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Experimental temperature regimes, experimental design and setup. Implemented temperatures for the four temperature treatments, Ambient (A), Ambient Sinusoidal (A-S), Warm (W) and Warm Sinusoidal (W-S; A). Energy uptake of individuals was summed at three different scales: (i) at the scale of short-term variability (2-day blocks in repeated 8-day sinusoidal temperature cycles, summed over the entire experiment: maximum temperature (1: Max), mean temperature after the maximum (2: Descending), minimum temperature (3: Min) and mean temperature after the minimum (4: Ascending); B), (ii) at the medium-term variability scale of seasonal summer temperature shifts (energy uptake as sum over 16-day blocks indicated by coloured bars in (A): Pre-heat, Heat and Post-heat), as well as (iii) at the scale of climate change impacts (identified by comparisons of ambient vs. warm treatments in ‘constant’ and sinusoidal fluctuating settings, using energy uptake as sum and growth over the entire ~2-months experimental duration; compare upper and lower diagrams in A). The treatments were realized within twelve indoor mesocosms, three mesocosms serving one temperature treatment (each mesocosm contained six 2 L experimental units, three of which contained single individuals of Asterias rubens (orange) and three of which contained single individuals of Hemigrapsus takanoi (yellow), N = 9; C).
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In a warming ocean, temperature variability imposes intensified peak stress, but offers periods of stress release. While field observations on organismic responses to heatwaves are emerging, experimental evidence is rare and almost lacking for shorter-scale environmental variability. For two major invertebrate predators, we simulated sinusoidal tem...
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... The study of temperature variability as an environmental stressor is relatively new (Lu et al., 2022;Mor on Lugo et al., 2020;Slein et al., 2023). Although temperature variability usually has detrimental effects on individual fitness (Taff & Shipley, 2023), its effect on the cognitive abilities of zebra finches is more equivocal. ...
Climate change is characterized by extreme climatic events and unpredictable environmental conditions, increasing the probability of condition mismatch during the lives of animals. Mismatched conditions between development and adulthood can negatively affect traits, especially those subjected to developmental programming. Thus, an environmental mismatch between song acquisition during development and song production during adulthood could affect the song quality and reproductive success of birds. In this study, the effects of temperature variability and condition mismatch on song learning and production in captive zebra finches, Taeniopygia castanotis, were investigated. Males developed in either stable or variable temperatures, and then experienced a mismatch in thermal conditions at independence. Their crystallized song was recorded at adulthood, and their song learning and quality traits were evaluated. Condition mismatch affected only song traits acquired during development, with a decrease in the proportion of syllables copied from the tutor and a trend towards decreasing repertoire size. The syllable learning accuracy also tended to be lower for birds experiencing variable temperatures. Other song learning and quality traits were unaffected by temperature variability or condition mismatch. Collectively, our results indicate that climate change can negatively affect song learning and quality in songbirds.
... Реакция на экстремальное повышение температуры среды для большинства видов не известна (Poloczanska et al., 2016;Moron et al., 2020). В немногочисленных исследованиях была определена критическая температура для ряда видов, при которой наступал летальный исход (Evans, 1948), однако воздействие экстремально высокой температуры было непродолжительным. ...
It was previously established that the movement of hydroplasma in many species of hydroids is not unidirectional, but pulsates in opposite directions in the common tube-like body (coenosarc) of the colonial organism. However, this pulsating reversible distribution system is effective in moving food particles. We studied the impact of a sharp increase in environmental temperature and a five-day thermal shock on the performance indicators of the distribution system of the colonial hydroid Dynamena pumila: the period and regularity of hydroplasma pulsations, range of movement, growth, coenosarc pulsations, etc. After an abrupt increase of 10 °C in the temperature of the water in which the colonies of the hydroid were kept in the laboratory within several hours, the activity of the distribution system increased (the frequency and amplitude of hydroplasma pulsations and the extent of flows), but already on the second day the growth of colonies stopped, and the coenosarc pulsations of hydroplasma flows became irregular with significant pauses. On the fifth day of thermal shock, the movement of hydroplasma stopped. Within a day after the cessation of the thermal shock, pulsatory movements of hydroplasma in the stolons resumed, and two days later they almost returned to normal, except for the insufficient extent to move food throughout the colony. During this time, the growth of the colonies has not yet recovered. The reaction of hydroplasmic movements in the stolons of D. pumila turned out to be advanced compared to morphological indicators and growth. Thanks to this, it becomes possible to more accurately and quickly determine the body’s response to an increase in ambient temperature.
