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Background
Injury and illness surveillance, and epidemiological studies, are fundamental elements of concerted efforts to protect the health of the athlete. To encourage consistency in the definitions and methodology used, and to enable data across studies to be compared, research groups have published 11 sport- or setting-specific consensus statem...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... encourage researchers to develop and use measures that will help identify injuries and illnesses that involve mixed acute and repetitive mechanisms. Data collectors should consider whether a health problem results from a clear acute mechanism, clear repetitive mechanism, or appears to include a mix of both elements (Table 1). Examples 1 and 3 in Table 1 reflect clear acute and repetitive etiology, respectively, whereas example 2 represents a mixed etiology. ...Context 2
... collectors should consider whether a health problem results from a clear acute mechanism, clear repetitive mechanism, or appears to include a mix of both elements (Table 1). Examples 1 and 3 in Table 1 reflect clear acute and repetitive etiology, respectively, whereas example 2 represents a mixed etiology. ...Context 3
... number of time-loss days should be counted from the day after the onset that the athlete is unable to participate (day 1) through the day before the athlete is fully available for training and competition. Therefore, cases in which an athlete does not complete a particular competition or training session but returns on the same or following day should be recorded as 0 days of time loss (see Table 10 for examples). We note that in some cases, time loss does not follow immediately after the health problem occurred and may be delayed and/or intermittent (Table 10). ...Context 4
... cases in which an athlete does not complete a particular competition or training session but returns on the same or following day should be recorded as 0 days of time loss (see Table 10 for examples). We note that in some cases, time loss does not follow immediately after the health problem occurred and may be delayed and/or intermittent (Table 10). ...Context 5
... A recent study showed that researchinvolved staff recording the data in a surveillance program reported a greater number of mild injuries than did nonresearchers. 109 An example of specific measures to improve the reliability of a surveillance project is illustrated in Table 11, based on the procedure of the Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project. 29 ...Context 6
... attention must be directed to the security of data stored on cloud-based systems and other electronic repositories. Researchers must adhere to the data protection TABLE 11 Implementation Recommendations for Injury/Illness Surveillance The implementation of an injury and illness surveillance project should include the following aspects: ...Context 7
... of injury have been presented in Table A1 as "per 10,000 tackles" and "per 10,000 player-hours." If data were reported using only the time-based denominator, as has been the case in most studies of sports injury epidemiology, the conclusion drawn would be that "high" and "middle" tackles are those that carry the greatest risk to ball carriers. ...Similar publications
Injury and illness surveillance, and epidemiological studies, are fundamental elements of concerted efforts to protect the health of the athlete. To encourage consistency in the definitions and methodology used, and to enable data across studies to be compared, research groups have published 11 sport-specific or setting-specific consensus statement...
Citations
... 11 12 20 Hinz et al 11 reported an incidence of 308 injuries per 1000 athlete years and a 3-year injury incidence of 69% in their survey study of 1140 participants. 11 However, their stringent injury definition: 'Injuries necessitating an absence from training for at least 2 weeks', only entails complete time loss injuries and fails to include injuries that were substantial enough to modify training or seek medical attention but not to cease training altogether, 17 which may have resulted in underreporting. McDonald et al 12 used a more inclusive injury definition, including injuries requiring medical attention. ...
Objectives
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) is a rapidly growing combat sport characterised by ground fighting and submission techniques. There are limited data regarding BJJ injuries. This study described the incidence and characteristics of injuries in BJJ practitioners.
Methods
This retrospective survey targeted BJJ practitioners globally who trained at least once per week. The survey was distributed online and via posters at multiple Dutch BJJ competitions. Data collection took place from 15 February 2024 to 17 March 2024. We collected training, competition and injury data from the past 12 months. Complaints that required medical attention caused time loss (≥1 week) or led to training modification (≥2 weeks) were defined as an injury.
