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Aromatherapy massage is a treatment in which essential oils are used. It combines the beneficial effects of manual massage technique, essential and carrier oils. Base oils are the mediators of aromatherapy; they improve contact between the masseur`s hands and the patient`s body and have nurturing properties. The present paper focuses on plant oils...
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Citations
... Complementary compounds enhance the efficacy and safety of aromatherapy products. Carrier oils like jojoba and sweet almond oil dilute essential oils for safe topical use and aid in skin absorption [46,47]. Waxes such as beeswax provide structural integrity to candles [48]. ...
This chapter delves into the holistic practice of aromatherapy, which harnesses the therapeutic potential of aromatic compounds in essential oils derived from medicinal plants to support physical, emotional, and mental health. The chapter traces the historical roots of aromatherapy, emphasizing its revered role in ancient civilizations, where aromatic substances were utilized for their healing properties. Examining aromatherapy through chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological lenses underscores the diverse therapeutic applications of essential oils. A focal point of the chapter is the introduction of the aroma wheel, a tool that categorizes and elucidates the intricate scents of essential oils, aiding in their practical application. The chapter also explores the extensive trade of spices and aromatic substances—such as musk, ambergris, camphor, and sandalwood—during the medieval period, particularly in the East and Spain. A notable figure in this historical narrative is the Spanish physician and aromatherapist Albucasis, who extensively addressed the use of aromatherapy in the nineteenth book of his influential work, Kitab al-Tasrif. By offering a comprehensive overview of the historical, chemical, and therapeutic dimensions of aromatherapy, this chapter serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in natural medicine, illustrating how the power of scent can significantly enhance health and well-being.
... These oils can be used individually or in various combinations, sometimes blended with essential oils or herbal extracts. They are employed to massage and nourish the body during spa treatments [1,5,13]. Moreover, certain formulations may incorporate beeswax to enhance the viscosity of spa massage oil products. ...
... In the study of the chemical structure of Krabok seed oil using the 13 However, in the 13 C-NMR spectrum of FAEE synthesized from Krabok seed oil, the main structure observed is a monoglyceride compound. Nonetheless, a small amount of the precursor triglyceride structure is still detectable indicating that the reaction may not have been fully completed [16,26,40,41]. ...
... H-NMR spectrum of (a) the obtained Krabok seed oil as raw material, (b) uncompleted transesterification reaction to produce FAEE product and (c) completed transesterification reaction to produce FAEE product from Krabok seed oil.13 C-NMR spectrum of (a) the obtained Krabok seed oil as raw material and (b) 13 C-NMR spectrum of completed transesterification reaction to produce FAEE product from Krabok seed oil. ...
This study focused on synthesizing fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) from Krabok (Irvingia malayana) seed oil via transesterification for use as the primary ingredient in herbal massage oil production. Optimal conditions included 5 wt.% of KOH catalyst compared to the oil weight, 15:1 molar ratio of ethanol to Krabok seed oil, 60 min for reaction time and reaction temperature of 78 ± 3 °C, resulting in FAEE yields as high as 99.83 ± 0.17 %. Analysis using FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, and GC techniques revealed FAEE as ester-type compounds, primarily comprising lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic acid (C14:0), constituting 97 wt.% saturated fatty acids and 3 wt.% unsaturated fatty acids. Physicochemical properties indicated clear yellow liquids with viscosity of 1.73 ± 0.03 cSt/s, density of 0.8199 ± 0.0049 g/cm3, cloud point of +4 °C, and pour point of –1 °C. Acid value, free fatty acid content, iodine value, water content and oxidation stability were measured at 0.703 ± 0.001 mg KOH/g of oil, 0.354 ± 0.001 wt.%, 0.59 ± 0.04 g I2/100 g of oil, 1482.3 ± 6.15 ppm, and greater than 12 h, respectively. When the synthesized FAEE was used to produce herbal massage oil products, the results showed that the herbal massage oil products were characterized as a clear yellow liquid with no sediment, low viscosity, and pH in the range of 5 - 6, meeting standard criteria. Thus, FAEE derived from Krabok seed oil is suitable as a primary ingredient for herbal massage oil production, enhancing the value of local resources within the community. HIGHLIGHTS Under optimal conditions of 5 wt.% KOH catalyst, 15:1 ethanol to oil ratio, 60 min at 78 ± 3 °C, FAEE was synthesized from Krabok seed oil for herbal massage oil, yielding 99.83 ± 0.17 %. FAEE, identified via FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, and GC, comprises 97 wt.% saturated fatty acids (lauric acid and myristic acid) and 3 wt.% unsaturated. The herbal massage oil derived from FAEE as the primary ingredient meets clarity, low viscosity, and pH 5 - 6 standards. FAEE from Krabok seed oil enhances the value of local resources. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
... In this study, to make aromatherapy more safe aromatic oils were diluted in grape seed oil, grape seed oil is one of the vegetable oils that are considered odorless and plays a base oil role to ensure the harmony of the oil mixture [45]. Furthermore, aromatherapy in this study was delivered through an external 3D printed box which was put in the circle hole on the top of the nitrous oxide nasal mask that makes the odor from aromatic oils easy to remove and suppling oxygen in the case of respiratory sensitives could happen. ...