... Thermal tolerance is influenced by a complex interplay of physiological processes, and organisms in the wild will be exposed to rising temperatures in conjunction with other stressors such as food limitation, changes in pH and salinity. Physiological performance together with behavioural responses and interactions with other species may affect how marine species respond to increasing temperatures 103,104 . The organismal response to multiple stressors can be different depending on the level and combination of stressors having synergistic, antagonistic or additive effects 105 . ...
Increasing seawater temperatures coupled with more intense and frequent heatwaves pose an increasing threat to marine species. In this study, the New Zealand green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus, was used to investigate the effect of genetics and ontogeny on thermal resilience. The culturally and economically significant mussel P. canaliculus (Gmelin, 1971) has been selectively-bred in New Zealand for two decades, making it a unique biological resource to investigate genetic interactions in a temperate bivalve species. Six selectively-bred full sibling families and four different ages, from early juveniles (6, 8, 10 weeks post-fertilisation) to sub-adults (52 weeks post-fertilisation), were used for experimentation. At each age, each family was exposed to a three-hour heat challenge, followed by recovery, and survival assessments. The shell lengths of live and dead juvenile mussels were also measured. Gill tissue samples from sub-adults were collected after the thermal challenge to quantify the 70 kDa heat shock protein gene (hsp70). Results showed that genetics, ontogeny and size influence thermal resilience in P. canaliculus, with LT50 values ranging between 31.3 and 34.4 °C for all studied families and ages. Juveniles showed greater thermotolerance compared to sub-adults, while the largest individuals within each family/age class tended to be more heat sensitive than their siblings. Sub-adults differentially upregulated hsp70 in a pattern that correlated with net family survival following heat challenge, reinforcing the perceived role of inducible HSP70 protein in molluscs. This study provides insights into the complex interactions of age and genotype in determining heat tolerance of a key mussel species. As marine temperatures increase, equally complex selection pressure responses may therefore occur. Future research should focus on transcriptomic and genomic approaches for key species such as P. canaliculus to further understand and predict the effect of genetic variation and ontogeny on their survival in the context of climate change.
... Considering the daily temperature fluctuations in aquatic natural systems, experiments involving varying temperature, such as those here investigated, offer a more realistic approach for investigating thermal response in organisms (e.g. Bauerfeind and Fischer, 2014;Colinet et al., 2015;Morón Lugo et al., 2020). These findings gain significance in the context of climate change scenarios, where freshwater biota is expected to be specially impacted (LeRoy Poff et al., 2002;Woodward et al., 2016). ...
... Recently, it was stressed that thermal fluctuations likely entail phases of augmented stress but also phases of stress relief, from which invertebrates could benefit (Wahl et al. 2015;Mor on Lugo et al. 2020). Compensation or shifting activity to less stressful periods of fluctuations could be essential for organisms, allowing them to survive extreme mean thermal conditions that they could not withstand under constant conditions. ...
Animals face strong environmental variability even on short time scales particularly in shallow coastal habitats, forcing them to permanently adjust their metabolism. Respiration rates of aquatic ectotherms are directly influenced by water temperature, whereas ingestion rates might additionally be influenced by behavior. We aim to understand how respiration and ingestion rates of an aquatic invertebrate respond to changing temperature during a diurnal thermal fluctuation cycle and how both processes are related. We studied the benthopelagic mysid Neomysis integer as an important food web component of coastal ecosystems. Mysids were collected at the southern Baltic Sea coast and exposed in the laboratory to either constant temperature of 15°C or daily temperature fluctuation of 15 ± 5°C. Short-term (1–2 h) respiration and ingestion rates were measured at four equidistant time points within 24 h and did not differ among time points at constant temperature, but differed among time points in the fluctuating treatment. Respiration was highest at the thermal maximum and lowest at the thermal minimum. Ingestion rates showed the opposite pattern under fluctuation, likely due to differences in underlying thermal performance curves. When temperature transited the average, the direction of temperature change influenced the animals' response in respiration and ingestion rates differently. Our results suggest that respiration is not only instantaneously affected by temperature, but also influenced by the previously experienced direction of thermal change. Our experiment, using an important non-model organism, delivered new insights on the relationship between the crucial organismal processes ingestion and respiration under thermal variability.
... Asterias rubens is known to manifest signs indicative of SSWD such as lesions, bloating, and loss of turgor (Menge 1979, Wahltinez et al. 2023). Furthermore, A. rubens shows reduced feeding rates, energy up take, and growth under elevated temperatures (Morón Lugo et al. 2020, Rühmkorff et al. 2023, highlighting sensitivity to thermal change. With SSWD having been linked to environmental instability and thermal fluctuation, the susceptibility of A. rubens to SSWD necessitates a deeper understanding of this phenomenon. ...