Results
Of 881 participants, 817 (90%) were male, and the average age was 30.8 years (SD 8.6). Injury information was provided on a total of 888 injuries. The injury incidence was 5.5 (95% CI 4.9 to 6.1) per 1000 hours in training and 55.9 (95% CI 38.8 to 73.0) injuries per 1000 matches, with a higher rate observed among participants with a higher belt level. Most injuries (n=789, 89%) occurred during training, mainly (n=620, 79%) during sparring. The knees (n=223, 25%) and shoulders (n=114, 13%) were the most affected body regions.
Conclusions
This study found an injury incidence of 5.5 per 1000 hours of training and 55.9 per 1000 matches for BJJ practitioners. Future preventative practices should focus on the free sparring part of training to be most effective. Future studies should also monitor BJJ practitioners prospectively to understand injury aetiology better.
... Scientific research should be carried out to prevent sports injuries. For this purpose, valid and reliable assessment methods are needed to reduce the number of sports injuries (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). As a result of the investigations (3,5) different methods and technologies have been proposed to assess and identify injury risk factors. ...
... For this purpose, valid and reliable assessment methods are needed to reduce the number of sports injuries (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). As a result of the investigations (3,5) different methods and technologies have been proposed to assess and identify injury risk factors. ...
... Sports injuries can affect the health and performance of athletes. Therefore, studies and research should be conducted to assess the risk of injury in athletes, thus contributing new knowledge to science (3,5). In addition, there is a need to preserve the health and well-being of professional players when faced with a high frequency of extremely demanding matches (7). ...
Background: Scientific research should be carried out to prevent sports injuries. For this purpose, new assessment technologies must be used to analyze and identify the risk factors for injury. The main objective of this systematic review was to compile, synthesize and integrate international research published in different scientific databases on Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and Tensiomyography (TMG) tests and technologies for the assessment of injury risk in sport. This way, this review determines the current state of the knowledge about this topic and allows a better understanding of the existing problems, making easier the development of future lines of research.
Methodology: A structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the PICOS model until November 30, 2024, in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, SciELO, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus and Scopus databases. The risk of bias was assessed and the PEDro scale was used to analyze methodological quality.
Results: A total of 510 articles were obtained in the initial search. After inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final sample was 40 articles. These studies maintained a high standard of quality. This revealed the effects of the CMJ, FMS and TMG methods for sports injury assessment, indicating the sample population, sport modality, assessment methods, type of research design, study variables, main findings and intervention effects.
Conclusions: The CMJ vertical jump allows us to evaluate the power capacity of the lower extremities, both unilaterally and bilaterally, detect neuromuscular asymmetries and evaluate fatigue. Likewise, FMS could be used to assess an athlete's basic movement patterns, mobility and postural stability. Finally, TMG is a non-invasive method to assess the contractile properties of superficial muscles, monitor the effects of training, detect muscle asymmetries, symmetries, provide information on muscle tone and evaluate fatigue. Therefore, they should be considered as assessment tests and technologies to individualize training programs and identify injury risk factors.
... These conflicting results lead an unclear understanding of the extent to which the risk of RRIs differs between foot strike patterns. Furthermore, these previous studies did not provide injury risk ratio (IRR) and specific injury site, as outlined in the current International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement for the recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in 2020 [17]. These insufficient epidemiological data on foot strike patterns and RRIs among middleand long-distance runners represent a crucial gap in the aforementioned steps for injury prevention. ...
... RRI history was aggregated, and the responses were categorized into eight sites: hip, groin, thigh (anterior/posterior), knee (anterior/posterior/ medial/lateral), lower leg (anterior/posterior/medial/ lateral), Achilles tendon, ankle (anterior/posterior), and foot/toe (anterior/posterior). The thigh, knee, lower leg, ankle, and foot were subcategorized into anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral sites, respectively [17]. To ensure clarity in the responses of participants, questionnaires were distributed in person by researchers, who provided explanations and instructions. ...
... The prevalence for overall and each RRI with at least 10 occurrences in total and both groups were calculated by dividing the number of RRI by the number of participants, and they were presented in percentage. The IRR with a 95% confidence interval (CI) between the two groups was defined as the ratio of the prevalence of NRFS to that of RFS; a value of < 1 indicates a higher prevalence in the NRFS group than in the RFS group [17,18,21]. ...
