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This study briefly discusses the relatively young private wildlife industry of South Africa which surfaced in the late 1990s, early 2000s. The industry has unique conservation management models and land uses that include hunting, breeding and game sales and ecotourism and by-products as well as mixed farming practices that include stock and crop fa...
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... Sur les 14 taxons recensés, les pangolins ont été les deuxièmes victimes les plus signalées, les clôtures électriques au sol ayant un impact négatif plus important que les autres types de clôtures. hectares of private farms and 7.7 million hectares of protected areas, all enclosed by fencing (Pietersen, 2022;Taylor et al., 2016;Taylor & van Rooyen, 2015). ...
Fence mortalities threaten Temminck's pangolin (Smutsia temminckii) in South Africa. Temminck's pangolins are bipedal, which leads to contact between their unprotected abdomens and electrified wires. We report findings of an online survey of landowners, managers and conservationists to investigate associations between mortalities, fence type and fence perimeter-area ratio, and between mortalities and concern level reported by respondents. Of 14 recorded taxa, pangolins were the second most reported mortalities, with ground-level electric wired fences having a larger negative impact than other fence types.
... Whilst the origin of these contaminants may be controlled somewhat within conventional agricultural systems, wild hunted game meat presents numerous challenges in this regard, as highlighted by Nkosi, Bekker, and Hoffman (2021). Bullets are a source of toxic metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury (Doabi, Karami, Afyuni, & Yeganeh, 2018;Kamunda, Mathuthu, & Madhuku, 2016;Taylor, Lindsey, Davies-Mostert, & Goodman, 2016), distributing these into the carcass and contaminating the environment through spent bullets and pellets. Lead bullets fragment, dispersing and contaminating tissues across the carcass (Trinogga, Courtiol, & Krone, 2019;Nkosi, Bekker, Gower, van der Walt, & Hoffman, 2022 and which could also bioaccumulate in consumers (Arnemo et al., 2016). ...
Re-wilding and similar initiatives have resulted in an increase in wildlife suitable for human consumption in Europe. However, game meat production and consumption present several challenges, including infectious diseases which pose risks to livestock, processers, and consumers. This review provides insights into the infectious diseases and toxic contaminants associated with game meat. The effect of killing method on the meat quality is also discussed and means of improving the meat quality of game meat is elucidated. The use of different food safety systems that could be applied to provide safe meat is reported. The importance of collaborative multi-sector approaches is emphasized, to generate and distribute knowledge and implement One Health strategies that ensure the safe, traceable, sustainable, and professional development of commercial game meat supply chains.
... In southern Africa, livestock production enterprises shifted to game-based management in the past decades (Taylor et al. 2016). The effects of this shift are interesting since the management of game differs from livestock-based land use management both in terms of economic utility, and the characteristics of the animal species, for example foraging patterns, territoriality, type of forage, and water needs (Adler et al. 2001). ...
Land degradation due to bush encroachment and drought threatens the well-being of land users and forage
production in the semi-arid savannas of southern Africa. This study aimed to analyse how herbaceous vegetation
in the Kalahari savanna can recover from drought, and how this is affected by previously implemented bush
control measures. We compared plant species composition and diversity of the herbaceous layer across a drought-
release (2021) and post-drought (2022) year within two land use types (game and livestock) in bush-encroached
and controlled areas, respectively. Diversity decreased significantly during the post-drought year. Annual
species dominated in the drought-release year, which were replaced by perennial forbs and dwarf shrubs in the
post-drought year. Selective bush control enhanced herbaceous species abundance and richness due to decreased
competition. The species richness was higher in the game ranch compared to the cattle farm during the drought-
release year. Herbaceous abundance, however, increased on the cattle farm. The management strategies, feeding
behaviour and animal movement may have contributed to these differences in these two contrasting land use types.
This study showed that herbaceous plant communities can recover rapidly after a drought period and in areas
where bush control was applied.
... This growth is supported by the belief that the wildlife industry could contribute significantly to food security and provide a healthy source of protein to consumers [2]. Researchers, such as Taylor et al., reported that in South Africa, out of all game animals hunted for meat production between 2013 and 2015, approximately 41% were impalas, a species that is part of the 'small wild game meat animals' category [3]. This situation is not different in many game meat trading countries, where small wild ungulates are kept in natural veld and are free-roaming in small to larger predator-controlled camps or farms [4]. ...
... This situation is not different in many game meat trading countries, where small wild ungulates are kept in natural veld and are free-roaming in small to larger predator-controlled camps or farms [4]. Controlled boundaries/fences are in place to ensure the continued production of the targeted species, for the monitoring of grazing, control of hunting, facilitation of breeding and self-sustainability of the game population in the farms [3]. However, surplus animals are generally hunted as part of the game management plan by trophy hunters, or culled for meat production by private hunters or commercial game meat organizations [5]. ...
