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Evolution of the total THC (THC + THCA) content during the cannabis plant growth in the three sets. The bars represent the mean values of the THC and THCA concentrations at each time point ± the standard deviations of the total THC values. The onset of flowering is indicated by a bracket or an arrow. Set A: n = 2 (weeks 1–2), n = 8 (week 3), n = 11 (week 4), n = 10 (week 5), n = 7 (week 6), n = 5 (week 7), and n = 4 (weeks 8–12). Set B: n = 6 (weeks 1–2), n = 5 (week 3), n = 4 (week 4), n = 3 (week 5), n = 6 (weeks 6–8), n = 5 (week 9), and n = 1 (week 10). Set C: n = 6 (week 1), n = 10 (week 2), n = 7 (week 3), n = 8 (week 4), n = 6 (week 5), n = 14 (week 6), n = 4 (week 7), n = 12 (weeks 8–11), n = 10 (week 12), n = 11 (week 13), n = 4 (week 14), and n = 8 (week 15).
Source publication
In Europe, authorities frequently ask forensic laboratories to analyze seized cannabis plants to prove that cultivation was illegal (drug type and not fiber type). This is generally done with mature and flowering plants. However, authorities are often confronted with very young specimens. The aim of our study was to evaluate when the chemotype of c...
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... evolution of the total THC content at different developmental stages during growth is shown in Fig. 2 for the three sets of cannabis plants. In set A, we received plants that were just germinated but at different developmental stages. The age of the plants was not exactly known, but we estimated it as comprised between 1 and 3 weeks postgermination. We therefore expressed, in Fig. 2A, the time as the number of weeks following the ...
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... at different developmental stages during growth is shown in Fig. 2 for the three sets of cannabis plants. In set A, we received plants that were just germinated but at different developmental stages. The age of the plants was not exactly known, but we estimated it as comprised between 1 and 3 weeks postgermination. We therefore expressed, in Fig. 2A, the time as the number of weeks following the reception of the plants and not following the germination. In sets B and C, the time is expressed in weeks following the cutting of the ...
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... € SD) of 0.21 € 0.06% (percentage of weight of dry plant material) at the beginning of the vegetative state. Total THC content then increased to values (mean € SD) comprised between 1.62 € 0.08% and 2.08 € 0.60% before the onset of flowering. The cannabinoid content was stable throughout the vegetative stage, before the appearance of flowers ( Fig. 2A). In sets B and C, the total THC content was directly higher than in set A (week 1) because clones contain the same THC content as the mother plant from which they are taken. Total THC concentration values (mean € SD) were comprised between 2.24 € 0.99% and 3.33 € 1.28% in set B, and between 2.16 € 0.39% and 2.69 € 0.35% in set C. In ...
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... than in set A (week 1) because clones contain the same THC content as the mother plant from which they are taken. Total THC concentration values (mean € SD) were comprised between 2.24 € 0.99% and 3.33 € 1.28% in set B, and between 2.16 € 0.39% and 2.69 € 0.35% in set C. In clones, total THC content was also stable all along the vegetative stage (Fig. 2B,C). During the reproductive stage, total THC content increased strongly with plant age and reached the highest level during the fifth or the sixth week postflowering in each set. Highest total THC concentrations (mean € SD) were 18.91 € 0.86%, 16.52 € 3.02%, and 22.50 € 2.65% in sets A, B, and C, respectively (Fig. 2). After a short ...
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... along the vegetative stage (Fig. 2B,C). During the reproductive stage, total THC content increased strongly with plant age and reached the highest level during the fifth or the sixth week postflowering in each set. Highest total THC concentrations (mean € SD) were 18.91 € 0.86%, 16.52 € 3.02%, and 22.50 € 2.65% in sets A, B, and C, respectively (Fig. 2). After a short plateau, the peak concentrations were followed by a decline in total THC content that is considered the onset of senescence of the plants. Only in set C, total THC content showed a decrease followed by an increase during the 14th and 15th weeks. This is probably due to discrepancies in the THC content between different ...
Citations
... Essas concentrações de fitocanabinoides e terpenos variam em concentração e perfil dependendo do estágio de crescimento e do quimiotipo da planta. 9 Os metabólitos secundários de C. sativa, incluindo fitocanabinoides e terpenos, desempenham um papel crucial nas propriedades medicinais da planta. Estes compostos interagem de maneira sinérgica, potencializando os efeitos terapêuticos uns dos outros e, assim, contribuindo para o chamado "efeito entourage" ou efeito comitiva. ...
