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Expression patterns revealed for major components of biological process term “GO:0006952 defense response” and candidate genes for Lanr1 and AnMan alleles. Log2 scale represents the log2(fold-change) values between inoculated (Colletotrichum lupini, strain Col-08, obtained in 1999 from the lupin field in Wierzenica, Poland) and control (mock inoculation) plants at the same time point. Analyzed narrow-leafed lupin lines were as follows: 83A:476 (resistant, carrying homozygous Lanr1 allele), Boregine (resistant, unknown genetic background), Mandelup (moderately resistant, carrying homozygous AnMan allele), and Population 22660 (susceptible).
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Narrow-leafed lupin (NLL, Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a legume plant cultivated for grain production and soil improvement. Worldwide expansion of NLL as a crop attracted various pathogenic fungi, including Colletotrichum lupini causing a devastating disease, anthracnose. Two alleles conferring improved resistance, Lanr1 and AnMan, were exploited i...
Citations
... This was also observed in other research when susceptible and resistant cultivars were compared. The resistant line of Lupinus angustifolius revealed massive transcriptomic reprogramming at 6 hpi, and then, only a few genes remained significantly altered; mean-while, the susceptible cultivar showed a few DEGs at 6 hpi, and then, expression of DEGs peaked at 48 hpi, indicating the presence of a relatively delayed defense response [27]. ...
... The downregulation of genes related to photosynthesis has also been observed in studies comparing stress responses between resistant and susceptible cultivars. This regulation is associated with an active plant response to reduce carbon availability and limit the growth of pathogens or to prioritize the establishment of defenses over other physiological processes [27,[29][30][31][32]. In L. angustifolius, resistance to anthracnose was associated with differential expression of "GO:0015979 photosynthesis" [27]; likewise, infection by a virulent strain of P. syringae in A. thaliana was associated with downregulation of photosynthetic genes, while the avirulent strain did not modify these genes [30]. ...
... This regulation is associated with an active plant response to reduce carbon availability and limit the growth of pathogens or to prioritize the establishment of defenses over other physiological processes [27,[29][30][31][32]. In L. angustifolius, resistance to anthracnose was associated with differential expression of "GO:0015979 photosynthesis" [27]; likewise, infection by a virulent strain of P. syringae in A. thaliana was associated with downregulation of photosynthetic genes, while the avirulent strain did not modify these genes [30]. This behavior was observed in sweet cherry cultivar Lapins at 40 dpi in response to a moderately virulent P. syringae pv. ...
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is the main causal agent of bacterial canker in sweet cherry in Chile, causing significant economic losses. Cultivars exhibit diverse susceptibility in the field and the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential responses remain unclear. RNA-seq analysis was performed to characterize the transcriptomic response in cultivars Santina and Bing (less and more susceptible to P. syringae pv. syringae, respectively) after 1 and 7 days post-inoculation (dpi) with the bacterium. Symptoms of bacterial canker became evident from the fifth day. At 1 dpi, cultivar Santina showed a faster response to infection and a larger number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than cultivar Bing. At 7 dpi, cultivar Bing almost doubled its DEGs, while cultivar Santina tended to the normal DEG levels. P. syringae pv. syringae infection downregulated the expressions of key genes of the photosynthesis process at 1 dpi in the less susceptible cultivar. The results suggest that the difference in susceptibility to P. syringae pv. syringae is linked to the timeliness of pathogen recognition, limiting the bacteria’s dispersion through modeling its cell wall, and regulation of genes encoding photosynthesis pathway. Through this study, it has been possible to progress the knowledge of relevant factors related to the susceptibility of the two studied cherry cultivars to P. syringae pv. syringae.
... albus L.) in France (1982) and Ukraine (1983) led to subsequent outbreaks in major lupin-producing countries, including Australia, Poland, and Germany [4][5][6]. This negligence resulted in a ban on white lupin cultivation in Australia until 1998 due to its proven susceptibility and challenges in finding resistance [5,7]. The spread of the disease in Australia in 1996 prompted the development of disease management strategies, focusing on the identification of resistant plant varieties [5]. ...
... At low temperatures, the strain enters an extended latent state, resulting in slowed growth both in vitro and in vivo, with full recovery of growth rate when exposed to optimal temperature. The capacity to survive a latent phase in non-optimal 7 conditions poses challenges for disease management, as spores from previous infections can endure, awaiting favorable conditions to germinate. Persistent infections from year to year, arising from dormant infections in nurseries and seeds, pose a significant threat, despite a decreased disease frequency at cold temperatures (5°C to 10°C) across various cultivars, including susceptible ones from L. albus (white lupin) and L. angustifolius (narrow-leaf lupin) species [17,32]. ...
