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Experiencing the scenic mountainous landscape of Daisetsuzan National Park (Hokkaido, Japan, 2017). Credits: © Nagatomo Taiki (tn911927.jimdofree.com). {Used with permission. Reuse not permitted}.
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Approaching sustainability through landscapes helps appreciate the value of the diversity of human ways to live with nature that exists today. On the basis of fieldwork research in Japan, we explore the landscapes of natural parks, satoyama, and permaculture, all three recognized as sustainable and of high biodiversity value despite showing signifi...
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... Permaculture is an excellent concept for implementing in urban farming education since it is a design of a productive agricultural ecosystem with diversity, stability, and resilience similar to natural ecosystems [29] [30]. Permaculture not only discusses food resources, but also combines them into a mutually beneficial synergistic interaction with humans and the environment [31][32] [33]. ...
This article aims to provide recommendations for the design of an urban farming park in Jakarta that can educate children about agriculture and integrate it with other aspects and parties of the educational process. Urban farming educational facilities that are not only about plants, but also related to social, cultural and technological aspects. Permaculture is the basis used in the design, because this concept is the most appropriate answer to the threat of food insecurity and limited land for agriculture in cities. This permaculture-based Urban Farming Park is expected to facilitate proper learning about agriculture to children. The facilities provided must be able to teach agricultural techniques that are environmentally, economic, social and cultural. This urban farming park must also be able to teach youngsters about the harmonic integration of the landscape with people in order to provide food, energy, housing, and other material and non-material necessities in a sustainable manner.
... The applications of permaculture core ethics and design principles were disseminated via the 72-hour Permaculture Design Certificate (PDC) course format which was generally considered as the de facto mode of entry into the permaculture network for most practitioners (Abiral, 2019). PDC courses were reported to have been offered in countries such as India (Suresh, 2010;Fadaee, 2019), Japan (Paull, 2011;Chakroun, 2020), Nepal (Upreti & Upreti, 2002;Bhandari & Bista, 2019;Mayer, 2019) as well as Continental Europe (Ulbrich, 2016;Kolarova, 2020;Oliveira & Penha-Lopes, 2020) and the Americas (Millner, 2017;Caraway, 2018) among many others. ...
... Aside from these, no other similar study has been conducted at the national and global scales so far. Literature on current permaculture research was limited to case studies of ecovillages (Abdala & Mocellin, 2010) and small communities (Chakroun, 2020). ...
The study identified permaculture practitioners and determined how network relationship patterns can help in the mainstreaming of permaculture in the Philippines. Social network analysis was conducted to determine network structure and discover relationship patterns. Results of the study identified 204 permaculture practitioners with 75 individuals belonging to 53 projects that fall under nine project types. This is the first systematic documentation of practitioners in the Philippines. The network structure had a low density (0.185598) suggesting the high diversity of members in its network composition. Degree centrality index (max=92) revealed the network's prominent practitioners while local clustering coefficient (max=0.999) identified the presence of eight organizations and local government offices implying that membership was not limited to the participation of individuals. In conclusion, the way the permaculture network was constructed gave it a strategic position to mainstream permaculture to a broader audience which includes farmers and non-farmers.
... National Parks (NPs) are International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Category II type of PAs and are defined as "large natural or near natural areas set aside to protect large-scale ecological processes, along with the complement of species and ecosystems characteristic of the area, which also provide a foundation for environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, educational, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities". Worldwide, NPs play vital role in the conservation of nature (Chakroun and Droz 2020), natural ecosystem protection (Gao et al. 2020), landscape conservation protection (Du et al. 2020), and sustainable utilization of natural resources (Bland 2016). The existence of NPs in mountainous regions is particularly significant and is beneficial both to the downstream communities (Dunets et al. 2020) as well as to the environment (Hosseini et al. 2021). ...
