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Examples of motor control exercises. A, Segmental stabilization (nonfunctional). B, Spinal dissociation (nonfunctional). C, Spinal dissociation (functional). D, Segmental movement control (nonfunctional). E, Whole-body coordination (functional).
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Context:
?Identification of strategies to prevent spinal injury, optimize rehabilitation, and enhance performance is a priority for practitioners. Different exercises produce different effects on neuromuscular performance. Clarity of the purpose of a prescribed exercise is central to a successful outcome. Spinal exercises need to be classified acc...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Exercise Objective Definition Mobility Mobility development (NF or F) Exercises intended to develop, maintain, or restore global spinal range of movement through a specific range of motion ( Figure 5). Motor control Segmental stabilization (NF) Exercises intended to retrain coordinated recruitment of the deep abdominal and back muscles through a submaximal voluntary isometric cocontraction performed in a neutral spine position ( Figure 6A). Spinal dissociation (NF) Neuromuscular patterning exercises intended to develop the ability to maintain a neutral spine through the appropriate recruitment of abdominal musculature while resisting forces created by movements of the appendicular skeleton during the performance of NF skilled movement tasks ( Figure 6B). ...
Context 2
... control Segmental stabilization (NF) Exercises intended to retrain coordinated recruitment of the deep abdominal and back muscles through a submaximal voluntary isometric cocontraction performed in a neutral spine position ( Figure 6A). Spinal dissociation (NF) Neuromuscular patterning exercises intended to develop the ability to maintain a neutral spine through the appropriate recruitment of abdominal musculature while resisting forces created by movements of the appendicular skeleton during the performance of NF skilled movement tasks ( Figure 6B). Spinal dissociation (F) Neuromuscular patterning exercises intended to develop the ability to maintain a neutral spine through the appropriate recruitment of abdominal musculature during the performance of F skilled movement tasks ( Figure 6C). ...
Context 3
... dissociation (NF) Neuromuscular patterning exercises intended to develop the ability to maintain a neutral spine through the appropriate recruitment of abdominal musculature while resisting forces created by movements of the appendicular skeleton during the performance of NF skilled movement tasks ( Figure 6B). Spinal dissociation (F) Neuromuscular patterning exercises intended to develop the ability to maintain a neutral spine through the appropriate recruitment of abdominal musculature during the performance of F skilled movement tasks ( Figure 6C). Segmental movement control (NF) Neuromuscular-patterning exercises intended to develop sequential segmental control of spinal movement through the appropriate recruitment of abdominal musculature during the performance of NF skilled movement tasks ( Figure 6D). ...
Context 4
... dissociation (F) Neuromuscular patterning exercises intended to develop the ability to maintain a neutral spine through the appropriate recruitment of abdominal musculature during the performance of F skilled movement tasks ( Figure 6C). Segmental movement control (NF) Neuromuscular-patterning exercises intended to develop sequential segmental control of spinal movement through the appropriate recruitment of abdominal musculature during the performance of NF skilled movement tasks ( Figure 6D). Whole-body coordination (F) Neuromuscular-patterning exercises intended to develop coordinated movement sequencing between the axial and appendicular skeleton during the performance of F skilled movement tasks ( Figure 6E). ...
Context 5
... movement control (NF) Neuromuscular-patterning exercises intended to develop sequential segmental control of spinal movement through the appropriate recruitment of abdominal musculature during the performance of NF skilled movement tasks ( Figure 6D). Whole-body coordination (F) Neuromuscular-patterning exercises intended to develop coordinated movement sequencing between the axial and appendicular skeleton during the performance of F skilled movement tasks ( Figure 6E). Work capacity Pillar conditioning (NF) Conditioning exercises intended to develop the ability to maintain a neutral spine while enduring forces from movement through a specific plane of motion during the performance of NF movement tasks ( Figure 7A). ...
Similar publications
Background: Previous studies have shown that aerobic exercise with cycle ergometer improves motor control.
Purpose: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis are to evaluate evidence about the effects of aerobic exercise with cycle ergometer on the balance of post-stroke patients, evaluated by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and funct...
Citations
... Some studies suggest that individuals with LBP exhibit altered neuromuscular activation patterns, particularly in the transversus abdominis and multifidus muscles, and that exercises focusing on core stability, such as Pilates, may help improve muscle activation and coordination [7,18,35]. Pilates exercises emphasize segmental spinal control and proprioceptive awareness, which may help restore normal neuromuscular function and reduce pain recurrence [36,37]. Additionally, the structured and supervised nature of the Pilates sessions may have contributed to higher adherence rates and more consistent execution of exercises compared to the home exercise group [18,38,39]. ...
