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Some map users still experience difficulties when attempting to route plan, navigate and/or wayfind. This paper provides information on the outcomes of a research project that aims to identify the nature of the difficulties/challenges these users experience. The paper draws on findings from studies of strategies used by novice and experienced map u...
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Spatial orientation is an important task in human wayfinding. Existing research indicates sex-related similarities and differences in performance and strategies when executing spatial orientation behaviors, but few studies have investigated the similarities and differences in visual behaviors between males and females. To address this research gap,...
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... Wearable eye trackers have become more accessible and have improved tremendously in recent years, with features such as plug-and-play recording using devices such as smartphones that fit in your pocket, higher recording frequencies, calibration-free quick setup, and increased robustness. These devices are suited for scientific research that is challenging or infeasible with table-mounted eye trackers, such as studies in sports (Hüttermann et al., 2014(Hüttermann et al., , 2018Hall et al., 2014;Vansteenkiste et al., 2014;Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008;Afonso et al., 2014;Milazzo et al., 2016;Piras et al., 2014;Timmis et al., 2014), tea-making (Land et al., 1999), B Diederick C. Niehorster diederick_c.niehorster@humlab.lu.se 1 usability with physical objects (Li et al., 2020;Masood and Thigambaram, 2015;Bergstrom and Schall, 2014), shopping behavior (Gidlöf et al., 2013(Gidlöf et al., , 2017, human interaction (Jongerius et al., 2021;Ho et al., 2015;Rogers et al., 2018;Macdonald and Tatler, 2018) and collaboration Lee et al., 2017;Schneider et al., 2016), navigation in urban environments (Kiefer et al., 2014;Koletsis et al., 2017), stair climbing (Ghiani et al., 2023(Ghiani et al., , 2024 and gaze behavior of a teacher in the classroom (McIntyre et al., 2017;McIntyre and Foulsham, 2018), and eye tracking in other complex environments. ...
The problem: wearable eye trackers deliver eye-tracking data on a scene video that is acquired by a camera affixed to the participant’s head. Analyzing and interpreting such head-centered data is difficult and laborious manual work. Automated methods to map eye-tracking data to a world-centered reference frame (e.g., screens and tabletops) are available. These methods usually make use of fiducial markers. However, such mapping methods may be difficult to implement, expensive, and eye tracker-specific. The solution: here we present gazeMapper, an open-source tool for automated mapping and processing of eye-tracking data. gazeMapper can: (1) Transform head-centered data to planes in the world, (2) synchronize recordings from multiple participants, (3) determine data quality measures, e.g., accuracy and precision. gazeMapper comes with a GUI application (Windows, macOS, and Linux) and supports 11 different wearable eye trackers from AdHawk, Meta, Pupil, SeeTrue, SMI, Tobii, and Viewpointsystem. It is also possible to sidestep the GUI and use gazeMapper as a Python library directly.
... There will be different workshops, seminars, and conferences at colleges, the college cultural fest, Events in which teachers and students from other colleges may wish to face problems like finding the location, which route should be taken, and updates in an event [3]. ...
The campus area is gradually expanding with the increasing number of university students. Consequently, it is difficult for freshmen or visiting staff to find a specific building at the campus. The study aimed to Develop a Campus Web GIS Navigation System for the study area using Geospatial technology. The general procedures to create a web map navigation application are Geo-referencing Images, digitization, Road Network Analysis, Overlay Analysis, and finally, a Web GIS Based Campus Navigation System has been developed. The main activity of the system application is the map activity. It displays the campus map of the Wa chemo University. The user can zoom and scroll this map to get to his/her desired places. The building map is the basic layer of this screen. The end user can access it by using this link: https://wcu- webmap.github.io/Web-Map-of-WCU/
... Roadways are an essential part of human civilization and various types of roads combine to construct road networks that serve as the backbone of contemporary society [1]. With advancements in computing technology, road models have become extensively employed in a variety of applications such as games environments and virtual worlds [2]. With the rising needs, planning and developing road maps requires special attention. ...
Routable Digital Maps represent a recent advancement driven by the growth of Intelligent Transportation System applications. Efforts have been made to develop and utilize maps within computer systems that can autonomously identify optimal routes. Typically, online map visualizations lack essential information such as traffic patterns, construction zones, or lane counts, which are crucial for designing accurate and realistic routes. This research introduces a route planning method that aggregates and reuses various data points to establish a robust framework for developing new routing plans. The primary goal is to analyze the collected data and create a framework for estimating a geometrically smooth centerline of a road map route. This method involves generating a series of parallel curves, known as offset curves, to facilitate the creation of new routes and alternative lanes. The following examples illustrate some empirical results obtained from this approach.