Due to vast area comprising multiple ecological zones, rippling and tough topography and climatic conditions, presence-only methods cannot contrast wildlife forecasts with the environmental settings of high mountain national parks in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalayan region of northern Pakistan. This study develops GIS maps by incorporating eight environmental and anthropogenic factors, GIS-based AHP and overlay weight analysis techniques to estimate habitat suitability of seven high-altitude national parks' territories (~ 20,000 km 2) and the likelihood of presence of the wildlife species. The map shows that within the range of all seven national park territories, 59% or 12,016 km 2 , 3% ~ 700 km 2 , 30% or ~ 7000 km 2 and 7% or ~ 1456 km 2 lie in suitability zone 'unsuitable', 'marginal suitable', 'Suitable' and 'Optimal', respectively. Relatively 'suitable' or 'optimal' territories are concentrated in four parks occupying (7255 km 2) within the Karakoram Range. Habitat suitability of territories occupied by the highly glaciered Khunjerab and Central Karakoram national parks is exceptionally high while smaller parks like Chitral Gol and Broghil lie in the Hindu Kush region and Deosai plains in the Himalayan region have lower suitable habitat and higher level of exposure to human disturbances. This study opined that distribution of suitable and unsuitable territories of national parks is not uniform but differs and is dependent on the each park's environmental and anthropogenic settings. The uneven distribution itself is suitable for different types of wildlife species as they do not typically use identical habitat features in the northern mountains.
... The aggregate potential emissions reductions, in scenarios assuming high levels of public engagement in CLIs, exceed 2020 targets in most EU countries and would represent significant contributions to 2030 to 2050 targets SDG15-Life on land Many CLIs are adopting and promoting agroecological and agroforestry-based methods of food production rooted in local cultural and environmental conditions and able to mitigate climate change, increase biodiversity, increase soil quality and generate other socio-ecological benefits (Doernberg et al., 2022;Wartman et al., 2018). Permaculture and other CLIs reinvigorate traditional forms of customary land management and show strong complementarity with more conventional conservation methods like protected areas (Chakroun & Droz, 2020) SDG16-Peace, justice and strong institutions ...
This paper explores the actual and potential contributions of community‐led initiatives (CLIs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As examples of self‐determined practical action for sustainability and social justice, CLIs prefigure many of the intended outcomes of the SDGs. Existing evidence shows that CLIs are already contributing, at local scale, to almost all of the SDGs, and achieving particular success in bringing different goals into synergy. However, these achievements are based on ethics, guiding philosophies, issue framings, practical goals and ways of organising that differ significantly from those behind the formulation and delivery of the SDGs. Embracing those differences, and with them greater plurality and ongoing critical self‐reflection, would allow the SDGs to transcend certain self‐limiting contradictions, particularly concerning the role of economic growth. Such a shift in orientation is essential if the SDGs are to move from reinforcing to challenging the root causes of unsustainability and injustice.
... We did not do an NFF analysis of the SDGs but close inspection of the SDG targets informed us that there is much focus on Nature for People and a bit on Nature for Nature but very little on Nature as Culture value perspectives. We note, for example, that landscapes are not represented in the SDGs, let alone biocultural landscapes (Chakroun and Droz 2020;Hanspach et al. 2020). Zheng et al. (2021) recently highlighted a general under-appreciation of culture in the Agenda 2030. ...
Achieving global sustainability goals requires most people and societies to fundamentally revisit their relationship with nature. New approaches are called for to guide change processes towards sustainable futures that embrace the plurality of people's desired relationships with nature. This paper presents a novel approach to exploring desirable futures for nature and people that was developed through an application in Nationaal Park Hollandse Duinen in the Netherlands. This new national park is developed bottom-up by a diverse group of actors reshaping their interactions with each other and with nature. Our approach, co-designed with key stakeholders of the national park, engages with a new pluralistic framework for human-nature relationships presented by the IPBES task force on scenarios and models to catalyze the development of nature-centered scenarios. We integrated this Nature Futures Framework with the Three Horizons Framework in a participatory workshop process designed to bring people's diverse relationships with nature to the fore, and jointly envision desirable futures and the pathways to get there. We present a methodology to analyze and compare the visions and assess their potential contribution to the SDGs. We summarize the results of the application in Nationaal Park Hollandse Duinen and reflect on lessons learned. The approach successfully engaged participants in joint exploration of desirable futures for the national park based on their plural perspectives on human-nature relationships. We see much potential for its applications to support change processes in various social-ecological contexts toward more sustainable futures for nature and people.
