Fig 2 - uploaded by Laura Bragagna
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Example Chromatogramm of an individual lplant sampled in population 2. Red marks refer to retention times of the 40 analyzed peaks (light red marks refer to peaks with small percentages, dark red marks refer to the main peaks). Zu den bisher identifizierten Hauptverbindungen zählten Ellagitannine (jeweils zwei Punicalagin Isomere und Punicalagingallat Isomere) und verschiedene Flavonole (Myricetin-und Quercetinglykoside). In zypriotischem C. creticus umfasste die Gruppe der Myricetinglykoside hauptsächlich Myricetin-3-O-Galactosid (ev. ein Myricetin-O-Rhamnosid-O-Hexosid überlagernd), Myricetin-3-O-Glukosid, Myricetin-O-Xylosid und Myricetin-3-O-Rhamnosid. Die wichtigsten Quercetinglykoside waren Qercetin-3-O-Rutinosid, Quercetin-3-O-Galactosid, Quercetin-3-OGlucosid, Quercetin-O-xylosid und Quercetin-3-O-Rhamnosid (Abbildung 2). Einzelnen der noch nicht identifizierten Peaks bei längerer Retentionszeit könnten weitere Myricetin-und Quercetinglykoside sowie eventuell auch Kaempferolglykoside zugrunde liegen (Absicherung der Identifizierung in Arbeit). Punicalagin (aber nicht Punicalagingallat) sowie diverse Myricetin-und Quercetinglykoside wurden auch von MAGGI et al. (2016) in italienischem C. creticus subsp. eriocephalus identifiziert. In einer Analyse von spanischem C. incanus fehlten die Ellagitannine Punicalagin und Punicalagingallat in einer ansonsten an Flavonolen (v. a. Myricetin-und Quercetinderivaten) reichen Probe (BARRAJÓN-CATALÁN, 2010). Die in zypriotischem C. creticus identifizierten Myricetin-und Quercetinglykoside decken sich weitgehend mit jenen Flavonolderivaten die bei der Analyse diverser kommerzieller C. incanus Tees detektiert wurden (RIEHLE, 2014).
Source publication
Zusammenfassung: 30 Populationen (235 Einzelpflanzen) von zypriotischem Cistus creticus L. wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Polyphenol-Variabilität analysiert. Zu den wichtigsten identifizierten Verbindungen zählten Punicalagin und Punicalagingallat sowie verschiedene Glykoside von Myricetin (mit der Hauptverbindung Myricetin-3-O-Rhamnosid) und Quercetin...
Citations
... The authors of [11] investigated polyphenolic compounds of one or a few individual plants of ten different Cistus species native to Spain (among them C. creticus) and provided a first comparative overview about intrageneric diversity and species-specific characteristics of phenolic acid derivatives, ellagitannins and flavonoids. Two more publications described the flavonol and punicalagin/punicalagin gallate diversity of Cypriot C. creticus [35] or comparatively discussed non-volatile compounds of Sardinian C. creticus belonging to different subspecies [14]. The main aim of this investigation was to expand the fragmentary knowledge by comparatively characterizing flavonol compound diversity of natural populations of C. creticus, C. albidus, C. crispus (all three from the purple-flowered clade), C. ladanifer, C. monspeliensis, C. parviflorus and C. salviifolius (four species of the white-and whitish-pink-flowered clade). ...
... Besides the non-gradual clustering of populations related to geography, no clustering clearly related to our designation of subtaxa (subspecies or varieties) was observed. This is in accordance with [35], who analyzed flavonoid diversity of Cypriot C. creticus in more detail and described a conspicuous population cluster comparatively poor in flavonol glycosides that was in the most western part of the island (geographically close to or within the Polis Basin) and included populations of both C. creticus varieties var. tauricus and var. ...
This investigation focused on the qualitative and quantitative composition of polyphenolic compounds of Mediterranean northern shore Cistus creticus and six further, partly sympatric Cistus species (C. albidus, C. crispus, C. ladanifer, C. monspeliensis, C. parviflorus, C. salviifolius). Aqueous extracts of 1153 individual plants from 13 countries were analyzed via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extracts of C. creticus were primarily composed of two ellagitannins (punicalagin and punicalagin gallate) and nine flavonol glycosides (myricetin and quercetin glycosides, with m-3-O-rhamnoside as the dominant main compound). Differences in the proportions of punicalagin derivatives and flavonol glycosides allowed the classification into two chemovariants. Plants containing punicalagin derivatives and flavonol glycosides were especially abundant in the western and central Mediterranean areas and in Cyprus. From Albania eastwards, punicalagin and punicalagin gallate were of much lesser importance and the predominant chemovariant there was a nearly pure flavonol type. With its two chemovariants, C. creticus takes a central position between the flavonol-rich, purple-flowered clade (besides C. creticus, here represented by C. albidus and C. crispus) and the more ellagitannin-rich, white- or whitish-pink-flowered clade (here represented by C. ladanifer, C. monspeliensis, C. parviflorus and C. salviifolius). The median antioxidative capacity of C. creticus plant material was, with 166 mg Trolox equivalents/g dry wt, about half of the antioxidative capacity of C. ladanifer (301 mg te/g dry wt), the species with the highest antioxidative potential.
The genus Cistus is taxonomically complex, as taxonomic classification of individual species based on morphological criteria is often difficult and ambiguous. However, specific species contain valuable natural products, especially terpenoids and polyphenols, which exert various biological effects and might therefore be used for treatment of a broad array of disorders. Hence, a fast and reliable method for clear identification of different Cistus (sub-) species is required. Approaches for analysis of secondary metabolite profiles, e.g., with NMR, might remedy the challenging classification of Cistus (sub-) species and help to identify specific markers for differentiation between them. In the present study, 678 samples from wild-growing Cistus populations, including 7 species and 6 subspecies/varieties thereof, were collected in 3 years from populations in 11 countries all over the Mediterranean basin. Samples were extracted with buffered aqueous methanol and analysed with NMR. From the resulting 1D-1H-NOESY and J-Res profile spectra, marker signals or spectral regions for the individual (sub-) species were identified with multivariate statistical tools. By examining the NMR profiles of these extracts, we were able to identify discriminators and specific markers for the investigated Cistus (sub-) species. Various influencing factors, like (sub-) species, wild harvestings of different populations from several countries, numerous collection sites, different years, and cultivation in greenhouses have been considered in this work. As the here identified markers are independent from these influencing factors, the results can be considered a robust model and might be used for future differentiation between Cistus (sub-) species.
