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Expression of stemness markers and microRNAs in serum-free MDA-MB-231 cells and corresponding EVs with and without FSS. (A) RNA levels of stemness-related genes NANOG and OCT4 normalized to ACTB. (B) miRNA levels in static- and FSS-cultured MDA-MB-231 cells and (C) in their corresponding EVs normalized to reference miRNA marker miR-30e. n = 3 biological replicates each with 2 or 3 technical replicates; mean ± standard error; ** p < 0.01; **** p < 0.0001; ns = not significant via Student’s t-test.
Source publication
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are some of the key culprits that cause cancer metastasis and metastasis-related deaths. These cells exist in a dynamic microenvironment where they experience fluid shear stress (FSS), and the CTCs that survive FSS are considered to be highly metastatic and stem cell-like. Biophysical stresses such as FSS are also kno...
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Citations
The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in various tumors has become increasingly clear in addition to their prominent role in therapy resistance, metastasis, and recurrence. For early diagnosis, disease progression monitoring, and targeting, there is a high demand for clinical-grade methods for quantitative measurement of CSCs from patient samples. Despite years of active research, standard measurement of CSCs has not yet reached clinical settings, especially in the case of solid tumors. This is because detecting this plastic heterogeneous population of cells is not straightforward. This review summarizes various techniques, highlighting their benefits and limitations in detecting CSCs from patient samples. In addition, methods designed to detect CSCs based on secreted and niche-associated signaling factors are reviewed. Spatial and single-cell methods for analyzing patient tumor tissues and noninvasive techniques such as liquid biopsy and in vivo imaging are discussed. Additionally, methods recently established in laboratories, preclinical studies, and clinical assays are covered. Finally, we discuss the characteristics of an ideal method as we look toward the future.