... In the last century, Japan has become a highly modernized country, with an academic knowledge production system largely inspired by the West, dominated by universities fundamentally organized in disciplines (Houdart, 2001). However, the Japanese culture remains characterized by specific relationships between humans in society (Curhan et al., 2014) and with nature (Chakroun and Droz, 2020). In this context, RIHN was created twenty years ago (2001) and progressively increased its focus toward the co-design of solutions to real-world problems with stakeholders (i.e. ...
... To some extent, both the emphasis on cultural roots and RIHN's specific approach to scale can be themselves related to the Japanese culture. In Japan, culture is not seen as separated from nature, but rather culture is the way to reveal and to better access nature (typically as in zen gardens, haiku poetry...) (Berque, 2019;Chakroun and Droz, 2020). As developed by the anthropologist of sciences Sophie Houdart (2001), this translates into a conception of universality which is made through 'human forces making the fabric of society', rather than through the forces of a unitary nature, as in Western cultures. ...
To date, most debates about transdisciplinarity (TD) have been dominated by Western institutions. This paper proposes insights from the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Japan, from an investigation as a visiting scientist. After describing its unique project-based organization, I first show that the development of TD at RIHN faces some common challenges, such as TD evaluation, education and upscaling (beyond local contexts). Yet, collaborations with stakeholders have also unique specificities (importance of the group, rigidity of institutions, different ways of interacting…). Moreover, most RIHN researchers claim to have a particularly practical approach to TD. At the level of the whole institute, RIHN gives a strong emphasis on the premise that environmental problems are rooted in human cultures and values. RIHN also develops a specific approach to scales, in which Asia serves as a nodal point between the local and global (‘Asia vision’). We suggest that RIHN’s emphasis on cultural roots and its nodal approach to scale might be themselves rooted in the Japanese culture.
... We did not do an NFF analysis of the SDGs but close inspection of the SDG targets informed us that there is much focus on Nature for People and a bit on Nature for Nature but very little on Nature as Culture value perspectives. We note, for example, that landscapes are not represented in the SDGs, let alone biocultural landscapes (Chakroun and Droz 2020;Hanspach et al. 2020). Zheng et al. (2021) recently highlighted a general under-appreciation of culture in the Agenda 2030. ...
Achieving global sustainability goals requires most people and societies to fundamentally alter their relationship with nature. New approaches are called for to guide change processes towards sustainable futures that embrace the plurality of people’s perspectives on nature. This paper presents a novel approach to exploring desirable futures for nature and people that was developed through an application in National Park Hollandse Duinen in the Netherlands. This new national park is developed bottom-up by a diverse group of actors reshaping their interactions with each other and with nature. Our approach, co-designed with key stakeholders of the national park, engages with a new pluralistic framework for nature values presented by the IPBES task force on scenarios and models to catalyze the development of nature-centered scenarios. We integrated this Nature Futures Framework with the Three Horizons Framework in a participatory workshop process designed to bring people’s diverse relationships with nature to the fore, and jointly envision desirable futures and the pathways to get there. An analytical framework is used to analyze and compare the visions and assess their potential contribution to the SDGs. We summarize the results of the application in National Park Hollandse Duinen and reflect on lessons learned. We see much potential for this values-based futures approach to support change processes in various social-ecological contexts toward more sustainable futures for nature and people.
... We did not do an NFF analysis of the SDGs but close inspection of the SDG targets informed us that there is much focus on Nature for People and a bit onNature for Nature but very little on Nature as Culturevalue perspectives. We note for example that landscapes are not represented in the SDGs, let alone biocultural landscapes (Chakroun and Droz 2020;Hanspach et al. 2020). Zheng et al. (2021) recently highlighted a general underappreciation of culture in the Agenda 2030. ...