Sea star wasting disease (SSWD) refers to a suite of gross signs affecting Asteroidea species. These include epidermal lesions, everted viscera, arm autotomy, and ultimately, full body disintegration leading to mortality. The common sea star Asterias rubens is a keystone species in the coastal Northeast Atlantic and may be susceptible to the disease. While the precise aetiology of SSWD remains poorly understood, environmental instability, including rising sea temperatures, has been linked to SSWD outbreaks. To investigate this connection, an experiment was conducted to quantify disease sign expression in A. rubens under elevated temperature. We exposed sea stars to either elevated temperature (18°C) or a control treatment (12°C) for a 14 d period. We quantified the presence of disease signs associated with SSWD, the progression of signs, and survival of individuals. Elevated temperature induced a greater number of signs consistent with SSWD and also resulted in mortality for some of those animals. Furthermore, larger individuals were more likely to show increased signs of disease. Our results provide evidence that signs associated with SSWD increase with elevated temperature.
... Climate change is leading to a rise in both the mean and variability of global temperatures (Folguera et al., 2011;Vasseur et al., 2014;Wang & Dillon, 2014;Morón Lugo et al., 2020;Kotz et al., 2021;Masson-Delmotte et al., 2021). ...
... Until recently, the majority of laboratory studies have focused solely on variation in mean temperature, maintaining populations at constant conditions for the duration of the experimental assay (Fischer et al., 2011;Folguera et al., 2011;Thompson et al., 2013;Bauerfeind & Fischer, 2014;Colinet et al., 2015;Enders & Boisclair, 2016;Matsubara, 2018). However, the impact of increased temperatures, which have been shown to negatively impact various life history traits across a range of species (Bauerfeind & Fischer, 2014;Rogell et al., 2014;Vasudeva et al., 2014;Berger et al., 2017;Chen et al., 2018;Klepsatel et al., 2019;Ontoria et al., 2019;Godwin et al., 2020;Alfonso et al., 2021;Ivimey-Cook et al., 2021), are predicted to intensify as the environment becomes more variable (Deutsch et al., 2008;Vasseur et al., 2014;Bozinovic et al., 2016;Morón Lugo et al., 2020;Renault et al., 2022;Slein et al., 2023). Indeed, in an analysis of 38 globally distributed invertebrates, Vasseur et al. (2014) found that a change in mean temperature explained only 32% of future species performance, whereas combining both the mean and variance simultaneously explained 93%. ...
Climate change is associated with the increase in both mean and variability of thermal conditions. Therefore, the use of more realistic fluctuating thermal regimes is the most appropriate laboratory method for predicting population responses to thermal heterogeneity. However, the long- and short-term implications of evolving under such conditions are not well understood. Here, we examined differences in key life history traits among populations of seed beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus) that evolved under either constant control conditions or in an environment with fluctuating daily temperatures. Specifically, individuals from two distinct genetic backgrounds were kept for 19 generations at one of two temperatures, a constant temperature (T=29°C) or a fluctuating daily cycle (Tmean=33°C, Tmax=40°C, and Tmin=26°C), and were assayed either in their evolved environment or in the other environment. We found that beetles that evolved in fluctuating environments but were then switched to constant 29°C conditions had far greater lifetime reproductive success compared to beetles that were kept in their evolved environments. This increase in reproductive success suggests that beetles raised in fluctuating environments may have evolved greater thermal breadth than control condition beetles. In addition, the degree of sexual dimorphism in body size and development varied as a function of genetic background, evolved thermal environment, and current temperature conditions. These results highlight not only the value of incorporating diel fluctuations into climate research, but also suggest that populations that experience variability in temperature may be better able to respond to both short- and long-term changes in environmental conditions.
... Temperature extremes are becoming increasingly common in unstable climates [1][2][3]. This is a public health concern [4], but for biota in general, global warming is even more dangerous and unpredictable [5][6][7], especially for polar ecosystems including the Arctic [1,8,9], where climate change is predicted to be stronger than at low latitudes [10]. ...
... The response to an extreme increase in environmental temperature is not known for most species [6,11]. For a number of species, a few studies identified a critical temperature at which death occurs [12], but the exposure to extreme heat was short-lived. ...
