden presentar un déficit en el consumo de materia vegetal, por lo que es necesario evaluar el potencial de plantas con palatabilidad para la creación de jardines alimenticios que complementen su dieta en cautiverio. Se realizaron dos pruebas de palatabilidad con un danto en cautiverio en el zoológico Rosy Walther ubicado en el departamento de Francisco Morazán, donde se incluyeron 53 especies de plantas, y se compararon con un listado compilado de las especies vegetales reportadas en la literatura como alimento de dantos silvestres. Las especies consumidas fueron evaluadas mediante una matriz de ponderación utilizando tres criterios: viabilidad de reproducción o propagación, producción de biomasa, y calidad nutricional. El 86.8 % de las especies ofrecidas fueron aceptadas en las pruebas, de ellas, 16 presentan un alto potencial para cultivos que complementen la dieta de tapires en cautiverio. Se recomienda la construcción de viveros con las plantas sugeridas en este estudio y plantas locales, con el fin de establecer jardines alimenticios permanentes. Esto permitirá un suministro de fibra vegetal de ingesta segura para complementar los requerimientos nutricionales, garantizando una mejor calidad de vida a dantos en cautiverio.
... Mientras que, los registros de herbívoros que atacan las hojas son escasos, un ejemplo es el escarabajo negro de la hoja (Epicauta spp.) que fue causante de plagas en las zonas bajas del país 14,15 . Si bien la preocupación principal de los agricultores es evitar la proliferación de plagas en los tubérculos, la herbivoría foliar también afecta en la vitalidad de la planta 16 , alterando los patrones de fotosíntesis, reproducción e integridad de los individuos 16 . Estudios previos expusieron que existe una relación negativa entre la depredación de tubérculos y la herbivoría foliar 17 . ...
High herbivory rates are related to the emergence of new pests and are a problem for plants of commercial interest, such as potato (Solanum tuberosum). While the interest of farmers is to know the main tuber predators, it is also necessary to understand herbivory patterns in other parts of the plant. In agricultural systems, landscape structure is determinated by vegetation patches, crops and the movement of associated fauna. This study evaluated herbivory damage on potato leaves as a function of proximity to patches of native vegetation in the municipality of Combaya (La Paz, Bolivia). The percentage of leaf damage, damage level, leaf area and herbivore richness were measured in five potato crops. The results showed that close vegetation crops have significantly higher herbivory than far away ones (ANOVA P<0.00023729, F=9.3046). Close vegetation crops showed 8.266±0.859 % herbivory, while are away ones 5.909±0.585 %. In total, five morpho-species of herbivores were found associated with potato crops: 3 in crops near and 2 in crops far from the vegetation. The native vegetation plays an important role because it allows the fauna to take advantage of the resources of the entire landscape.
... Mientras que, los registros de herbívoros que atacan las hojas son escasos, un ejemplo es el escarabajo negro de la hoja (Epicauta spp.) que fue causante de plagas en las zonas bajas del país 14,15 . Si bien la preocupación principal de los agricultores es evitar la proliferación de plagas en los tubérculos, la herbivoría foliar también afecta en la vitalidad de la planta 16 , alterando los patrones de fotosíntesis, reproducción e integridad de los individuos 16 . Estudios previos expusieron que existe una relación negativa entre la depredación de tubérculos y la herbivoría foliar 17 . ...
High herbivory rates are related to the emergence of new pests and are a problem for plants of commercial interest, such as potato (Solanum tuberosum). While the interest of farmers is to know the main tuber predators, it is also necessary to understand herbivory patterns in other parts of the plant. In agricultural systems, landscape structure is determinated by vegetation patches, crops and the movement of associated fauna. This study evaluated herbivory damage on potato leaves as a function of proximity to patches of native vegetation in the municipality of Combaya (La Paz, Bolivia). The percentage of leaf damage, damage level, leaf area and herbivore richness were measured in five potato crops. The results showed that close vegetation crops have significantly higher herbivory than far away ones (ANOVA P<0.00023729, F=9.3046). Close vegetation crops showed 8.266±0.859 % herbivory, while are away ones 5.909±0.585 %. In total, five morpho-species of herbivores were found associated with potato crops: 3 in crops near and 2 in crops far from the vegetation. The native vegetation plays an important role because it allows the fauna to take advantage of the resources of the entire landscape.
... Se ha documentado que en algunas selvas tropicales más del 98% de las angiospermas se relacionan con animales para su polinización y/o dispersión de semillas (Bawa 1990). Un alto porcentaje de estas plantas depende específicamente de artrópodos para la dispersión de polen y escarificación de semillas (Bascompte y Jordano 2007;Bawa 1990;Medel et al. 2009;Granados et al. 2008;Bronstein et al. 2006). ...