O uso medicinal da Cannabis sativa é milenar, envolvendo diversas culturas ao redor do mundo e a utilização dos fitocanabinoides como opções terapêuticas na odontologia podem trazer diversos benefícios à qualidade de vida de muitos pacientes. Este estudo teve como objetivo discorrer sobre os avanços das aplicações clínicas dos fitocanabinoides na odontologia. A metodologia empregada envolveu uma revisão de literatura, através da técnica de documentação direta, sendo classificado como pesquisa bibliográfica, utilizando a base de dados PubMed e utilizado o ‘’Google Scholar’’ como buscador de apoio, com os descritores “Cannabis”, "Canabinoides" e “Odontologia” no período de março a abril de 2023, com busca por artigos em língua inglesa e portuguesa publicados nos últimos cinco anos. Os critérios de inclusão sendo estudos meta-análises, revisões sistemáticas e ensaios clínicos randomizados, que abordassem o uso de fitocanabinoides na odontologia. Foram selecionados oito estudos para alcançar os objetivos do trabalho. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as evidências sobre o uso de fitocanabinoides em doenças orofaciais ainda é insuficiente, em vias farmacológicas adequadas podem trazer benefícios potenciais em situações clínicas de dor nociceptiva, neuropática e crônica, entretanto, as pesquisas encontradas destacam a necessidade de mais estudos clínicos para serem desenvolvidos e garantir a melhor compreensão dos protocolos terapêuticos e melhores formas farmacêuticas, dessa forma, garantir maior confiabilidade para utilização clínica nessas e em outras aplicações da prática odontológica.
... The interest in hemp production has seen a spike in the Cannabidiol (CBD)/Cannabigerol (CBG) obtained from the inflorescence of floral categories of hemp, and their use for a variety of products, such as applicability in pain relief and general wellness in the pharmaceutical industry, and as food supplements including teas, drinks, candies, tinctures, and rubs (De Backer et al., 2012). Floral hemp plants for CBD/CBG production are typically grown as specialty crops and are cultivated for flower or floral productionthe part of the plant that gets harvested at maturity and processed for the important compounds. ...
Southern blight, a fungal disease favored by hot and humid conditions prevalent in southeastern
states, is a serious challenge affecting hemp cultivation in Tennessee. Black plastic mulching
(BPM), a popular weed control tool, exacerbates these conditions. The role of straw mulch (SM),
known to reduce soil temperatures and rainfall impacts, and time of planting (TP) in disease
management have not been established. A replicated field study was conducted at Tennessee State
University Research farm in 2022 and 2023 to quantify effects of cultural practices in hemp
production. SM reduced disease severity (DS) by 28% in early planted hemp in 2022, and by 53%
and 34% in the first and second TP respectively in 2023 compared to BPM. Lower DS in non-
mulched early planted hemp compared to SM hemp in 2022 is attributed to a thin SM cover in
2022 compared to 2023. In 2022 (similar to 2023), SM's reduction of weed density (90.73%) was
comparable to BPM (97.26%). SM also reduced soil temperatures by 6% in both years, enhanced
chlorophyll content by 30%, and increased plant height and biomass by 20% and 25%, respectively
in 2023. An inverse correlation (ρ = -0.1785348) between DS and chlorophyll content in 2023
suggests that early planting combined with SM may be a viable cultural control option for southern
blight. Early TP in 2022 increased CBD content by 22%, but later TP hemp had 0.25%tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) compared to 0.4% in earlier planted hemp, demonstrating the balance between CBD production and THC compliance.
... Qualitative traits are controlled by one or two major genes, and quantitative traits are controlled by several genes, each responsible for a small effect. The THC:CBD ratio is a qualitative characteristic, and the THC + CBD yield is quantitative (Hillig and Mahlberg, 2004); the qualitative determination of THC:CBD can be performed early in the cycle and is stable throughout the plant cycle (Hillig and Mahlberg, 2004;Pacifico et al., 2008;De Backer et al., 2012;Aizpurua-Olaizola et al., 2016). ...
... The phytocannabinoids Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with psychoactive properties and Cannabidiol (CBD) that are used in the treatment of pathologies such as epilepsy and fibromyalgia are the main phenolic compounds synthesized in the globular trichomes in the female inflorescences of the cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) (De Backer et al., 2012;Wróbel et al., 2022), an ancestral plant whose uses date back to antiquity (Molina, 2008;Clarke and Merlin, 2013) and which has now gained importance in medicinal use, thanks to the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in mammals (Grotenhermen, 2006). ...