The temperature of the water surface layer in the Arctic may increase significantly in the coming decades. To what extent will shallow-water fauna be affected by warming? We investigated this issue using an example of one species of colonial hydroid, Dynamena pumila. We judged its reaction to warming via its pulsation activity and the growth of stolons. Pulsations of the coenosarc in colonial hydroids are a sensitive indicator of the body’s reaction to the influence of environmental factors. We tested the ability of D. pumila colonies to survive and adapt to existing at 25 °C for five days. After raising the temperature from 14 °C to 25 °C, colony growth and the pulsation of stolon growth tips on the first day increased and then decreased during the day. In the following days, the growth pulsations almost ceased, the colonies stopped growing, and their coenosarcs began to exfoliate from their perisarcs. However, by the fourth day, this process slowed down, and the colonies existed in an economy mode of experiencing unfavourable conditions. The thermal shock continued in the experiment for five days. Then, after the temperature dropped from 25 °C to 15–16 °C, all the colonies recovered within five days and continued to grow.
... The feeding rate of Anasterias minuta also decreased at higher temperatures (Arribas et al. 2022). Consumption of Asterias rubens on its mussel prey decreased under OW conditions, which could be attributed to detrimental effects of exposure to temperature levels exceeding thermal tolerance thresholds (Morón Lugo et al. 2020). ...
Ocean acidification and warming could affect animal physiology, key trophic interactions and ecosystem functioning in the long term. This study investigates the effects of four pH−temperature combination treatments simulating ocean acidification (OA), ocean warming (OW) and combined OA and OW conditions (FUTURE) relative to ambient present-day conditions (PRESENT) on the grazing of the juveniles of two seagrass-associated invertebrates namely the sea cucumber Stichopus cf. horrens and topshell Trochus maculatus over a 5-day exposure period. Diel and feeding activity of both species increased under OW and FUTURE to some extent, while the nighttime activity of Trochus but not Stichopus decreased under OA relative to PRESENT during the first 2 days. Fecal production of Stichopus did not differ among treatments, while the lowest fecal production of Trochus was observed under OA during the first 24 h of grazing. These responses suggest that Trochus may be initially more sensitive to OA compared with Stichopus. Interestingly, fecal production of Trochus in FUTURE was significantly higher than OA, suggesting that warming may ameliorate the negative effect of acidification. Diel activity, feeding and fecal production after 5 days did not differ among treatments for both species, suggesting acclimation to the acute changes in temperature and pH after a few days, although Stichopus acclimated rapidly than Trochus. The ability of the two juvenile invertebrate grazers to rapidly acclimate to increased temperature and lowered pH conditions after short-term exposure may favor their survival under projected changes in ocean conditions.
... Interestingly, some Southern European aquatic invertebrates moved to the south, into lower latitudes, where they most probably evolved elevated upper thermal limits relative to the species in northern latitudes, facilitating their establishment in warm water bodies [55] (Figure 2; Tables 1-4). Generally, it is well known that temperature variability imposes intensified peak stress [56]. However, detailed knowledge of which individuals and species are most likely to survive and why under upper thermal limits is poor, indicating that smaller individuals survived to higher temperatures than large animals and active species survived to higher temperatures than sessile or low-active species when temperatures were raised acutely [57]. ...
... On the other hand, climate change and habitat degradation facilitate alien species movement [56,88] and should be limited. ...
Due to globalisation and anthropopressure (intensification of shipping, creation of water corridors connecting seas, cultivation of commercial species), the movement of aquatic species has increased in recent years. The determination of trends in the movement of aquatic species in their geographical distribution over time is important because it may help in the management of a species in aquatic ecosystems. There are also knowledge gaps on the long-term trends in the movements of Southern European aquatic alien invertebrates. The study provides the first evidence of both northward and southward movements of these species based on available observations from 1940 to 2021, using meta-analyses and GAM modelling. To date, the majority (98%) of analysed Southern European aquatic alien invertebrates of Mediterranean and Ponto-Caspian origin have moved to the north. Among them, 61% are Ponto-Caspian aquatic alien invertebrates that moved only to the north, and 4% are Mediterranean aquatic alien invertebrates that moved only to the north; the rest include species that moved to the north and south: 27% are Ponto-Caspian aquatic alien invertebrates, and 6% are Mediterranean aquatic alien invertebrates. The one-way movement to the south was observed only in 2% of Mediterranean aquatic alien species. The study will help in understanding the movement patterns of Southern European aquatic alien invertebrates and in the effective management of aquatic ecosystems that allow for the co-existence of people and the rest of biodiversity.