Species coexistence varies along geographic and environmental gradients. In each site, populations face to biotic variations related to population dynamics, such as migration, local extinctions, local fauna or vegetation type, and abiotic variations such as precipitation or disturbance. These factors influence the distribution and in species characteristics that adapt locally as a result of their structure and ecology, therefore, their diversification is a geographical process. The interactions eventually expand, what started as a pairwise interaction becomes a geographic mosaic of species with punctual interactions, distinct assemblages, and evolution in local networks of different phylogenetic configurations. Particularly plant-animal interactions play a fundamental role in ecosystems. Specifically, the arthropods that visit the flowers are related to the fitness of the plant. Myrtillocactus geometrizans is an endemic cactus with wide distribution in Mexico, it develops in xerophytic scrub and tropical deciduous forest, it has a flowering period that coincides with that of few species of cacti, which makes it one of the few resources available for a large number of arthropods during that period. It has been reported that M. geometrizans has various interactions with arthropods such as mutualism, predation, parasitism and parasitoidism. Therefore, M. geometrizans faces factors that can generate a geographic mosaic in its populations. The research question is how does the community structure of flower-visiting arthropods from different populations of M. geometrizans form a geographic mosaic influenced by the level of disturbance, floral morphology, and plant genetic diversity? Four locations located in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán and Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserves, in tropical deciduous forest and xerophytic scrub, were evaluated. The genetic diversity of the plants was estimated with the petB intron, the disturbance index with the procedure proposed by Martorell and Peters, the floral morphology was compared with the evaluation of 14 floral structures and the flowers’ visitors arthropods community was characterised with taxonomic keys and with true diversity. Si milarities were found between sites in the same Biosphere Reserve. The least disturbed sites were in Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve. The lowest values of genetic diversity were recorded at those sites. The largest flowers, but with fewer floral structures. Sites in the Metztitlán Biosphere
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Reserve were nearly 100 times more disturbed than those located in Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. They had the highest genetic diversity values. The smallest flowers, but with a greater number of floral structures. On the other hand, the arthropod communities did not show these patterns of similarity by Biosphere Reserves, but rather by vegetation type. Xerophytic scrubs had the most diverse arthropod communities. Contrary to what was expected, the most disturbed sites did not present loss of genetic diversity or diversity of arthropods. In addition, the largest flowers were not the most attractive to arthropods. The geographic mosaic of the arthropod communities that visit the flowers of M. geometrizans was determined by highest and lowest values of the conditions estimated in this study. It had an influence related to the genetic diversity of the garambullo populations, the number of floral structures and the local anthropogenic.
... Estos compuestos dan forma y estructura a la pared celular vegetal y son importantes en la digestibilidad y aprovechamiento de la planta para los animales (Rongpipi et al., 2019). Los animales herbívoros, como es el caso del ganado bovino, han desarrollado cámaras de fermentación, donde albergan a simbiontes microbianos que les ayudan a degradar compuestos de la pared celular para convertirlos en energía (Camacho-Escobar et al., 2020;Granados-Sánchez et al., 2008). ...
El pasto lobero (Muhlenbergia phleoides [Kunth] Columbus) es un recurso forrajero nativo del norte de México; sin embargo, se desconoce su variabilidad en cuanto a atributos forrajeros. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la variabilidad morfológica y nutricional de 30 poblaciones de pasto lobero del estado de Chihuahua. La caracterización se realizó el segundo año de establecimiento a través de las variables morfológicas y nutricionales. Los datos morfológicos se analizaron con técnicas multivariadas. Para los datos nutricionales se realizó análisis de varianza y comparación de medias Tukey. Los tres primeros CP (componentes principales) explicaron el 82.38% de la variación total. El análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos identificó cuatro grupos. En el análisis nutricional, las poblaciones solo presentaron diferencias (p < 0.05) en la variable PC. La variabilidad que presentó el pasto lobero permite inferir que existe diversidad morfológica entre poblaciones del estado de Chihuahua; no obstante, las variables nutricionales no presentaron diferencia entre las poblaciones de esta especie.
... In general, plants have developed different mechanisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions, for instance, the development of foliar trichomes, glandular hairs and a wax layer, and the production of metabolites (Granados-Sánchez et al., 2008). Previous studies showed that secondary metabolites including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, proanthocyanidins, carotenoids, etc., are antioxidant agents (Rao et al., 2019), they also inhibit and deters oviposition and feeding. ...