Background
Foot strike patterns during running are classified into two types: rearfoot strike (RFS) and non-rearfoot strike (NRFS). These patterns are considered biomechanical risk factors for running-related injuries (RRIs). However, limited research exists on the prevalence or incidence of RRIs associated with different foot strike patterns, particularly within training or clinical practice contexts. Therefore, this epidemiological study aimed to investigate the prevalence and injury risk ratio (IRR) of RRIs concerning different foot strike patterns.
Methods
A total of 182 male Japanese adolescent runners were included. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their RRIs over the past year and were filmed during their habitual high-intensity training sessions from the lateral side. Foot strike patterns were visually classified, with participants accordingly categorized into the RFS and NRFS groups. The prevalence and IRR for RRIs for each site were calculated in both groups. A χ² test was conducted to examine the relationship between RRI history and foot strike patterns.
Results
A total of 95 (52.2%) and 87 (47.8%) participants were included in the RFS and NRFS groups, respectively, with 124 (68.1%) participants experiencing at least one RRI in the past year. The NRFS group was significantly associated with a history of RRI in the Achilles tendon (P = 0.01) and the medial lower leg (P = 0.03). The prevalence of RRI in the Achilles tendon was 9.5% and 23.0% in the RFS and NRFS groups, respectively, with an IRR of 2.427 [1.168, 5.040]. The prevalence of RRI in the medial lower leg was 27.4% and 42.5% in the RFS and NRFS groups, respectively, with an IRR of 1.554 [1.033, 2.338].
Conclusions
Adolescent runners with NRFS exhibit a higher risk of Achilles tendinopathy and medial tibial stress syndrome, highlighting the need for RRI prevention strategies tailored for each foot strike pattern.
... On the other hand, in a portion of the population highly engaged in physical exercise routines specifically athletes, data indicate that competitive athletes often have mental health problems [3]. Conceptually, a mental health problem in high-performance sports is any condition that compromises an athlete's optimal mental health, regardless of whether the athlete seeks medical assistance, or the impact on athletic participation or performance [4]. ...
... This cross-sectional study was conducted following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Extension for Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS) [4] with Brazilian athletes engaged in national competitions during the pre-season. The athletes (soccer, swimming, badminton, and handball) were recruited for convenience through contact with coaches. ...
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to verify the association between non-modifiable (age categories, sex and race/ethnicity) and modifiable (sport modality, socioeconomic, training load, sleep, and eating disorder) factors with anxiety and depressive symptoms in young athletes. Methods: The sample was composed of 168 athletes engaged in national competitions from individual sports [swimming (n = 26) and badminton (n = 53)] and team sports [soccer (n = 28) and handball (n = 61)]. The coaches monitored the training load throughout the training week, and athletes completed self reported questionnaires to assess sociodemographic data, sleep quality, eating disorders, and symptoms of anxiety and depression on the recovery day after a full week of pre-season training. Results: The prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in young athletes were 14.3% and 25.6%, respectively, and female athletes presented higher rates of anxiety symptoms than males (30.8% vs. 11.3%; p = 0.015). Athletes from individual sports and athletes with 18 years or older showed higher depressive symptoms than younger (32.3% vs. 17.3%; p = 0.021). Athletes from the minority group showed higher depressive symptoms compared to the dominant group (41.9% vs. 20%; p = 0.005). The quality of sleep also influenced both anxiety (β = 5.430 [95%CI: 1.896 to 15.553]) and depressive symptoms (β = 5.292 [95%CI: 2.211 to 12.664)] in young athletes. Conclusion: In short, non-modifiable factors, such as sex and age categories, should be considered when anxiety and depressive symptoms are examined in young athletes. Modifiable factors such as sports modality and sleep quality impact depressive symptoms in this population.
... High training loads and/or the specificity of the sport can predispose athletes to various types of sports injuries. In this context, an injury can be characterized as damage to the tissue or functional alteration that occurs due to a rapid and/or repetitive transfer of kinetic energy (Bahr et al., 2020). However, a physical injury can be accompanied by various other components beyond tissue damage. ...