Aim
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of aromatherapy with Lavender-Neroli essential oil combined with background music in reducing dental anxiety and pain during anesthesia in children.
Materials and methods
A total of 56 children aged 6–10 years old who needed dental treatment with inferior alveolar nerve injection (IANB) were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 (Experimental, n = 28) aromatherapy with music group, and Group 2 (Control, n = 28) the placebo group. Children in the group 1 were asked to inhale the aromatic blend of Lavender-Neroli essential oil using a nasal mask similar to one that is used for nitrous oxide after modifying it by adding a 3D printed box on its circle hole and listening to their favorite music as a background before 5 min and during anesthesia, meanwhile in the placebo group children were asked to wear an empty nasal mask. Anxiety and pain were been assessed before and after anesthesia using the self-report anxiety scale Facial image scale (FIS), Observational pain assessment scale Face-Legs-Activity-Cry-Consolability (FLACC), heart rate, SPO2 saturation, diastolic and systolic blood pressure.
Results
Dental anxiety and vital signs except SPO2 saturation were significantly lower in the aromatherapy with music group when compared to the control group ( p < 0.05), with no differences in pain perception between groups ( p = 0.176).
Conclusions
Aromatherapy with Lavender-Neroli oil combined with music seems to be a useful and safe non-pharmacologic technique for managing dental anxiety in children.
... Massage is a complementary therapy that is widely used in palliative care. It has been shown to be physically and psychologically beneficial in reducing anxiety and tension, as well as lowering heart rate and blood pressure (Michalak, 2018;Rafii et al., 2020). ...
... Because it is a light, nonvolatile vegetable oil that is easily absorbed by the skin and has hardly any flavor of its own, sweet almond carrier oil been been chosen. Tocopherols (vitamin E) found in it are beneficial for treating skin conditions (Michalak, 2018). Lavender oil was chosen for the aromatherapy massage because of its comforting, pleasant scent, as well as its antiinflammatory, antibacterial, nontoxic, and nonirritating characteristics. ...
Background:
Palliative care is the active holistic treatment of people of all ages who have serious health-related suffering as a result of severe illness, and especially of those who are close to the end of life. Palliative care is provided to cancer patients who experience serious suffering that cannot be relieved without professional intervention and that compromises physical, social, spiritual, and emotional functioning. A straightforward, low-risk, and affordable palliative care approach may be provided through aromatherapy, a type of complementary and alternative medicine. The study objective is to assess the comparative effectiveness of massage, aromatherapy massage, and massage combined with aromatherapy inhalation on cancer patients receiving palliative care.
Methods:
A total of 100 participants who were divided into four groups at random. The first group, designated as the control group, received standard hospital nursing care, the second group received massage only (using the odorless almond carrier oil), the third group received massage with lavender oil, and the fourth group received combined (inhalation and massage) aromatherapy. The Rotterdam Symptom Checklist (RSCL), given two weeks after aromatherapy, was used to examine participants' perspectives of care.
Results:
On the RSCL, combined aromatherapy performed best. In terms of reported physical symptoms, psychological symptoms, and activities, there were statistically significant differences between the scores of the control group and each of the experimental groups. Nonetheless, the total quality of life score showed no significant difference between the control group and the massage only group (t = 0.529, p = 0.60).
Conclusions:
When paired with aromatherapy inhalation, massage has a positive effect on physical, psychological symptoms, activities, and overall quality of life for cancer patients receiving early palliative care. Nurses and other healthcare providers are recommended to support programs that provide message therapy to reduce reported bodily symptoms, psychological problems, and limited activities among cancer patients.
... As well as a tasty and nutritious addition to the diet, almonds are also used medicinally, especially in the treatment of kidney stones, gallstones and constipation (Fairchild, 1902). Almond oil is used to treat dry skin conditions and as a carrier oil in aromatherapy (Ahmad, 2010;Michalak, 2018). The seeds also have demulcent, emollient and laxative properties (Ellison & al., 1978;Moertel & al., 1982;Milazzo & al., 2006) and the leaves and nuts are used in the treatment of diabetes (Jenkins & al., 2008). ...
The typifications of the scientific names of the common almond Amygdalus dulcis (≡ Prunus dulcis ; Rosaceae, Prunoideae) and the Mediterranean almond tree A. webbii (≡ P. webbii ), a wild relative of the common almond, are discussed. Amygdalus dulcis is neotypified on a specimen at VAL recently collected from a living tree of the variety of almond most similar to the original description. Amygdalus webbii is lectotypified on a specimen preserved at P collected by Pierre Martin Rémi Aucher‐Éloy.