Cannabis is a plant with an ancient tradition, currently of worldwide interest due to the effectiveness of cannabidiol (CBD) in different treatments. Asexual propagation techniques are used to preserve the characteristics of the mother plants. This work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two planting methods (hydroponics and peat) for asexual propagation in female plants of cannabis using the cutting method. Cuttings taken from female plants were arranged in two planting methods, two additional factors were evaluated, management of the apex, and hormonal regulator in each medium. The cuttings were kept under controlled environmental conditions for 17 days. Cuttings propagated in peat in combination with the growth regulator registered the highest percentage of survival (100%) with respect to the hydroponic medium without regulator (73.33%). The cuttings that were not subjected to the apex cutting show the best results in the variables evaluated in both planting media. Both peat and hydroponics are effective means for cutting. Applying a growth regulator and keeping the whole leaves tips favor the formation and quality of the roots.
... total CBD content was detected at harvest time (BBCH 87) in both varieties, and of total Δ 9 -THC as well, even if to a lesser extent and to levels compatible with the European legislation No 2021/2115. Also, the CBD Δ 9 -THC ratio, genetically determined and thus supposed to be stable during plant life cycle (Pacifico et al., 2008;De Backer et al., 2012), here showed a slight increase up to T4, in agreement with a previous work (Calzolari et al., 2017), suggesting that during the flower development, the total CBD (determined as the sum of CBDA and CBD) accumulates more than in immature inflorescences. However, additional investigations are needed to clarify this point, as a different CBD/THC ratio was reported in industrial hemp varieties by other authors (Yang et al., 2020) and environmental factors can affect biosynthesis of cannabinoids. ...
... 대마는 525 종 이상의 화합물을 함유하고 있으며, 그중 약 109 종 이상의 C 21 terphenophenol 계열 화합물인 칸나비노이 드를 함유하는 것으로 알려져 있다 (de Backer et al., 2012). 칸나비노이드 중 cannabidiol (CBD)와 Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC)는 가장 잘 알려져 있으며, 대마의 이용에 있어 통상 적인 재배의 목적이 되는 성분이다 (Boggs et al., 2018). ...
... This result also has wide applicability to extrapolation to other plants. For example, in cannabis plants, Δ 9tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is concentrated in flowers and robust leaves (shoots) [72][73][74]; for opioids, the alkaloids are localized predominantly within the walls and vascular bundles of the capsules of Papaver setiferum, with the highest relative abundances occurring in the lower half of the capsules, toward the peduncle [75]. Tryptamines, represented by N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), accumulate in tissues such as bark that forms a defensive epidermis and carries out important nutrient transport [76,77]. ...
Natural compounds in plants are often unevenly distributed, and determining the best sampling locations to obtain the most representative results is technically challenging. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) can provide the basis for formulating sampling guideline. For a succulent plant sample, ensuring the authenticity and in situ nature of the spatial distribution analysis results during MSI analysis also needs to be thoroughly considered. In this study, we developed a well-established and reliable MALDI-MSI method based on preservation methods, slice conditions, auxiliary matrices, and MALDI parameters to detect and visualize the spatial distribution of mescaline in situ in Lophophora williamsii. The MALDI-MSI results were validated using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Low-temperature storage at −80°C and drying of “bookmarks” were the appropriate storage methods for succulent plant samples and their flower samples, and cutting into 40 μm thick sections at −20°C using gelatin as the embedding medium is the appropriate sectioning method. The use of DCTB (trans-2-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenylidene]malononitrile) as an auxiliary matrix and a laser intensity of 45 are favourable MALDI parameter conditions for mescaline analysis. The region of interest semi-quantitative analysis revealed that mescaline is concentrated in the epidermal tissues of L. williamsii as well as in the meristematic tissues of the crown. The study findings not only help to provide a basis for determining the best sampling locations for mescaline in L. williamsii, but they also provide a reference for the optimization of storage and preparation conditions for raw plant organs before MALDI detection.
Key Points
... Flowering initiation was earlier in N fertilized RB and TC, but not in BB; yet, the start of flowering is a critical factor for timing of harvest, inflorescence yield, and cannabinoid concentration [10,44]. An evaluation of 30 floral hemp cultivars showed great variation among and within cultivars for flowering time [10]. ...