Animal slaughter plans and related activities must not increase the number of hazards in meat. In their nature, these processes must reduce possible hazards to minimum or acceptable levels. This is a generally accepted concept worldwide; hence, authorities continue to develop regulations that seek to mitigate the scourge of meat hazards for consumer protection. The situation is similar with small wild ungulate meat, in which a hazard analysis plan needs developing to improve meat safety. This investigation follows a narrative review of articles published for a PhD program and other scholarly articles supporting the concept of a basic slaughter plan for small wild ungulate animals in South Africa. The findings of this investigation highlight the need to control hazards within one health concept plan, which should be implemented and propagated by establishing forums that will drive meat safety solutions in these communities. There should be a basic hygiene slaughter plan developed and endorsed by all members of the forum. The outcome must be the control of microbiological, chemical and physical hazards from farm-to-fork, and as part of a system imbedded in game meat policies and regulations.
... Furthermore, it is essential to note that financing options for wildlife ranching in South Africa may be influenced by market demand, economic conditions, and government policies (Taylor et al., 2020). In addition, challenges may be associated with financing, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the industry (Taylor et al., 2016). ...
... Between 130 000 and 170 000 animals are estimated to be translocated annually in South Africa alone, predominantly within the billion-dollar wildlife ranching industry, but also within the national and provincial protected area network. [6][7][8] The wildlife ranching industry in Namibia is growing rapidly, and many animals are translocated between southern African countries, and further afield, for conservation purposes. [9,10] Between 1973 and 1989, more than 700 translocation events took place per year in the USA, Australia, and New Zealand. ...
Many recent contributions have made a compelling case that genetic diversity is not adequately reflected in international frameworks and policies, as well as in local governmental processes implementing such frameworks. Using digital sequence information (DSI) and other publicly available data is supported to assess genetic diversity, toward formulation of practical actions for long‐term conservation of biodiversity, with the particular goal of maintaining ecological and evolutionary processes. Given the inclusion of specific goals and targets regarding DSI in the latest draft of the Global Biodiversity Framework negotiated at the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP15) in Montreal in December 2022 and the crucial decisions on access and benefit sharing to DSI that will be taken in the coming months and future COP meetings, a southern African perspective on how and why open access to DSI is essential for the conservation of intraspecific biodiversity (genetic diversity and structure) across country borders is provided.
... The wildlife sector in South Africa has developed tremendously over the last 3 decades, with a total number of wild mammals across South Africa (including private and public land) reported between 16 and 20 million animals (Taylor et al., 2016). In this industry, much of the economic value of wildlife can be attributed to horn size, which is an important trait for trophy hunters as well as for commercial breeders Lepori et al., 2019). ...
In animal breeding, a species sex can influence the value of the animal. For example, in the horse breeding industry, mares are preferred as polo horses, while in wildlife breeding males with larger horns are more valuable. Therefore, the economic advantages of knowing the unborn fetus' sex are important to successful animal management. Ultrasonography is used to determine the sex of unborn fetuses, but this method places additional stress on the animal and require specialized equipment and expertise. Conversely, molecular-based sexing techniques require less invasive sampling and can determine sex more reliably. Although in humans, various studies have evaluated the use of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) for prenatal sexing, very few animal studies have been published in this field. Several factors can affect the sensitivity of cffDNA-based sex determination, for example the gestational age. These factors are often not optimized and validated when establishing a protocol for prenatal sexing. In this review, we summarize the current literature on cffDNA in animals. We discuss the diagnostic applications and limitations in the use thereof in animal husbandry and wildlife management. Lastly, the feasibility of implementing diagnostic tests is evaluated and solutions are given to the current drawbacks of the technology.
... The Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer, Sparrman 1779) is a charismatic African bovid known for being one of the "Big Five". It is also a reservoir for important veterinary diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease, Corridor disease, brucellosis, and bovine tuberculosis (Laubscher & Hoffman, 2012), and is a highvalue species in both hunting and wildlife ranching, particularly in South Africa (Taylor, Lindsey, & Davies-Mostert, 2016). Consequently, this species has been well-studied from ecological, disease, and genetic perspectives throughout most of its range (Cornélis et al., 2014;de Jager et al., 2021;de Jager, Harper, & Bloomer, 2020;Heller, Lorenzen, Okello, Masembe, & Siegismund, 2008;Heller, Okello, & Siegismund, 2010;O'Ryan et al., 1998;Simonsen, Siegismund, & Arctander, 1998;Smitz et al., 2013;Smitz et al., 2014;van Hooft, Groen, & Prins, 2000, 2002. ...