... Beyond the initial basal defense line featuring physical barriers against pathogens and the continuous expression and activity of certain general defense genes, a secondary defense layer involves the activation of plant molecular signaling cascades. These cascades are initiated by the recognition of pathogenic molecules, such as microbe or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs), triggering PAMPs-triggered immunity (PTI) or by secreted effector proteins, inducing effector-triggered immunity (ETI), a process dependent on the presence of R genes [7,[46][47][48][49]. ...
Anthracnose stands as the primary obstacle to lupin cultivation, impeding development despite the considerable agronomic, ecological, and economic potential of such legume crops. This review explores recent efforts to unravel the complexities of anthracnose in domesticated lupins, focusing on both the plant perspective and the causative pathogenic agent, Colletotrichum lupini. Leveraging cutting-edge technologies has yielded crucial insights into various facets of this devastating disease, encompassing plant and pathogen biology, genetic and molecular regulations of the interaction, fungal diversity and population dynamics, and screening of plant genetic resources for anthracnose resistance. The lack of effective disease control measures, relying primarily on the use of disease-free seeds, highlights the need to develop anthracnose-resistant varieties. However, challenges arise from the intricacy of lupin's response to the disease, influenced by polygenic inheritance, in spite of loci with major effects, and environmental factors. The slow pace of genetic improvement underscores the need for more efficient breeding processes, including biotechnological approaches. This review offers a comprehensive overview of current progress and knowledge gaps, stressing the urgent need to further enhance understanding of C. lupini pathogenic mechanisms and lupin‘s resistance. Integrating advanced technologies and accelerated research efforts is paramount for achieving efficient disease management and sustainable lupin cultivation in the face of anthracnose challenges.
... The phenotype-based virus resistance screening procedures described above in this review have proven very effective in identifying different categories of host resistance to BYMV and CMV in grain lupin species and in incorporating them into new cultivars. However, although molecular approaches enabling the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and the development of molecular markers are used widely in breeding for fungal disease resistance in grain lupins [86][87][88][89][90][91], this is not yet the case with lupin virus disease resistances. This situation needs to be rectified so that these molecular approaches can be deployed to assist in breeding grain lupin cultivars with resistance to BYMV and CMV. ...
Four lupin species, Lupinus angustifolius, L. albus, L. luteus, and L. mutabilis, are grown as cool-season grain legume crops. Fifteen viruses infect them. Two of these, bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), cause diseases that threaten grain lupin production. Phytosanitary and cultural control measures are mainly used to manage them. However, breeding virus-resistant lupin cultivars provides an additional management approach. The need to develop this approach stimulated a search for virus resistance sources amongst cultivated lupin species and their wild relatives. This review focuses on the progress made in optimizing virus resistance screening procedures, identifying host resistances to BYMV, CMV, and additional viral pathogen alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and the inclusion of BYMV and CMV resistance within lupin breeding programs. The resistance types found in different combinations of virus and grain lupin species include localized hypersensitivity, systemic hypersensitivity, extreme resistance, and partial resistance to aphid or seed transmission. These resistances provide a key enabler towards fast tracking gains in grain lupin breeding. Where studied, their inheritance depended upon single dominant genes or was polygenic. Although transgenic virus resistance was incorporated into L. angustifolius and L. luteus successfully, it proved unstable. Priorities for future research are discussed.
Lupins are key grain legumes for future crop production, providing highly sustainable protein, essential in the face of global warming, food security challenges, and the need for sustainable agriculture. Despite their potential, lupin crops are frequently devastated by Colletotrichum lupini, a member of the top ten fungal pathogenic genera in the world. In our previous study, we identified LluR1, the first C. lupini resistance gene, in a wild Lupinus luteus accession. Further research was necessary to unravel the defense mechanisms involved. Histological analysis revealed a hypersensitive response against C. lupini, while transcriptome analysis highlighted a complex network of differentially expressed genes, including TIR-NBS-LRR proteins, hypersensitive response, and phenylpropanoid pathways. SNPs were identified that distinguish the protein sequences underlying immunity. These findings, along with orthology in other lupin species, offer valuable insights for developing breeding strategies to enhance C. lupini resistance in lupins, with significant potential impacts on food, feed, and human nutrition.
Lupinus mutabilis is an under‐domesticated legume species from the Andean region of South America. It belongs to the New World lupins clade, which groups several lupin species displaying large genetic variation and adaptability to highly different environments. L. mutabilis is attracting interest as a potential multipurpose crop to diversify the European supply of plant proteins, increase agricultural biodiversity, and fulfill bio‐based applications. This study reports the first high‐quality L. mutabilis genome assembly, which is also the first sequenced assembly of a New World lupin species. Through comparative genomics and phylogenetics, the evolution of L. mutabilis within legumes and lupins is described, highlighting both genomic similarities and patterns specific to L. mutabilis , potentially linked to environmental adaptations. Furthermore, the assembly was used to study the genetics underlying important traits for the establishment of L. mutabilis as a novel crop, including protein and quinolizidine alkaloids contents in seeds, genomic patterns of classic resistance genes, and genomic properties of L. mutabilis mycorrhiza‐related genes. These analyses pointed out copy number variation, differential genomic gene contexts, and gene family expansion through tandem duplications as likely important drivers of the genomic diversity observed for these traits between L. mutabilis and other lupins and legumes. Overall, the L. mutabilis genome assembly will be a valuable resource to conduct genetic research and enable genomic‐based breeding approaches to turn L. mutabilis into a multipurpose legume crop.