While most studies on floral hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) concur that additions of nitrogen (N) increase plant growth, the performance of floral hemp is heavily influenced by environmental conditions, management and cultivar selection. In regions with a short growing season, the availability of soil N may determine plant developmental rates, final inflorescence biomass and cannabinoid concentrations, but no studies have addressed this for field-grown hemp under high-desert conditions. This field study evaluated the effect of no supplemental N and N fertilization at 90 kg ha⁻¹ on three hemp cultivars (Berry Blossom, Red Bordeaux, and Tahoe Cinco) in Northern Nevada. N increased plant height, canopy cover, stem diameter and shoot biomass, but other physiological parameters were dependent on cultivar. For instance, inflorescence biomass and inflorescence-to-shoot ratio in Red Bordeaux was not affected by N fertilization. Similarly, cannabinoid concentrations were affected by timing of harvest and cultivar but not by N treatment. We evaluated the use of a SPAD meter for ease of determining leaf N deficiency, and correlations with leaf chlorophyll content showed that the SPAD meter was a reliable tool in two cultivars but not in Tahoe Cinco. N treatment increased overall CBD yield, which was driven by increases in inflorescence biomass. Tahoe Cinco was the best CBD yielding cultivar, as it maintained a high inflorescence-to-shoot ratio regardless of N treatment. Our study suggests that even though hemp may have a positive response to soil N management, adjustments based on genotype by environment interaction should be aimed at maximizing cannabinoid yield either by increasing biomass and/or CBD concentrations as long as THC levels are within the permissible <0.3% for U.S. industrial hemp cultivation.
... However, similar information regarding the effect of the environment on CBG accumulation is not available. The CBD and THC accumulation pattern over crop growing season has been documented in both CBD and THC-dominant Cannabis cultivars (Calzolari et al., 2017;De Backer et al., 2012;Latta & Eaton, 1975;Pacifico et al., 2008;Sandhu et al., 2022;Chiluwal et al., 2023). However, CBG accumulation pattern in CBG-dominant cultivars is still unknown. ...
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) commercialization in Florida is mainly challenged by the lack of suitable essential oil hemp cultivars with Δ‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration below the legal threshold. However, previous studies have only evaluated cannabidiol (CBD)‐dominant industrial hemp cultivars but not the cultivars primarily grown for cannabigerol (CBG) production. Hence, field trials were conducted using two CBG dominant cultivars adapted in Kentucky (CBG Gold) and Colorado (Panacea) at three experimental farms located at Okeechobee (Lykes) and Clewiston (Townsite and Ritta) in southern Florida with three planting dates from late April to late June under two different soil types (sandy soil at Lykes and Townsite, and organic soil at Ritta). CBG, CBD, and THC concentrations were analyzed in developing flowers harvested at weekly intervals beginning 2 weeks after flowering until crop maturity. Location and planting date had some effect on cannabinoids profile, but the effect was not consistent in any of the tested cultivars. Both the cultivars contained THC concentration (<0.1%) well below the legal requirement making them suitable for cultivation in Florida. However, both the cultivars adapted in longer photoperiod environments recorded short vegetative growth period in Florida's short‐day conditions and consequently produced less floral biomass. Hence, evaluating more cultivars with shorter photoperiod requirements would be helpful in identifying suitable CBG‐dominant cultivars for Florida and other locations with similar climatic conditions.
... However, glandular trichomes are also partially located on leaves, where phytocannabinoids may also be present in lower amounts compared to flowers [11,12]. The occurrence is used for plant chemotypic classification in the early stage of vegetative growth [13]. Cannabinoid compounds result from the coupling of two biosynthetic pathways, the polyketide and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) (Figure 1). ...
The in vitro shoot propagation of Cannabis sativa L. is an emerging research area for large-scale plant material production. However, how in vitro conditions influence the genetic stability of maintained material, as well as whether changes in the concentration and composition of secondary metabolites can be expected are aspects that need to be better understood. These features are essential for the standardised production of medicinal cannabis. This work aimed to find out whether the presence of the auxin antagonist α-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-1H-indole-3-acetic acid (PEO-IAA) in the culture media influenced the relative gene expression (RGE) of the genes of interest (OAC, CBCA, CBDA, THCA) and the concentrations of studied cannabinoids (CBCA, CBDA, CBC, ∆ 9-THCA, and ∆ 9-THC). Two C. sativa cultivars, 'USO-31' and 'Tatanka Pure CBD', were cultivated by in vitro conditions with PEO-IAA presence and then analysed. The RT-qPCR results indicated that even though some changes in the RGE profiles could be observed, no differences were statistically significant compared with the control variant. The results of the phytochemical analyses demonstrate that although there were some differences from the control variant, only the cultivar 'Tatanka Pure CBD' showed a statistically significant increase (at a statistical significance level α = 0.05) in the concentration of the cannabinoid CBDA. In conclusion, it would appear that using PEO-IAA in the culture medium is a suitable approach to improve in vitro cannabis multiplication.