The reduced costs of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has allowed researchers to generate nuclear and mitochondrial genome data to gain deeper insights into the phylogeography, evolutionary history, and biology of non-model species. While the Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) has been well-studied across its range with traditional genetic markers over the last 25 years, researchers are building on this knowledge by generating whole genome, population-level datasets to improve understanding of its genetic composition and evolutionary history. Using publicly available NGS data, we assembled 40 Cape buffalo mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from four protected areas in South Africa, expanding the geographical range and almost doubling the number of mitogenomes available for this species. Coverage of the mitogenomes ranged from 154-1,036X. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity for Kruger National Park (n = 15) and Mokala National Park (n = 5) were similar to diversity levels in southern and eastern Africa. Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (n = 15) had low levels of genetic diversity, with only four haplotypes detected, reflecting its past bottleneck. Addo Elephant National Park (n = 5) had the highest nucleotide diversity of all populations across Africa, which was unexpected, as it is known from previous studies to have low nuclear diversity. This diversity was driven by a highly divergent mitogenome from one sample, which was also identified in another sample via Sanger sequencing of cytochrome b. Using a fossil-calibrated phylogenetic analysis, we estimated that this mitogenome diverged from all other Cape buffalo approximately 2.15 million years ago. We discuss several potential sources of this mitogenome but propose that it most likely originated through introgressive hybridisation with the extinct long-horned buffalo, Syncerus (Pelorovis) antiquus. We conclude by discussing the conservation consequences of this finding for the Addo Elephant National Park population, proposing careful genetic management to prevent inbreeding depression while maintaining this highly unique diversity.
... Regarding the utilization of the area for captive breeding, there are at least two choices of captive systems that can develop, namely ranching and farming (Takandjandi 2015;Taylor et al. 2015;Ho et al. 2018;Krisna et al. 2020). One of the essential considerations that must be done first is the design of the optimal allocation of available space to suit the functions and needs of the site in the development of a captive deer unit (Yang et al. 2016;Selvarajah et al. 2022). ...
Subeno, Pudyatmoko S, Imron MA, Widi TSM. 2022. The importance of regulatory compliance in wildlife captive breeding: Case study from deer captive breeding in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 6128-6136. Indonesia has five deer species that the Indonesian government protects. Among these deer, Javan deer (Rusa timorensis) and sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) have received conservation attention through captive breeding. Despite this conservation approach being applied for these two species, a review on captive breeding implementation is still lacking. This research aimed to assess the management of captive breeding of two deer species, which will support the natural population of endangered species in Indonesia. A triangulation method is used to collect secondary data (documents), interviews, and field observations in Parengan of East Java for Javan deer and Dumai of Riau for sambar deer. Then we assessed the management aspect and the ability of captive breeding to contribute to the release program using descriptive qualitative analysis. The Pertamina RU 2 Dumai sambar deer captive breeding has been carried out since 2016. However, during four years of management, the documents required for captive management, assessed by the Nature Resources Conservation Agency (Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam/BKSDA), were not fully available. Consequently, the population increment in captive breeding could not participate in the release program. The Parengan Javan deer captive breeding was built in 2014. Management documents, population and habitat management were carried out intensively. As a result of the assessment by BKSDA East Java, this captive breeding received an excellent value (A). The population development showed an increasing trend. The results of this population development are then taken 10% to be released into the wild. In 2018, 4 captive-breed Javan deer were released in their natural habitat of Tahura R. Soeryo, East Java. The implication is that captive breeding, which is managed through proper management of population, habitat, and infrastructure, can contribute to supporting the addition of wildlife populations in their natural habitats.
... South Africa's economy relies heavily on the wildlife tourism sector (Taylor et al. 2016). Yet, government spending on environmental protection is below the global average and accounted for 0.7% of the annual budget in 2013/14 (Statistics SA 2015). ...
Conservationists speculated on potential benefits to wildlife of lockdown restrictions because of the COVID-19 pandemic but voiced concern that restrictions impeded nature conservation. We assessed the effects of lockdown restrictions on biodiversity conservation in South Africa, a biodiverse country with economic inequality and reliance on wildlife resources. We solicited expert opinion using the IUCN’s Threats Classification Scheme to structure a questionnaire and illustrated responses with individual case studies from government parastatal and non-governmental conservation organisations. The most highly reported threats were biological resource use, residential/commercial developments, invasive species, and human intrusions. The trends reported by 90 survey respondents were supported by case studies using environmental compliance data from parastatal conservation organisations. Lack of tourism revenue and funding were cited as hindrances to conservation. Mechanisms to prevent environmental degradation in the face of global emergencies must be implemented and ‘ring-fenced’ to ensure conservation is not a casualty during future global crises.