Background
Subacute low back pain (LBP) is a critical phase that can determine long-term patient outcomes. Exercise therapy, including Pilates, is widely used to manage LBP, but its effectiveness in the subacute phase remains underexplored. This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effects of an 8-week Pilates-based intervention versus a home exercise program on pain intensity, functional disability, and quality of life in patients with subacute LBP.
Methods
Sixty-six participants with subacute LBP were randomized into two groups: a supervised Pilates group and a home exercise group. Pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale), functional disability (Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire), and quality of life (Short Form-36) were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up.
Results
Both groups exhibited significant improvements in all outcome measures ( p < 0.001). However, the Pilates group showed superior reductions in pain intensity ( p = 0.010 post-treatment, p = 0.002 at follow-up) and functional disability ( p = 0.009 and p = 0.002). Additionally, quality of life scores improved more significantly in the Pilates group, particularly in physical function ( p = 0.031 and p = 0.025) and general health ( p = 0.005 and p = 0.012).
Conclusions
Pilates-based rehabilitation was more effective than a home exercise program in improving pain, disability, and quality of life in patients with subacute LBP. These findings support the inclusion of Pilates in early-stage rehabilitation to prevent chronicity.
Trial registration
Clinical Trials Number: NCT06699511.
... Spinal mobility is among the factors affecting motor performance (Mischenko et al., 2020;Zemková et al., 2018). In order to provide this mobility at the optimum level, various interventions to the spine and its close components increase mobilization (Durmus et al., 2010;Spencer et al., 2016;Srokowska et al., 2019). Manipulative approaches are included in these interventions (Michener et al., 2015;Vieira-Pellenz et al., 2014). ...
The aim of this study is to examine the acute effects of thoracic manipulation on trunk flexion and balance characteristics in athletes. 60 male team athletes with a mean age of 22.60±0.32 years participated in the study voluntarily. Trunk flexion values and balance levels of all participants were determined before manipulation. After the measurements, the participants were randomly divided into two groups as the thoracic manipulation group (TMG) and the placebo manipulation group (PMG). Then, as a single session, thoracic manipulation was applied to the TMG group and placebo thoracic manipulation was applied to the PMG group. The trunk flexions and balance levels of each participant were remeasured after the application, and the differences before and after the application were examined. Since the data analyzed via SPSS 25.0 package program showed normal distribution, paired-t test was used to evaluate the pre-application and post-application results. The results were analyzed at the p
... Tissue tolerance may be classified as the outcome of work capacity, which has been defined as the 'ability to produce or tolerate variable intensities and durations of work and contributes to the ability of an athlete to perform efficiently in a given sport'. 29 Developing rowers' tissue tolerance across the key sites described above may increase the system's ability to produce more work for the duration of the race, allowing the desired musculature to tolerate a more significant workload at the intensity and duration required for sporting performance. For instance, as the knee and hip joints extend during the drive phase of the rowing stroke, the gluteus maximus, hamstrings, hip abductors, and adductors contract to stabilise the pelvis, and the psoas major plays a crucial role in directly stabilising the lumbar spine. ...
... The role of the spine has been defined as the 'ability to create, absorb and transfer force and motion to the terminal appendicular segments during the performance of skilled motor tasks'. 29 To perform these functions during rowing, both the local (erector spinae group, transverse abdominis, quadratus lumborum, and psoas major) and global (internal/ external obliques and rectus abdominis) musculature surrounding the trunk as well as the muscles of the lower and upper back (trapezius, rhomboids, and latissimus dorsi) co-contract to stabilise the spine. 19 The global muscles may not directly contribute towards segmental motion but create torque by moving the thoracic spine in relation to the lumbar spine. ...
... 2 Once desired standards for trunk tissue tolerance were attained, perturbations were added to develop static RFD or stiffness (particularly of the aponeurosis surrounding the trunk, i.e. thoracolumbar fascia), which has been defined as 'the trunk's ability to resist deformation from yielding forces and maintain spinal posture'. 29 This may play a more significant role in transferring force across the kinetic chain and during the start of a race, where there is a greater demand for producing high forces. Although other methods may be used to train the trunk, isolating the trunk through isometric holds may remove any limitations from the upper extremity. ...