Achieving global sustainability goals requires most people and societies to fundamentally alter their relationship with nature. New approaches are called for to guide change processes towards sustainable futures that embrace the plurality of people’s perspectives on nature. This paper presents a novel approach to exploring desirable futures for nature and people that was developed through an application in National Park Hollandse Duinen in the Netherlands. This new national park is developed bottom-up by a diverse group of actors reshaping their interactions with each other and with nature. Our approach, co-designed with key stakeholders of the national park, engages with a new pluralistic framework for nature values presented by the IPBES task force on scenarios and models to catalyze the development of nature-centered scenarios. We integrated this Nature Futures Framework with the Three Horizons Framework in a participatory workshop process designed to bring people’s diverse relationships with nature to the fore, and jointly envision desirable futures and the pathways to get there. An analytical framework is used to analyze and compare the visions and assess their potential contribution to the SDGs. We summarize the results of the application in National Park Hollandse Duinen and reflect on lessons learned. We see much potential for this values-based futures approach to support change processes in various social-ecological contexts toward more sustainable futures for nature and people.
... It suggests that the framework of the milieu can provide pathways to address the four challenges of climate change. Inspired by Japanese and cross-cultural environmental philosophy, the framework of the milieu was developed [16] to clarify the interlinkages between the individual, the community, and the local milieu and to identify possible pathways for sustainability while considering "the extent of diversity of human ways to live with nature" [17]. This paper presents a framework of the milieu open to a conservative view of human communities and an inclusive view of multispecies communities. ...
... The framework of the milieu meets this need by clarifying the relationships that bound together the individual, the milieu as imprint, the community and the milieu as matrix. The objective of the framework of the milieu is not to be faithful to the insights of the pioneers of the concept of milieu, but to propose a development inspired by them and to apply it to issues of contemporary environmental ethics, such as landscape sustainability [17] and individual responsibility for climate change as developed in this paper. The framework of the milieu goes one step further from Watsuji Tetsuro's idea of milieu and Augustin Berque's concept of matrix-imprint and describes a process (see Figure 1): The community (more or less deliberately) shapes the surrounding environment through habits and repeated practices over time. ...
This article approaches the challenges of the distribution of responsibility for climate change on a local level using the framework of the milieu. It suggests that the framework of the milieu, inspired by Japanese and cross-cultural environmental philosophy, provides pathways to address the four challenges of climate change (global dispersion, fragmentation of agency, institutional inadequacy, temporal delay). The framework of the milieu clarifies the interrelations between the individual, the community, and the local milieu and is open to a conservative view of human communities and an inclusive view of multispecies communities. On this basis, an account of individual responsibility that is anchored in the local milieu and includes a responsibility to collaborate across milieus is developed. It consists of a forward-looking responsibility that balances a degree of contributory responsibility for one’s imprints on the milieu with a degree of capacity-responsibility that varies regarding the individual’s knowledge and powers, and the acceptability of practices within the local milieu.
... Social-ecological systems are complex, dynamic systems in which interactions between system components are determined by several values and meanings of humannature connections. In this Special Issue, Bieling et al. (2020), Chakroun and Droz (2020) and Pérez-Ramírez Bieling et al. (2020) state that values of nature are considered essential, though ill-defined, ingredients of sustainability transformations. Three types of ethical reasoning about why and how people should care about nature (i.e. ...
... Through the framework of milieu, Chakroun and Droz (2020), explore the diversity of ways in which humans live with nature in three value-rich landscapes with different nature protection and landscape management strategies (i.e. natural parks, Satoyama and permaculture) in Japan. ...
... Through these examples, the authors show how humans continuously evolve with the milieu they live in (Droz 2018), which contains, among others, meanings and values (Gibson 1979) resulting from interactions between humans and nature over generations. Chakroun and Droz (2020) exemplify how individual perceptions are interconnected with collective perceptions about nature within a certain milieu. Every milieu is unique; therefore, sustainability cannot be levered without considering the diversity of ways humans live with nature. ...
