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There are a wealth of studies on photovoltaic cell technologies, however their performance in different climatic or geographies over an extended period is not completely established. The objective of this paper is to add to this area of study with an analysis of the principle photovoltaic technologies: monocrystalline silicon (mc-Si), polycrystalli...
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The aim of the study was to present the mechanism of operation and to assess technically and economically a typical household photovoltaic installation. The study included the data on the construction of the PV installation panels and the aspects connected with the profitability of the investment. The energy consumption and production from the exis...
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... The production of energy from photovoltaic technologies is affected by a number of parameters that affect the reduction of the power generated by the panels from the power provided by the manufacturer for standard production conditions [16]. Where these parameters are: the adequate modeling of the system, the orientation, the placement angle of the panels and the climatic conditions to which the system is subjected [17]. ...
p>The energy and environmental crisis are increasing every day. Where the
focus of energy production is being driven by renewable energy sources. Solar
energy represents an inexhaustible source of energy that can be used almost
anywhere. This paper presents the analysis of the energy performance of
photovoltaic (PV) and photovoltaic thermal (PVT) panels for the climatic
conditions of Kosovo. The site analyzed is the building of the University
Clinical Center in Prishtina. The analysis included five types of photovoltaic
modules from where the highest energy performance is shown by the PVT
panels with a theoretical power produced during July 273 W while during
December 78 W. Also, with an efficiency of 59.77% during the month of
December and an efficiency of 17.08% during the month of July. While
among the other types of PV panels, polycrystalline panels have the best
performance with a theoretical power of 252 W during July and 72 W during
December. But they showed an efficiency of 48.78 during the month of
December and an efficiency of 13.94 during the month of July. The analysis
made is presented in an analytical and detailed manner for certain climatic
conditions of annual measurements.</p
... The value of PR is mostly high in the winter than in the summer and ranges between 60 and 80% due to the losses in the PV system caused by elevated temperatures in summer [62]. The performance of a PV system is measured by the magnitude of the PR of the system, the higher the PR, the better the system and a PR of 80% depicts a well-performing system. ...
Despite the successes recorded over the years, photovoltaic (PV) cells’ power conversion efficiency (PCE) of commercially available crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV panels still hovers between 10 and 21%. For optimal performance at 17–21% PCE, certain factors need to be understood and addressed. This study estimates the solar PV potential of selected cities across Africa, using computational modelling. The selected sites’ cities are Abuja, Addis Ababa, Kinshasa, Pretoria, and Tripoli. Sites’ coordinate systems will be exploited to generate data from meteorological databases of the selected locations needed for the PV potential assessment. This information coupled with PV system configuration will be used as inputs for PV design and simulation. The PV potential of the selected location will be extracted from the resulting simulation reports in terms of irradiance, possible power output generation, performance ratio (PR) and capacity factor (CF). The study results and analysis as extracted from the reports of the modelled hypothetical 10-kWhp c-Si rooftop PV systems at the selected sited locations, show that—Pretoria possesses the highest GTI (2234.4 kWh/m ² ) and the lowest GTI (1766.7 kWh/m ² ) was observed in Kinshasa; Pretoria has the highest PV power output (PVOUT) (17.292 MWh/), and the least (13.678 MWh) in Kinshasa; the highest PR (77.4%) was observed in Kinshasa and Pretoria and the lowest PR (76.4%) in Tripoli; Pretoria and Kinshasa recorded the highest CF (19.7%) and lowest CF (15.6%), respectively. The results indicate that the examined locations are technically viable for the PV system schemes, and therefore, massive deployment of this technology in these areas is advised.
... Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) has long been a prominent material in thin film solar cell production due to its near-perfect bandgap (Eg = 1.45 eV) and good optical absorption coefficient of 5.10 5 cm -1 [9]. Moreover, the power temperature coefficient, which represents the power drop caused by the increase of cells temperature above the STC value (25°C), is ~ -0.25%/°C for the CdTe [10] while it is much higher for the c-Si with values around -0.45%/°C [11], [12]. Several studies reported that temperature is a crucial parameter that negatively affect the performance of solar panels [13]- [15]. ...