Metabolic composition can have potential impact on several vital agronomic traits, and metabolomics, which represents the bioactive compounds in plant tissues, is widely considered as a powerful approach for linking phenotype-genotype interactions. However, metabolites related to cane traits such as sugar content, rind color, and texture differences in different sugarcane cultivars using metabolome integrated with transcriptome remain largely inconclusive. In this study, metabolome integrated with transcriptome analyses were performed to identify and quantify metabolites composition, and have better insight into the molecular mechanisms underpinning the different cane traits, namely, brix, rind color, and textures in the stems (S) and leaves (L) of sugarcane varieties FN41 and 165402. We also identified metabolites and associated genes in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, starch and sucrose metabolism. A total of 512 metabolites from 11 classes, with the vast majority (122) belonging to flavonoids were identified. Moreover, the relatively high amount of D-fructose 6-p, D-glucose6-p and glucose1-p detected in FN41L may have been transported and distributed by source and sink of the cane, and a majority of them reached the stem of sugarcane FN41L, thereby promoting the high accumulation of sugar in FN41S. Observations also revealed that genes such as C4H, CHS, F3H, F3'H, DFR, and FG2 in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were the major factors impacting the rind color and contrasting texture of FN41 and 165204. Further analysis revealed that weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) hub genes and six transcription factors, namely, Tify and NAC, MYB-related, C2C2-Dof, WRKY, and bHLH play a key role in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism. Additionally, metabolites such as L-phenylalanine, tyrosine, sinapaldehyde, pinobanksin, kaempferin, and nictoflorin Frontiers in Plant Science | www.frontiersin.org 1 June 2022 | Volume 13 | Article 921536 Yuan et al. Metabolomics and Transcriptome of Sugarcane were the potential drivers of phenotypic differences. Our finding also demonstrated that genes and metabolites in the starch and sucrose metabolism had a significant effect on cane sugar content. Overall, this study provided valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms underpinning high sugar accumulation and rind color in sugarcane, which we believe is important for future sugarcane breeding programs and the selection of high biomass varieties.
... Under natural conditions, the sugarcane crop faces many abiotic (e.g., drought) and biotic stress factors that significantly reduce sugarcane production. Sugarcane develops a wax layer, glandular hairs, and foliar trichomes (Granados-Sánchez et al. 2008), and secondary metabolites (such as amino acids, phenolic compounds, antioxidant flavonoids, anthocyanin color pigments, carotenoids, terpenoids, and proanthocyanidins) are also produced by sugarcane cells to protect themselves from stressful conditions (Rao et al. 2021a, b). Secondary metabolites vary from species to species, population to population, and even among different organs (leaves, roots, stems, rind, fruit, etc.) of the same plant. ...
Sugarcane is the primary crop cultivated around the world for sugar production, and its rind has an important role in the protection of the stem sugar. The rind produces many kinds of phytometabolites whose concentrations vary markedly among cultivated sugarcane varieties. Here, we quantified multiple classes of secondary metabolites in the rinds of eleven sugarcane varieties; we also measured their antioxidant activities and quantified the expression of associated genes. We found that the rinds of GL05-136 and YT71/210 had the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents among the eleven varieties. Varieties with a dark rind color, such as GL05-136, YT71/210, and GL07-150, had higher levels of anthocyanins, carotenoids, and proanthocyanidins. These varieties also showed high expression of genes associated with flavonoid and antho-cyanin biosynthetic pathways, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase. GL05-136 had the highest rind content of the defense hormone salicylic acid (SA), followed by GL07-150 and F172. Levels of anthocyanins and carotenoid pigments were the highest in the rind of GL05-136, and antioxidant assays revealed that GL05-136 and YT71/210 had the highest antioxidant activity and capacity. Pearson's correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations among different secondary metabolites and rind antioxidant capacity but significant negative correlations of secondary metabolites and antioxidant capacity with chlorophyll a and b contents. Our data indicate that GL05-136, YT71/ 210, and GL07-150 are promising cultivated sugarcane varieties whose rinds have high SA and secondary metabolite levels and exhibit strong antioxidant activities.
... Los elementos minerales en la planta están directamente relacionados con todos los mecanismos de defensa. Al ser componentes de sus células y enzimas o también activadores, inhibidores y reguladores del metabolismo, pueden aumentar o disminuir la resistencia a insectos y patógenos ( Granados et al., 2008;Delgado-Oramas, 2020). En tal sentido, las prácticas agrícolas que generan desbalances nutricionales, pueden disminuir la resistencia de las plantas a las plagas (Magdoff y Van, 2000). ...
Si algo ha caracterizado la floricultura colombiana ha sido, sin lugar a dudas, su capacidad de adaptación. Durante más de cinco décadas administradores y técnicos hemos enfrentado un sin número de retos, hemos desarrollado procesos de mejora continua que nos posicionan como uno de los líderes de la producción y comercialización de flores en el ámbito mundial. La búsqueda de nuevos mercados y de nuevos destinos para nuestras flores a traído consigo nuevos retos, nuevos desafíos, donde las barreras fitosanitarias en los países de destino, las crecientes restricciones de uso de moléculas químicas, la implementación de sellos verdes y la cada vez más escasa mano de obra, son unas pruebas cada día más difíciles de superar. Los trips siendo la principal plaga de carácter cuarentenario en el cultivo de crisantemo son el mejor ejemplo de estos retos y exigen toda nuestra capacidad de adaptación.
... Other studies have positively related wound size to resin production in pine trees (Schweingruber 1996, Mumm & Hilker 2006, Granados-Sánchez et al. 2008, Bohlmann 2008, Hadiyane et al. 2015, Reyes-Ramos et al. 2016. The results obtained in this study showed that wood-stripping causes an increase in the number of traumatic ducts. ...