... Its known that essential oils or volatile oils have antibacterial, antifungal, anti carcinogenic and anti stress effects on body (1)(2)(3). Antimicrobial effects of oils have been used in alternative medicine since ancient times (4). Essential oils can be purified by methods such as steam distillation, hydrodiffusion, hydrodistilation or solvent extraction (5). ...
... Its known that essential oils or volatile oils have antibacterial, antifungal, anti carcinogenic and anti stress effects on body (1)(2)(3). Antimicrobial ...
... The affluence and variation in jojoba seed particles make the shrub a vigorous agent to inhibit the devastation of RINm5f beta cells encouraged by hyperglycaemia, lessening 59% of simmondsin and 69% of reactive O 2 species for watery extract (Belhadj et al. 2018). Jojoba volatile oils, one of the unique properties that can be used with other essential oils, can work as carriers for massage oils in aromatherapy process (Michalak 2018). ...
The main goal of this chapter is to discuss the multiple usage of plants, one of which is its usage for medicinal and pharmaceutical applications besides their potential role in improving the environment. The chapter will be focusing on a few plants which have medicinal properties and potential pharmaceutical/industry applications. Generally, medicinal plants used for traditional medicine play a significant role in the healthcare of the majority of people in many developing countries. At the same time, those plants can play a bigger role in solving many environmental issues like the gradual conversion of habitable land used for agriculture into a desert and reduce the carbon footprint. In this chapter, we will be discussing and reviewing the major role of multiple usage of shrubs growing or potentially can be grown in arid and semi-arid areas such as jojoba, Aloe vera, Moringa and Acacia.
... A certain minimum amount of oil mixture should be applied to an area where possible reactions can be observed for 24-48 hours for high sensitivity. If redness, itching or swelling is observed after application, the tested oil/oils should not be used (43,44). ...
... Olive oil is shown as the best choice, especially for baby skin. Considering the positive effect of olive oil massage on weight gain in premature babies, it is recommended that nurses should use oil in infant massage in neonatal units (24,44). However, recent studies have shown that oleic acid in olive oil delays the healing of the skin's protective layer (skin barrier) in damaged skin (37), and there is limited evidence for the use of olive oil (47).On the other hand, oils with higher oleic acid content, such as olive oil, are now widely avoided for use in neonates, as they can be irritating and damaging to the integrity of the skin barrier when used as a moisturizer. ...
... It has almost no odor, is full of vitamins, is easily absorbed through the skin, and has no harmful effects if swallowed by the baby. Sunflower oil is rich in linoleic acid content (about 60,9%) and acts as an aromatherapy tool during the massage, nourishes the skin, is an oil with healing, moisturizing, antibacterial, regenerating, and restructuring properties, and strengthens the stratum corneum (37,44). Fallah et al. (2013) concluded that sunflower oil massage could be used as an effective and safe intervention for weight gain in preterm newborns with very low birth weight. ...
Massage has been practiced in infant care for many years since it creates a good mother-infant bond, contributes to the prevention of morbidity, and provides better physical development. Baby oil massage has been shown to have several benefits in neonates. However, recent studies have reported that not all oils are appropriate for baby massage. This study was conducted to discuss the results of studies on the benefits of oil massage, which can affect skin properties and functions during the maturation process of the neonate whose skin has still not fully developed, and the possible effects of oils. In the study, it was also aimed to briefly review the safety of oils to be used in neonate skincare or massage, the importance of knowing the properties of herbal oils before choosing or using a particular one for a massage, and the role of professionals and parents. Moreover, up-to-date information on the use and effects of different herbal oils on the massage of preterm and term babies was provided. Studies show that more research is needed to clearly answer which herbal oil is more effective and safer for infant massage.
... Vegetable oils such as sweet almond oil help skin care and facilitate the contact between the massager hand and the patient's body. [19] The control group used only their previous treatments and did not receive any intervention. The questionnaires were completed by the mothers of the two groups both before and after the intervention. ...
Background:
Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches have been proposed to control the symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foot massage by a mother on the severity of ADHD symptoms in children.
Materials and methods:
This study was a randomized controlled trial conducted on 56 children who referred to psychiatric clinics affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in Iran, 2018. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. In the intervention group, after giving massage therapy training to the mother, the mother massaged her child's foot three times a week for 1 month. The data were collected using the ADHD questionnaire. Data were analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics (independent t-test, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and Chi-square test).
Results:
Comparison of the mean score of ADHD symptoms, after the intervention, showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the dimensions of the memory and attention deficit (t47 = 3.42, p = 0.001), lack of responsibility and organization (t47 = 7.16, p < 0.001), lack of cooperation with others (t47= 5.23, p < 0.001), and the total score of symptom severity (t47 = 3.78, p < 0.001).
Conclusions:
Massage therapy is affordable and low-cost care that together with pharmacotherapy programs can reduce some symptoms of ADHD.