Desert locations are of great interest for photovoltaic applications due to their high solar availability. However, in these regions, harsh climatic conditions can have a significant impact on the performance and reliability of photovoltaic panels. In the present study, the effect of temperature on the performance of the two PV technologies, Polycrystalline Silicon (pc-Si) and thin film Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), in a hot desert climate was investigated. To accomplish this, one module from each technology was installed in Benguerir city and exposed to outdoor conditions during the hot season of the year (May to October). Results indicate that although pc-Si exhibits higher module efficiency than CdTe, the latter was less temperature-sensitive under high ambient temperature values. In fact, during the monitoring period, CdTe technology demonstrated lower module temperatures than pc-Si, with a daily average temperature deviation of 1.75°C. In addition, the performance ratio and conversion efficiency for pc-Si were reduced by 8.7% and 1.35%, respectively, when the daily average ambient temperature increased from 25°C to 40°C. While with the thin film CdTe technology, the decline in these performance parameters did not exceed 6.8% and 1.05%, respectively.
... The International Energy Agency (IEA) has defined these performance characteristics, which are stated in the standard standards (IEC) 61724 of the International Electrotechnical Commission [18][19]. In this paper, the energy produced by the PV system, the reference yield, the performance ratio, the final PV system yield, the PV system losses, the PV system yield, and the miscellaneous PV system losses are the parameters used to define the performance of the overall PV system [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. ...
In this paper, the performance of a 1.5 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system built at the IUT of Mulhouse, University of Haute Alsace (France) is analyzed. This plant is equipped with polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic panels. In this study, the method based on the IEC 61724 standardized performances from the International Energy Agency is used to calculate the different performance parameters from the collected data. The analysis of the system results covers the whole year 2021 (January 01 to December 31). During this period, the total annual energy supplied by the PV system is 1340,015 kWh. The annual reference yield, the annual PV system yield, the final annual PV system yield are respectively 3.583 h/d, 2.140 h/d and 2.080 h/d. The annual performance ratio is 51.682 %. The annual losses and miscellaneous annual losses of the PV system are 0.060 h/d and 1.630 h/d respectively. These results highlight the relatively good performance of the PV system installed in the city of Mulhouse.
... The performance parameters described by the standard are reference yield, reference PV field, reference system, performance ratio, system losses, and other losses. The performance analysis of photovoltaic system has been the subject of several studies [10], [21] in different countries. The mathematical models of the different performance analysis parameters are presented in Table 4. Inverter efficiency (µinv) µinv = ×100% (%) (11) [10]- [23] Where ( ) the recording interval 10s, (G r ) total in-plane solar irradiation kWh/m 2 , (G STC ) the module's reference inplan irradiance at the standard test condition 1kW/m 2 , (Aa) Area of PV array m 2 . ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate a performance analysis of a 50 MWp solar plant connected to the medium voltage electrical grid installed in the Saharan environment of Nouakchott, Mauritania. This study is done in two seasons characterizing the climate of Nouakchott, then in three typical days based on the measurement data that are obtained from the site of the installation. The measurements were collected daily, to improve the performance evaluation, real-time measurements with a step of 10 seconds for solar irradiation, ambient temperature, module temperature, wind speed, and electrical parameters. The performance evaluation was done based on the IEC 61724 standard to study the comportment of the power plant during different weather conditions. The total energy produced by the plant in May 2020 dry season is 10.559 GWh. However, the total energy produced in November 2019 wet season was 8.132 GWh. Besides, the energy injected by the plant into the grid was for a clear day 263.87 MWh, while for a cloudy day was 118.41 MWh, while it was 39.81 MWh for a sandstorm day. The results showed that temperature and irradiation play an important role in the performance of the system.