... There will be different workshops, seminars and conferences at colleges, the college cultural fest, tech fest events in which teachers and students from different colleges may wish to be a part. But one may faces problems like finding the location, which route should be taken and about updates in an event (Koletsis et al., 2017) . ...
Currently, the campus area is gradually expanding with the increasing number of university students. Consequently, it is difficult for freshmen or visiting staff to find a specific building at the campus. The aim of the study was to Develop Campus Web GIS Navigation System of the study area by using Geospatial technology. This research is mainly design to carry out the campus navigation of study area to provide better understanding of campus environments to all the stake holders like students, technical support staffs, academic staff, administrative support staffs and unfamiliar. Not only this but also used for integrating up to date information into campus navigation that will be used by concerned authorities to make any developmental plans and implement policies and programs. The general procedures to create web map navigation application are Geo-referencing Image, digitization, Road Network Analysis, Overlay Analysis and finally, a Web GIS Based Campus Navigation System has developed. The main activity of the system application is the map activity. It displays the campus map of the Wachemo University. The user can zoom and scroll this map to get his/her desired places. The building map is the basic layer of this screen. The end user can access by using thislink:https://wcu-webmap.github.io/Web-Map-of-WCU/
... Conducting user studies in a real-world environment can be challenging because the real-world environment is dynamic (Delikostidis, van Elzakker, and Kraak 2015;Koletsis et al. 2017). Thus, participants are exposed to diverse visual stimuli, making it difficult to compare the data from different participant groups if changes in the context go unmeasured. ...
... The route following task requires participants' attention to be entirely focused on recognizing intersections on the route and using the working memory to count the number of intersections, so they might suppress irrelevant map content as much as possible using the inhibition mechanisms of attention. Route planning has often been considered a map task (Koletsis et al. 2017) that requires identifying and acquiring landmarks, routes, and survey information and knowledge (Thorndyke and Hayes-Roth 1982) and then planning about the shortest route. Therefore, route planning could overlap with the other three tasks, and be considered their combination, which might explain why the mean alpha and theta power is at an intermediate level during route planning. ...
... We hypothesized (H2) that navigators' longer visual attention in the environment and on the navigation-relevant landmarks and, thus, shorter visual attention on the mobile map will lead to improved landmark, route, and survey knowledge. This is because higher attention on the mobile map instead of the environment will disengage wayfinders with the traversed environment, leading to missed task-relevant environmental cues necessary for spatial learning (Chrastil & Warren, 2012;Gardony et al., 2013Gardony et al., , 2015Hejtmánek et al., 2018;Kapaj et al., 2023;Koletsis et al., 2017;Willis et al., 2009). ...
... Regarding the influence of visual attention on spatial learning, we hypothesized that longer visual attention on task-relevant landmarks and environment information would improve users' spatial learning, whilst longer attention to the mobile map display would reduce acquisition of spatial knowledge (Chrastil & Warren, 2012;Gardony et al., 2013Gardony et al., , 2015Hejtmánek et al., 2018;Kapaj et al., 2023;Koletsis et al., 2017;Willis et al., 2009). We found partial support regarding the influence of visual attention on wayfinders' spatial learning across the landmark visualization styles. ...
Depicting landmarks on mobile maps is an increasingly popular countermeasure to the negative effect that navigation aids have on spatial learning – landmarks guide visual attention and facilitate map-to-environment information matching. However, the most effective method to visualize landmarks on mobile map aids remains an open question. We conducted a real-world navigation study outdoors to evaluate the influence of realistic vs. abstract 3D landmark visualization styles on wayfinders’ navigation performance, visual attention, and spatial learning. While navigating with realistic landmarks, low-spatial-ability wayfinders focused more on the landmarks in the environment and demonstrated improved knowledge of directions between landmarks. Our findings emphasize the importance of visual realism when enriching navigation aids with landmarks to guide attention and enhance spatial learning for low-spatial-ability wayfinders.