Introduction
Injury is an inherent situation in the sports and recreational environment of physical exercise practices. Additionally, injured practitioners might present different motivational drives that may impair the continuity in physical exercise. However, little is known about the motivational profile of injured physical exercise practitioners. The aim of this study is to describe and compare different dimensions of motivation among injured (IG) and non-injured (NIG) physical exercise and sport practitioners.
Methods
A total of 83 participants made part of the study (IG: 52, age: 30.8 ± 8.4 years; NIG: 31, age: 27.5 ± 8.4 years). An ad hoc on-line questionnaire was used, containing sociodemographic information and the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II). The SMS-II evaluates different dimensions of motivation based on the tenets of the self-determination theory and was answered by both groups to examine possible differences. The researchers contacted clubs and gyms, as well as online promotions.
Results
In the IG, there was a prevalence of 45% of give-up thoughts and 48% were competing. Also, the IG demonstrated higher median values of demotivation when compared to the NIG, with a small effect size (NIG median: 3.3; IG median: 5.8; p = 0.04, r = 0.26).
Conclusion
We conclude that almost half of the injured practitioners demonstrated give-up thoughts as well as exhibit higher levels of demotivation compared to non-injured ones. Thus, it indicates the need for a rehabilitation approach also focused on motivational issues, to improve overall heath and prevent physical activity drop out.
... A key cause of heterogeneity in epidemiologic physical activity related injury studies is the variety of injury definitions used across studies [42]. A consensus statement by the International Olympic Committee was published in 2020 to strengthen consistency in data collection, injury definitions, and research reporting [43]. It was anticipated that sport and setting specific statements would later be published, and this was published for football in 2022 to ensure more consistent study designs, data collection procedures and use of nomenclature [44]. ...
... For example, using the phrase "wrist pain" instead of "overuse injury of the wrist" reveals a higher prevalence [37]. It is also advised to consider that some injuries present as sudden onset but have a repetitive underlying mechanism and methods to capture these should be developed and implemented [43]. ...
Objectives
The aim of this umbrella review was to investigate the frequency of physical activity-related injuries (PARI) among adolescents. Our secondary objective was to describe the available reviews of injuries in three settings: organized sports, leisure time physical activity (PA), and school physical education (PE).
Methods
We conducted an overview of reviews consistent with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines on the frequency of physical activity related injuries in adolescents.
Results
We identified 19 systematic reviews with at least moderate quality to include in the review. We were not able to pool data from reviews and conduct meta-analysis due to heterogeneity of injury definitions, exposure times, and sample demographics. All reviews included studies of injuries sustained in organized sports, and injury incidence was higher during matches than training. No systematic reviews were found focusing on leisure time or school-based PA injuries.
Conclusion
High-quality research is essential to understand the frequency of various types of physical activity related injuries among adolescents in organized sports, PE, and leisure time activities to develop more effective prevention strategies.
... Two injury definitions were used as per the International Olympic Committee consensus statement for injury surveillance [20]: 1) non-time loss (NTL): where the athlete receives medical care and/or treatment for the injury but does not miss any training or game time; 2) time-loss (TL -missed session): where the athlete is unable to fully participate in a training session or game due to the injury. All TL injuries were included if they were sustained during a GB window and were assessed by member of the GB medical team (therapist and/or medical doctor). ...
Objectives:
To report the injury epidemiology of the Great Britain's (GB) men's basketball team games and training over a 6-season period.
Methods:
Non-time loss (NTL) and time-loss (TL) injuries were recorded throughout 14 international windows (2018-2024). Exposure (player-hours) was recorded for team training and games. NTL and TL injury incidence is presented per 1000 player-hours (p/1000 h; 95% CI) for training, games and overall exposure. TL severity (days-lost) and burden (days-lost/1000 h; 95% CI) was calculated, with incidence rate ratios (IRR, 95% CI) comparing game and training incidence for each definition.