... The performance parameters described by the standard are reference yield, reference PV field, reference system, performance ratio, system losses, and other losses. The performance analysis of photovoltaic system has been the subject of several studies [10], [21] in different countries. The mathematical models of the different performance analysis parameters are presented in Table 4. Inverter efficiency (µinv) µinv = ×100% (%) (11) [10]- [23] Where ( ) the recording interval 10s, (G r ) total in-plane solar irradiation kWh/m 2 , (G STC ) the module's reference inplan irradiance at the standard test condition 1kW/m 2 , (Aa) Area of PV array m 2 . ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate a performance analysis of a 50 MWp solar plant connected to the medium voltage electrical grid installed in the Saharan environment of Nouakchott, Mauritania. This study is done in two seasons characterizing the climate of Nouakchott, then in three typical days based on the measurement data that are obtained from the site of the installation. The measurements were collected daily, to improve the performance evaluation, real-time measurements with a step of 10 seconds for solar irradiation, ambient temperature, module temperature, wind speed, and electrical parameters. The performance evaluation was done based on the IEC 61724 standard to study the comportment of the power plant during different weather conditions. The total energy produced by the plant in May 2020 dry season is 10.559 GWh. However, the total energy produced in November 2019 wet season was 8.132 GWh. Besides, the energy injected by the plant into the grid was for a clear day 263.87 MWh, while for a cloudy day was 118.41 MWh, while it was 39.81 MWh for a sandstorm day. The results showed that temperature and irradiation play an important role in the performance of the system.
... Due to the devices ' characteristics, the findings reveal a slight minor degradation at sunrise on the a-Si and CdTe modules. It has been reported that a-Si and CdTe could suffer degradation of efficiency when first exposed and tends to stabilise within a short period [42]. ...
The photovoltaic device's economic and environmental merits have made it the most suitable clean energy alternative to help developing countries achieve the SDG-7. However, the low efficiency of the device, which is undergoing massive study across the globe, there is another omnipresent factor, such as surface soiling that has a deleterious effect on a solar cell's performance, which is influenced by wind speed/direction, humidity and temperature. This study investigates the impact of dust on four PV types (Monocrystalline Silicon, Polycrystalline Silicon, Cadmium Telluride and amorphous Silicon) in a city with two large commissioned and one massive solar farm under construction considering wind, humidity, rain, temperature and dust particles under extreme conditions. Low iron glass coupons were also exposed in seasonal, monthly, and annual categories to determine optical losses, soiling rates, and deposition mass. Accumulated dust particles on the surface of the coupon were subjected to SEM/EDX imaging to identify the deposited minerals' morphology. The findings reveal a massive performance decline due to soiling on all exposed modules with a most significant ISC decrease recorded about 73% on a-Si and least about 65% of the Si modules in one year without cleaning and a total of seventeen months exposure. The outcome shows significant losses recorded, where a yield loss of 78.3% and efficiencies decline of 78% for amorphous Si, 77% and 77% for cadmium telluride, 70% and 71% for polycrystalline and 68.6% and 71% for the monocrystalline Si module. A wide variation of performance losses was recorded between months and seasons in 2021, and the dry season presented the most alarming rates. The optical loss results validated the above output performance losses with a similar trend. The particle characterisation reveals that mineral particles > PM10 size with opaque and translucent morphology were the main constituent of dust formation on the examined coupons. It is recommended to study various mitigation techniques and use the correct one in an optimal cycle, which is cost-effective, which could restore and maintain the installation's optimal efficiency.
... Different studies have been carried out and reported concerning the assessment of proposed grid integrated solar photovoltaic across the globe. The authors in (Adrada Guerra, Amador Guerra, Orfao Tabernero, & De la Cruz García, 2017) carried out a comparative study of six selected photovoltaic technologies (ms-Si, pc-Si, a-Si/μc-Si, CdTe/ Cds, CIS, mc-dc-Si) connected to the internal network of a University in Spain. The result revealed an average performance ratio that was above 80% for technologies like mc-Si, pc-Si, CIS, mc-dc-Si and 74.5% and 64.3% for a-Si/μc-Si and Cd-Te/CdS, respectively. ...