Coaches within the same sport often have varying methods to achieve performance outcomes, and, therefore, it is crucial to understand their performance model to maximise the impact of strength and conditioning (S&C) support. Having a deliberate approach for understanding the demands of a sport from a sports coach's lens and aligning S&C support to the coaches' performance model rather than utilising a generic needs analysis to guide S&C support is vital to provide impactful S&C support. The multi-disciplinary team (MDT) may also play a pivotal role in providing insight into various aspects of performance beyond a generic needs analysis. It is to the S&C coaches' advantage to utilise the expertise of the MDT. Finally, the S&C coach must develop a technical framework that consists of avenues of impact or objectives for S&C support and demonstrates how biomotor qualities developed within the S&C programme may support determinants of performance and technical models for key sporting actions, in line with the coaches' performance principles. The current paper aims to utilise the authors' experience of working with the head coach of two national rowing performance programmes over the last three Olympic cycles, with specific reference to the preparation for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic games to articulate a philosophical approach for aligning S&C support to a coach's performance model.
... 4 Poor ergonomic maladaptation can develop as a result of repeated tensile loading. 5 The potential risk of injury is related with increased participation, intensity and demands, as well as longer training periods. 6 The high repetition can enhance the stress on musculoskeletal system, resulting in overload injury which involves both internal and external factors including muscle imbalance, nutritional status, false approach, growth peculiarities, poor equipment, skill level, conditioning and environmental setting. ...
Objectives: The purpose of the study was to determine the frequency and common area of musculoskeletal discomfort among table tennis players and to find out the association between participation limitation and level of musculoskeletal pain/discomfort. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional survey conducted on 148 table tennis players from March 2019 to August 2019. Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire, Numeric Pain Rating Scale and a self-structured questionnaire were used for data collection from sports clubs, academies and universities of twin cities of Pakistan (Rawalpindi and Islamabad). Regular or professional players aged 18-45 years were included while beginners, injured persons due to cause other than table tennis and people with congenital abnormalities were excluded from the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS-v21. Results: Majority (81.08%) of the participants experienced mild to severe musculoskeletal pain. Spine had the highest frequency of discomfort (39.2%). No association was found between musculoskeletal pain/discomfort and participation limitation. Conclusion: In conclusion, musculoskeletal discomfort was prominent among more than three fourth of the participants. Lower back and shoulder were the most prevalent areas of discomfort. Majority of the participants did not miss the game due to pain and no association was found between musculoskeletal discomfort and participation limitation.
... If a martial arts athlete receives special technical training, he must first practice the technique and then perform special strength training with his hand and waist. When training legs, etc., the load is relatively intensely concentrated on the elbows, waist, and knees, which can also cause fatigue and damage in various parts [3]. New rehabilitation training can improve your health and meet your daily exercise needs. ...
This paper is aimed at exploring the characteristics of research on prevention and treatment of sports injuries and rehabilitation physical training of Wushu athletes. It also considers the application of rehabilitation physical training in the rehabilitation of Wushu athletes. By searching literature, conducting questionnaires, and combining mathematical statistics, it studies the injury prevention and rehabilitation training of Wushu athletes. This paper chooses the level of first class and above of sports, and a total of 50 elite male and female Wushu athletes were systematically trained as subjects of study. Athletes, aged 15 to 20 years, were trained for 2 to 5 years, 35 male athletes and 15 female athletes. Different from traditional rehabilitation therapy, athletes’ physical rehabilitation training is also different from traditional sports rehabilitation treatment. By evaluating the physical condition of athletes, the causes of sports injuries were analyzed, to formulate special rehabilitation training programs and carry out athletes’ rehabilitation training targeted and purposeful. Record the experimental data and analyze the experimental results. The experimental results show that physical rehabilitation training can make athletes avoid the influence of unsafe factors of sports injury, improve the safety of training, and effectively prevent sports injury. The experimental results show that physical rehabilitation training combined with rehabilitation medicine has obvious advantages, which can make Wushu athletes recover quickly without sequelae.
... Methods: A total of 20 players with LBP from the second soccer division league were allocated equally to the experimental and control groups (n=10. On the other hand, movement improves the size and function of trunk muscles in elite soccer players with and without LBP [36] optimize rehabilitation, and enhance performance is a priority for practitioners. Different exercises produce different effects on neuromuscular performance. ...
Purpose: Low back pain (LBP) is the most common musculoskeletal disorder reported in the community, leading to chronic pain and disability. This review aims to determine the effectiveness of prevention and management protocols on LBP in athletes. Methods: Searches were conducted from 2010 to 2022 from international databases, including Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed using keywords related to back pain in athletes. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) presenting the prevention and management protocol for back pain of athletes were included in this review. The physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale was used to check the quality of articles. Results: Finally, 16 articles with 1,317 subjects met the inclusion criteria. These studies have mainly focused on the effect of taping, cognitive functional approach, movement patterns, conditioning, lifestyle, motor control, segmental motion, isokinetic, core stabilization, virtual reality training, dynamic and static stretching, Mézières method, functional movement screen, and semi-customized exercises in athletes at risk of LBP. The positive effect of stability and cognitive exercises were documented. Conclusion: The deep and superficial muscle integration exercises by correcting the body posture and correct muscle calling had the greatest effect on the balance of the muscles.