... The following are suggestions for follow-up of future related studies. To address the limitations of traditional empirical research, more cutting-edge experimental research methods can be considered to improve the precision and interpretability of the research, such as eye-tracking [108][109][110] and electroencephalography (EEG) analysis tools [104,111,112], the route-tracking experiments, and action research can help to obtain precise and specific feedback from users [99,113]. And considering the study subjects were senior citizens over 65, they were more likely to suffer from visual deterioration and cognitive decline. ...
Wayfinding in hospitals today is a significant challenge for urban residents, especially for the elderly. This study investigated the perceptions and attitudes of the elderly toward existing hospital signage systems to identify the wayfinding needs in the healthcare environment. This study collected 762 elderly participants' perceptions and personal preferences regarding 12 features of the existing signage systems in three hospitals in the Yuexiu, Haizhu, and Liwan districts of Guangzhou using a questionnaire methodology. The study further explored the differences in perceptions and preferences for signage based on the gender, age, and educational level of the elderly participants. The findings indicate that most of the elderly participants experienced becoming lost in the hospital; they typically chose to ask others for directions first, followed by using the signage system. Most of the elderly participants had positive attitudes toward the current hospital signage system. Furthermore, they emphasized the importance of the signage system's graphics, texts, colors, and updates, which directly affects the readability and comprehensibility of signs. We found gender differences in perceptions and attitudes toward signage; male participants had more positive attitudes toward the hospital signage systems than female participants. Additionally, consistent with previous findings, the older the age of participants, the less comprehension they had regarding signage graphic symbols. We also found that the more educated elderly participants were, the more understanding of signage they had. At the same time, however, they were less satisfied, which is possibly because the more educated they were, the more aware they were of signage issues.
... The sampling frequency of the eye tracker was 100 Hz. The Tobii Pro Glasses series is a head-worn eye tracker used in various studies (Topolšek et al., 2016;Koletsis et al., 2017;Rogers et al., 2018). Fixations and saccades were detected using the Tobii Pro Lab default I-VT filter (Velocity threshold: 30°, Minimum fixation duration: 60 ms). ...
Background and Objectives
Advancing age might impair real-world navigation ability. The use of mobile devices by older adults has grown rapidly in recent years. Navigation applications (apps) in mobile devices may facilitate the freedom of outings for older adults. Our aim is to investigate age-related differences in real-world app-based navigation walking in terms of accuracy, efficiency and gaze behavior; to explore clinical factors associated with navigation walking in older adults.
Research Design and Methods
Twenty community-dwelling older adults and 16 young adults completed a route navigation task using a navigation app while recording their gaze behavior. Outcomes were compared in both groups and a general linear regression was used to explore clinical factors associated with app-based navigation walk in older adults.
Results
Compared to young participants, older participants had more stops and root errors and less fixation time, smaller amplitude of saccades. Additionally, older adults were more likely to glance at their smartphones while app-based navigation walking. Furthermore, gait speed and the following assessment scores were significantly associated with navigation walking in older adults; Mini-Mental State Examination, Life-Space Assessment, and the short version of Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire.
Discussion and Implications
For app-based navigation walks, differences in accuracy and gaze behavior were found to exist with age. Additionally, efficient real-world navigation walks in older adults required the extent of life-space and proficiency with mobile devices, along with walking speed and cognitive function. It is possible that age-related functional decline, such as visual field and shifting attention between mobile devices and the real world, may have influenced the results. The study also suggests the need to understand the level of proficiency with mobile devices so that older adults can continue to go out freely. These findings give the basis for providing older adults with appropriate navigation assistance.
... It can only be used to measure eye movements when participants are sitting in front of a computer screen (Figure 4) (18). Eye tracking glasses model ( Figure 5) can be used by participants who move freely (19) . (17) Performing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not always a pleasant experience for patients. ...
Eye tracking has been used in many fields. Eye tracking is a tool used to analyze eye movements. The attention of experts on eye movements has started since the 1870s, when a French ophthalmologist reported the results of his observations of the eyes when someone reads. The development of the eye tracking model is rapidly developing and has adopted digital technology. Various studies in the fields of education, health, and business have used eye tracking and the measurement results can be analyzed easily. This research was conducted using the review article method to get an overview of the development of eye tracking from when it was discovered to the latest eye tracking today. The development of eye tracking occurred in several phases and was in line with the invention of many devices such as the photographic techniques and medical technology. The use of eye tracking with EEG or fMRI is a model for research conducted in the medical world.