The plan to integrate solar energy into the Nigerian grid is in conception and thirteen different locations within the country have been proposed for solar farm investment. In this paper, fourteen selected solar photovoltaic module types from different manufacturers were assessed to determine the optimum PV module for each of the locations. The optimum module was thereafter used to determine the technical feasibility and economic viability of the locations identified for solar investment in Nigeria. Technical assessments were performed using the reference yield, array yield, final system yield, performance ratio and capacity factor while the economic consideration was made using the levelized cost of energy and payback period. Sensitivity analyses were also carried out to identify the important relationships among the technical and economic parameters as they affect the proposed sites. Relevant findings reveal that final yield, performance ratio and capacity factor ranges between 4.0361 and 4.7972 kWh/kWp, 78.96–79.96% and 16.75–19.92%, respectively. It was also observed that the cost of energy and payback period are between 0.0524 and 0.0607 $/kWh and 10.18–10.42 years, respectively. The sensitivity analyses conducted across the selected sites demonstrate that levelized cost of electricity depends heavily on the electricity production in kWh/kWp. The result obtained also shows that increase in the installed capacity of the solar farm has no significant impact on its performance ratio and capacity factor of the farm. Out of fourteen solar modules that were used in the study, module index M2 (Panasonic solar) provided the best result in terms of peak values of capacity factor and performance ratio at all the proposed sites.
... In the case of electricity production in temperate climates, photovoltaic (PV) panels are commonly used [29]. The main advantage of photovoltaic panels is the use of diffusive radiation to generate electricity [30]. In areas with high values of solar radiation (tropical climate), CPS power plants based on parabolic solar collectors generate about 33% [31] more electricity than PV power plants. ...
Currently, intensive work is underway in Poland to increase the share of renewable energy sources in the overall energy balance. Therefore, this paper presents the possibilities of using concentrated solar power in zones with a temperate climate. A simplified model based on the energy balance in the solar collectors considering the main operating parameters of the typical solar power plant was developed. It should be noted here that the model does not take into account issues related to heat accumulation and electricity generation in a Solar Thermal Power Station. The simulation of forced convection inside the solar collector absorber was additionally included in the calculations to improve its accuracy. The model was verified using actual heat measurements at the outlet of the parabolic collector installation at a Solar Thermal Power Station located in the south of Spain. The heat generated by a similar solar collector system in a selected region with a temperate climate, the city of Bialystok (north-eastern Poland, geographic coordinates: 53°08′07″N 23°08′44″E) was determined by the developed simplified model for different months of the year. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the energy obtained from the same area of concentrated solar collectors located near Bialystok is eight times lower compared to the location in Cordoba depending on the variant of the power plant operation.
... EPV,gen will be calculated using the method based on the performance ratio (PR) which has been used in other studies regarding self-consumption [5,6,25]. The value of PR for conventional PV systems is typically in the range between 0.70 and 0.80 in Spain [26]. In this paper, PR values of 0.75 will be considered, based on the reported values [27][28][29][30][31]. ...
Most of the studies that can be found in the literature for analysing self-consumption systems with storage focus on global self-consumption and self-sufficiency indices and it may be very difficult to define the role of the array power and battery. In this sense, a new approach to analysing this type of systems is provided where direct and battery self-sufficiency and self-consumption indices are defined. The latter represent the direct photovoltaic self-consumed energy and the one provided by the battery. New direct and battery ZEB points are also presented. Furthermore, this type of system is generally analysed using complex 3D plots. Therefore, a new and intuitive 2D contour tool is provided: the iso self-consumption curves. The new approach has been applied to three households located in Spain. Results show that it may be reached a global self-sufficiency of 50% considering array powers and rated capacities below 3.5 kWp and 1 kWh, respectively, where direct and battery self-sufficiency indices may reach 40% and 10%, respectively. This new method together with the graphical tool may help not only to analyse this type of system but to properly size the array power and the rated capacity from either an energetic or profitability approach.