... It is of note that research has shown that gentle abdominal bracing and improvement in trunk muscle functions can facilitate recovery from injury and relieve chronic lower back pain. [9][10][11] Improvement in the trunk muscular strength, flexibility, endurance, coordination, balance, and movement efficiency are components necessary to achieve functional movement in patients with spinal disorders asides being integral to the performance-and sport-related skills. [8,9,12,13] Trunk-related dysfunction in patients with low back pain (LBP) has been identified in literature which is reduced endurance of the back extensors [14][15][16][17] and delayed essential feed-forward postural responses of deep abdominal muscles especially in patients with chronic LBP. ...
... [9][10][11] Improvement in the trunk muscular strength, flexibility, endurance, coordination, balance, and movement efficiency are components necessary to achieve functional movement in patients with spinal disorders asides being integral to the performance-and sport-related skills. [8,9,12,13] Trunk-related dysfunction in patients with low back pain (LBP) has been identified in literature which is reduced endurance of the back extensors [14][15][16][17] and delayed essential feed-forward postural responses of deep abdominal muscles especially in patients with chronic LBP. In a similar vein, a positive relationship between the trunk muscle endurance and onset of lower limb-related injuries of athletic individuals without back pain has been reported. ...
Background: Abdominal bracing is one of the most effective techniques for core muscle training, which if combined with treadmill walk (TW) could provide trunk muscle endurance Trunk muscle endurance, despite being observed as an important factor and a huge component of core spinal stability, especially in holding up the spine during prolonged functional activity, prevention and rehabilitation of lumbar mechanical problems and performance enhancer in sports, the impacts of combining core muscle activation with TW exercises on trunk muscle endurance has not be succinctly investigated. Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of combining abdominal bracing with TW on trunk muscles endurance. Materials and Methods: Eighteen apparently healthy young adults were randomized into three groups (TW without abdominal bracing, TW combined with abdominal bracing and control). McGill endurance test measures were carried out at baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention. All participants followed the assigned intervention protocols. Results: One way analysis of variance did not show a significant between‑group difference in the postintervention endurance of trunk muscle among the three groups (P > 0.05). In the TW combined with the abdominal bracing group, paired‑t test showed significant within‑group difference in the form of an increase in the holding times (endurance) for the right lateral flexors (t = −3.758, P = 0.013), left lateral flexors (t = −4.096, P = 0.005), and extensors (t = −2.441, P = 0.050). Conclusion: Combining abdominal bracing with TW can be used to improve trunk muscle function through facilitation of trunk muscle endurance.
... Although there is a lack of consensus on the duration of these programs, the recommendations of the scientific literature suggest that a program focused on training the lumbopelvic complex should establish a frequency of 2 to 4 sessions over a period of 4 to 8 weeks 14,17,18 . However, the selection of the exercises to be applied in these programs generates greater controversy in the literature, without clarifying which exercises are most effective for improving the endurance, stability or strength of this complex 9,10,[19][20][21][22] . ...
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of short-term lumbopelvic stability training on muscular endurance and stability in elite female cyclists. Methods: Twenty-four female road cyclists were randomly allocated to a core training group (CTG, n=12) or control group (CG, n=12). In addition to their scheduled training the CTG performed a core training program, that consisted of 6 core exercises performed in a session every other day until a total of 8 training sessions were completed. The CG did not receive the core training program and completed their scheduled
training. The lumbopelvic-hip complex was assessed pre- and post-core program included the following exercises: single
leg deadlift (SLD), bird-dog (BD), plank test (PT), and side-bridge plank test (SPT). Results: In comparison to CG, CTG
significantly improved the time to failure in PT, SPT-Left, and SPT-Right (p<0.05). Further, CTG resulted in a significant decrease in SLD (p<0.05) compared to CG for the three accelerometry measures. Conclusion: The present results indicate that following 8 sessions of lumbopelvic stability training muscular endurance and core stability were enhanced.
