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Example dynamics generated from the model in Eq.1. The blue curve is characterized by a fast biphasic response to the MMTT, thus having high frequency (í µí¼) and low amplitude (í µí°´). The red curve has a larger damping coefficient (í µí»¼) which yields a faster monophasic return to baseline. The yellow curve is characterized by a slow response to the MMTT, meaning poor glucose regulation, and is described by the inverse parameter relationship as the blue line but sharing the same damping coefficient.
Source publication
The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has surged in recent decades and the identification of differential glycemic responders can aid tailored treatment for prevention of pre-diabetes and T2DM. A mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) based on regular foods offers potential to uncover differential responders in dynamical postprandial e...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... standardized lunch meal was served at TP 240, again with 7.5 minutes to consume the first half of the meal and 7.5 min to consume the second part. The blood sampling continued by the same pattern as after the breakfast meal (Supplementary Figure 1). For the present analysis, only glucose data from testing minutes TP -15 to TP 240 (i.e., the breakfast meal) were included to accommodate the fit of a simple kinetic model of the postprandial glucose response. ...
Context 2
... additional fluids were permitted during the test. Blood samples were collected at TP 60 and TP 120 (Supplementary Figure 1). ...
Context 3
... the parameters of the reduced model have no one-to-one correspondence to specific mechanisms in the body, they convey the general quality of the glucose control. The sinusoidal frequency (í µí¼) relates to the rates of removal of glucose and insulin where a high frequency describes a fast response of the regulatory system meaning that the first glucose peak appears early, as seen in the blue and red line in Fig.1. The amplitude (í µí°´) of the undamped sinusoidal depends on the body's tolerance of the ingested glucose and relates to the height of the glucose peak together with the damping coefficient (í µí»¼). ...
Context 4
... amplitude (í µí°´) of the undamped sinusoidal depends on the body's tolerance of the ingested glucose and relates to the height of the glucose peak together with the damping coefficient (í µí»¼). The yellow dynamic has a larger amplitude than the blue and red ones, and the larger damping coefficient in the red dynamics avoids the under-and overshoots seen in the blue dynamic Fig.1. It should be noted that insulin is not part of the solution in Eq.1 since it has been eliminated in the derivation and described in terms of glucose and the estimated parameters. ...
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Citations
Nutrition is one of the most influential environmental factors in both taxonomical shifts in gut microbiota as well as in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emerging evidence has shown that the effects of nutrition on both these parameters is not mutually exclusive and that changes in gut microbiota and related metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) may influence systemic inflammation and signaling pathways that contribute to pathophysiological processes associated with T2DM. With this background, our review highlights the effects of macronutrients, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, as well as micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals, on T2DM, specifically through their alterations in gut microbiota and the metabolites they produce. Additionally, we describe the influences of common food groups, which incorporate varying combinations of these macronutrients and micronutrients, on both microbiota and metabolic parameters in the context of diabetes mellitus. Overall, nutrition is one of the first line modifiable therapies in the management of T2DM and a better understanding of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota influence its pathophysiology provides opportunities for optimizing dietary interventions.
