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Exhausted T cells are associated with poor survival in HCC patients from the ICGC database. (a) The consensus matrix showed that patients fitted into three clusters through T cell evolution‐associated genes. (b) K‐M survival curve revealed that the three clusters' prognosis were significantly different. (c‐f) Violin plot of tumour micro‐environment (TME) score analysis showed that the three clusters' ESTIMATE score, Immune score, Stromal score, and Tumour purity were significantly different. (g) K‐M survival curve revealed that the prognosis of patients in cluster 1 was significantly worse than that of cluster 3. (h) K‐M survival curve revealed that the prognosis of patients with a high Stromal score was significantly better than patients with a low Stromal score. (i) The bar graph revealed that many critical inhibitory immune checkpoints were higher in cluster 1 than in cluster 3. (j) GSEA analysis displayed that the CTLA4 pathway and PD 1 signaling were significantly enriched in cluster 1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Exhausted T cells are associated with poor survival in HCC patients from the ICGC database. (a) The consensus matrix showed that patients fitted into three clusters through T cell evolution‐associated genes. (b) K‐M survival curve revealed that the three clusters' prognosis were significantly different. (c‐f) Violin plot of tumour micro‐environment (TME) score analysis showed that the three clusters' ESTIMATE score, Immune score, Stromal score, and Tumour purity were significantly different. (g) K‐M survival curve revealed that the prognosis of patients in cluster 1 was significantly worse than that of cluster 3. (h) K‐M survival curve revealed that the prognosis of patients with a high Stromal score was significantly better than patients with a low Stromal score. (i) The bar graph revealed that many critical inhibitory immune checkpoints were higher in cluster 1 than in cluster 3. (j) GSEA analysis displayed that the CTLA4 pathway and PD 1 signaling were significantly enriched in cluster 1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a worldwide health problem. Mounting evidence indicates that exhausted T cells play a critical role in the progress and treatment of HCC. Therefore, a detailed characterisation of exhausted T cells and their clinical significance warrants further investigation in HCC. Based on the GSE146115, we presented a com...

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... Another study by Li et al. developed a model based on NK cell marker genes, demonstrating its efficacy in predicting patient outcomes and therapeutic responses [29]. Tang et al. (2023) explored the prognostic value of exhausted T cells, constructing a robust model from bulk and scRNA-seq data to predict patient survival [30]. However, most of these studies focused on the relationship between tumor and the tumor microenvironment (TME), which might cause researchers to overlook the impact of the characteristics of tumor cells themselves on tumor development. ...
... Another study by Li et al. developed a model based on NK cell marker genes, demonstrating its efficacy in predicting patient outcomes and therapeutic responses [29]. Tang et al. (2023) explored the prognostic value of exhausted T cells, constructing a robust model from bulk and scRNA-seq data to predict patient survival [30]. However, most of these studies focused on the relationship between tumor and the tumor microenvironment (TME), which might cause researchers to overlook the impact of the characteristics of tumor cells themselves on tumor development. ...
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