Results:
Throughout the study period, 113 injuries were recorded, of which 65 were GB related (43 NTL and 22 TL). Game injury incidence was significantly greater than training for TL (96/1000 h; 95% CI 33-159 versus 6/1000 h; 95% CI 2-9; IRR = 17; 95% CI 7-44) and NTL (75/1000 h; 95% CI 10-131 versus 7/1000 h; 95% CI 3-11; IRR = 11; 95% CI 4-28) injury definitions. Overall, most TL injuries occurred at the ankle (36%, 5/1000 h; 95% CI 2-9) and NTL injuries at the knee (19%, 5/1000 h; 95% CI 2-9). 31 overuse injuries were recorded, with 25% lower limb tendinopathies. TL injury severity ranged from 1 to 30 days, with injury burden for games (675/1000 h; 95% CI 234-1116) greater than training (48/1000 h; 95% CI 55-133).
Conclusion:
The reported game injury incidence is high, with a large prevalence of NTL injuries. Lower limb injuries were most common, particularly overuse knee injuries. Preventative strategies need to be specific in the international basketball context, where camps are short but intense in duration.
... To be eligible to participate in the study, individuals had to meet the following inclusion criteria: (a) being free from (i) severe musculoskeletal injuries for at least one year and (ii) mild to moderate injury for the month preceding the study [24]; (b) a minimum of five years of soccer experience with consistent engagement in the club's training routines. Participant characteristics per biological maturity may not impact the time-motion or physiological responses in all age categories, but differences between age categories were observed. ...
... To address these issues, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) published an update on recommendations for a standardized epidemiological investigation of illness and injury in sports [9]. The present study aimed to apply these recommendations to a dataset describing German national STSS athletes, thereby setting the foundation for uniform analyses to assess measures implemented to improve safety and reduce injuries in STSS. ...
... The analysis of the affected tissue, according to Table 5 of the IOCs' consensus statement, revealed the following distribution: bony tissue (29.9 %), unspecified (26.1 %), ligaments and joint capsules (17.0 %), and muscle and tendons (12.1 %). Neurological (0.8 %) and vascular (0.5 %) systems were rarely affected [9]. ...
... The analysis was limited to orthopedic and traumatological injuries and did not include internal illnesses. The IOC recommends documentation of the latter, referencing the fact that these are interdependent conditions [9]. Furthermore, only 5.0 % of IRMCs included information on time loss and the rehabilitative process. ...
... 31 32 If the answer was no for both questions, the study was downgraded two levels (ie, one per each question) to the lowest quality rating of 'very poor'. These specific questions were included due to limitations in injury studies reporting and using varying injury definitions 35 and their impact on the interpretation of the results, 36 as well as insufficient analysis in the methodological approach. 37 A final quality of evidence rating was provided, categorised as 'excellent', 'good', 'fair', 'poor' or 'very poor'. ...
This study aimed to establish consensus on injury risk factors in netball via a combined systematic review and Delphi method approach. A systematic search of databases (PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL) was conducted from inception until June 2023. Twenty-four risk factors were extracted from 17 studies and combined with a three-round Delphi approach to achieve consensus. In round one, experts listed perceived risk factors for injury in netball which were combined with the risk factors identified via the systematic review. In round two and round three, experts rated their level of agreement with each risk factor on a 5-point Likert scale (1, strongly disagree to 5, strongly agree). Consensus was defined as ≥80% agreement (with<10% in disagreement). In round three, experts also rated the priority for mitigating the risk factor (1, very low to 5, very high). Nineteen experts participated in round one and round two, and 16 participated in round three (response rate 84%). One-hundred and nine risk factors for injury were identified by the systematic review and experts combined. Sixty-one risk factors reached consensus, categorised into five groups: ‘individual characteristics’ (n=22), ‘lifestyle’ (n=11), ‘training and competition’ (n=14), ‘sport science and medical provision’ (n=6) and ‘facilities and equipment’ (n=8). ‘Poor landing technique/mechanics’ had a median (IQR) mitigation priority rating of 5 (1), while all others had median ratings of 3–4.5. This study identifies a range of risk factors for injury, provides focus areas for injury prevention and highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to injury mitigation in netball.