... After developing an understanding of the kinematics and associated kinetics of a sporting action, the force-tension and length-tension relationships of different structures may be altered by developing biomotor qualities such as Fmax, RFD, tissue tolerance, and MTU stiffness, as well as the range of movement (ROM), within the S&C program. Tissue tolerance has been defined as the "ability to produce or tolerate variable intensities and durations of work and contributes to the ability of an athlete to perform efficiently in a given sport" (47). Finally, in team sports such as soccer, where the role of the S&C coach may include monitoring of field-based training load using GPS technology, collaboration with the sports coach may be essential to avoid rapid spikes in on-field training load (23), as well as ensuring that the planning of training within the week provides an adequate stimulus to prepare athletes for match play. ...
... In another scenario, the rowing stroke has been linked to a high incidence of discogenic lower back pain (LBP) (47). The lumbar spine is the most prevalent injury site within the sport, accounting for 53% of all reported injuries. ...
... The lumbar spine is the most prevalent injury site within the sport, accounting for 53% of all reported injuries. Also, it has been observed that 32-53% of rowers will experience LBP within 1 year of competitive activity (47). Lower back injuries are typically chronic injuries that occur due to hightraining volumes (180-220 km per week) and stroke kinematics (49). ...
Successful performance in sport is a multifactorial process that includes a blend of technical, tactical, physiological, biomechanical, and psychological features interacting together to result in the desired performance outcome. The strength and conditioning (S&C) program, depending on the sport, can support performance by influencing the physiological and biomechanical components through direct and indirect avenues of impact. Performance planning to achieve identified objectives is typically a long-term process, ranging from a year in seasonal professional team sports to a four-year Olympic cycle. It is critical to
develop and implement key strategic processes to ensure that the S&C program effectively supports performance at major competitions. Furthermore, it is essential to have clarity for the role of S&C within the overall sports training program. Having a clear approach to deconstructing and understanding performance from a human performance perspective, showing how and where the impact on performance can be made, and objectively demonstrating the contribution to performance variables is vital.
The current article uses the author’s experience of working across a range of Olympic and professional sports to articulate a process for strategic planning and managing S&C support from a
technical perspective. Examples from various sports have been used to illustrate critical strategic processes.
... A recent systematic review aimed to evaluate effectiveness and optimal dosage of different chronic non-specific neck pain (CNSNP) exercise programmes categorised by their intended effect on spinal function [24]. Exercises were categorised as motor control (submaximal effort exercises for the deep cervical muscles, improving co-ordination and sequential spinal control); segmental (exercises for the superficial cervical muscles improving the ability of the neck to produce, transfer and absorb force); pillar (exercises intended to develop the ability of the spine to maintain a neutral position) or upper limb (exercises intended to change the neuromuscular performance of the shoulder or shoulder girdle musculature) (Fig 1) [25]. Although the mechanisms by which exercise interventions improve pain or disability are unclear (e.g. ...
Background
Chronic non-specific neck pain is highly prevalent, resulting in significant disability. Despite exercise being a mainstay treatment, guidance on optimal exercise and dosage variables is lacking. Combining submaximal effort deep cervical muscles exercise (motor control) and superficial cervical muscles exercise (segmental) reduces chronic non-specific neck pain, but evaluation of optimal exercise and dosage variables is prevented by clinical heterogeneity.
Objective
To gain consensus on important motor control and segmental exercise and dosage variables for chronic non-specific neck pain.
Methods
An international 3-round e-Delphi study, was conducted with experts in neck pain management (academic and clinical). In round 1, exercise and dosage variables were obtained from expert opinion and clinical trial data, then analysed thematically (two independent researchers) to develop themes and statements. In rounds 2 and 3, participants rated their agreement with statements (1–5 Likert scale). Statement consensus was evaluated using progressively increased a priori criteria using descriptive statistics.
Results
Thirty-seven experts participated (10 countries). Twenty-nine responded to round 1 (79%), 26 round 2 (70%) and 24 round 3 (65%). Round 1 generated 79 statements outlining the interacting components of exercise prescription. Following rounds 2 and 3, consensus was achieved for 46 important components of exercise and dosage prescription across 5 themes (clinical reasoning, dosage variables, exercise variables, evaluation criteria and progression) and 2 subthemes (progression criteria and progression variables). Excellent agreement and qualitative data supports exercise prescription complexity and the need for individualised, acceptable, and feasible exercise. Only 37% of important exercise components were generated from clinical trial data. Agreement was highest (88%-96%) for 3 dosage variables: intensity of effort, frequency, and repetitions.
Conclusion
Multiple exercise and dosage variables are important, resulting in complex and individualised exercise prescription not found in clinical trials. Future research should use these important variables to prescribe an evidence-informed approach to exercise.