Sound vibrations (SV) are known to influence molecular and physiological processes that can improve crop performance and yield. In this study, the effects of three audible frequencies (100, 500 and 1000 Hz) at constant amplitude (90 dB) on tomato Micro‐Tom physiological responses were evaluated 1 and 3 days post‐treatment. Moreover, the potential use of SV treatment as priming agent for improved Micro‐Tom resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 was tested by microarray. Results showed that the SV‐induced physiological changes were frequency‐ and time‐dependent, with the largest changes registered at 1000 Hz at day 3. SV treatments tended to alter the foliar content of photosynthetic pigments, soluble proteins, sugars, phenolic composition, and the enzymatic activity of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Microarray data revealed that 1000 Hz treatment is effective in eliciting transcriptional reprogramming in tomato plants grown under normal conditions, but particularly after the infection with Pst DC3000. Broadly, in plants challenged with Pst DC3000, the 1000 Hz pretreatment provoked the up‐regulation of unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in cell wall reinforcement, phenylpropanoid pathway and defensive proteins. In addition, in those plants, DEGs associated with enhancing plant basal immunity, such as proteinase inhibitors, pathogenesis‐related proteins, and carbonic anhydrase 3, were notably up‐regulated in comparison with non‐SV pretreated, infected plants. These findings provide new insights into the modulation of Pst DC3000‐tomato interaction by sound and open up prospects for further development of strategies for plant disease management through the reinforcement of defense mechanisms in Micro‐Tom plants.
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides critically threatens the growth and commercial cultivation of Sarcandra glabra. However, the defence responses and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to investigate the molecular reprogramming in S. glabra leaves infected with C. gloeosporioides. Leaf tissues at 0, 24 and 48 h post-inoculation (hpi) were analysed by combining RNA sequencing and Tandem Mass Tag-based liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 18 441 and 25 691 differentially expressed genes were identified at 24 and 48 hpi compared to 0 hpi (uninoculated control), respectively. In addition, 1240 and 1570 differentially abundant proteins were discovered at 24 and 48 hpi compared to 0 hpi, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that transcription and translation levels were highly consistent regarding repeatability and expression. Analyses using databases KEGG and iPATH revealed tricitric acid cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were induced, whereas photosynthesis and tryptophan were suppressed. Enzymatic activity assay results were consistent with the upregulation of defence-related enzymes including superoxide dismutases, catalases, peroxidases and chitinases. The transcriptome expression results were additionally validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. This study provides insights into the molecular reprogramming in S. glabra leaves during infection, which lay a foundation for investigating the mechanisms of host-Colletotrichum interactions and breeding disease-resistant plants.
Anthracnose, caused by hemibiotrophic Colletotrichum spp., is a destructive disease of legumes and many other crops worldwide. Colletotrichum spp. constitute one of the top 10 phytopathogenic fungi, infecting ~3,000 plant species, attacking food and forage legume crops at all growth stages; including seed, seedlings, young, and mature plants; with consequent significant yield reductions. Presently, cultural practices and substantial use of synthetic fungicides are the most prevalent approaches for anthracnose management. In addition, there has been a strong focus towards developing advanced breeding lines and cultivars with improved anthracnose resistance. This has involved traditional breeding resulting in a wide range of anthracnose resistance resources being identified, particularly using advanced techniques within common bean, soybean, lentil, mungbean, blackgram, and lupins. For instance, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance have been identified, enabling marker-assisted resistance breeding. More recently, molecular approaches; including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics; have been utilized to understand the pathogenesis and defense mechanisms involved in the Colletotrichum-legume interaction. Genetic manipulation through omics offers scope to better protect legumes from anthracnose by improving the efficiency of breeding programs. This review focuses on key pathogens (viz., C. truncatum, C. lentis, C. lupini, and C. lindemuthianum) causing anthracnose in legumes, their biology and epidemiology, the disease management levers embracing progress with host resistance, genetic and breeding approaches, and highlights critical knowledge gaps in conventional and molecular breeding programs. We conclude that the ongoing progress toward developing breeding lines/cultivars/donors with improved resistance in legume plant responses against anthracnose using omics approaches offers novel insights into legume-anthracnose pathogen interactions and ensures more sustainable and effective disease management strategies for the future.
