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As part of ongoing efforts to understand, document, and conserve the flora of southeastern North America, we propose two new species, the recognition of a usually synonymized variety, the acceptance of two species of Waltheria as being present in peninsular Florida, taxonomic acceptance of a sometimes deprecated species transferred with a new name...
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iNaturalist has the potential to be an extremely rich source of organismal occurrence data. Launched in 2008, it now contains over 150 million uploaded observations as of May 2023. Based on the findings of a limited number of past studies assessing the taxonomic accuracy of participatory science-driven sources of occurrence data such as iNaturalist...
Citations
... Наприкінці ХVI сторіччя Каспар Бoeн (Bauhin, 1596) (Lindley, 1822;Reichenbach, 1828;Spach, 1834;Endlicher, 1836Endlicher, -1840Roemer, 1847;Koch, 1853;1869;Decaisne, 1874;Dippel, 1893;Schneider, 1906Schneider, -1912 або Malaceae Small (Small, 1913;Bessey, 1915). ...
The history of the formation of the collection of rare fruit and ornamental plants in the Agronomic Experimental Station of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine is described. Now the collection includes 284 species of trees and shrubs, which belong to 52 genera and 16 families. There are a total of 1183 accessions, including 552 cultivars and selects. Accession number, species and cultivar names, and as well as the origin of samples are specified. Numerous new binominal combinations are proposed in genera Aria, Hedlundia, and Micromeles (Rosaceae).
... Weakley (2015) treated the taxon at species rank. Small (1903) treated S. puberula and S. pulverulenta as species distinguished by involucres being turbinate-campanulate, 2.5 mm thick for S. pulverulenta versus involucres being narrowly campanulate, 3 mm thick for S. puberula. Mackenzie in Small (1933) keyed out the two species as follows: "blades of the leaves about the middle of the stem oblong-obovate, hispidulous above all over: inner involucral bracts gradually narrowed, oblanceolate nearly 1 mm wide" in S. puberula and "blades of the leaves about the middle of the stem oblanceolate, strongly hispidulous above on mid rib, slightly so elsewhere; inner involucral bracts rather abruptly narrowed above middle, very narrowly lanceolate, about 0.5 mm wide" in S. pulverulenta. ...
The Solidago puberula complex is considered to include four species in Solidago subsect. Squarrosae. Solidago puberula and Solidago pulverulenta have sometimes been treated as conspecific (at varietal or subspecific rank) but here are separated. Solidago roanensis has very short hairs on the upper stems similar to those of the first two, but is glabrous to very sparsely hairy proximally. Solidago sciaphila has been considered closely similar to S. speciosa and S. hispida or possibly to S. roanensis. Among these four, multivariate analyses indicate that S. sciaphila is the most distinct and S. puberula and S. pulverulenta are the most similar.
... Typification:- designated the specimen Small & Carter s.n. as the lectotype for O. austrina (this was followed by Majure 2012), although the original material cited by Small (1903Small ( : 1335 was of Small & Nash 198. Thus, the specimen cited by Banson (l.c.) as "Small & Carter s.n." cannot serve as the lectotype and has been selected as the neotype here, because Small & Nash 198 has not been found. ...
... Opuntia cespitosa is most commonly found in sandy or blackland prairies, juniper glades, or on rock outcrops (generally limestone or sandstone). It also grows with Campanulastrum americanum Small (1903Small ( : 1338, Carex cherokeensis Schweinitz humifusa. Although, O. cespitosa is the most widespread taxon in the eastern US, reduced and fragmented habits throughout the east result in relatively small population sizes that tend to be highly disjunct from one another. ...
The Humifusa clade represents a recent radiation that originated in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene and consists of about 10 species widely distributed in North America from northern Mexico north to Ontario, Canada, and south to the Florida Keys. This clade likely originated in the edaphically subxeric regions of northern Mexico and the southwestern United States, and from there it later spread to the southeastern United States and ultimately produced a small radiation in the eastern United States. Hybridization among evolutionarily divergent diploid species of the southeastern (SE) and southwestern (SW) United States subclades led to the origin of many polyploid taxa, which today occupy about 75% of the distribution of the clade. Here we present a taxonomic revision of the SE subclade of the Humifusa clade and polyploid derivatives that commonly occur in the eastern United States (i.e., the O. humifusa complex). We recognize eight taxa: Opuntia abjecta, O. austrina, O. cespitosa, O. drummondii, O. humifusa, O. mesacantha subsp. mesacantha, O. mesacantha subsp. lata, and O. nemoralis, as well as the interclade allopolyploid, Opuntia ochrocentra, derived, in part, from a member of the O. humifusa complex. Diagnostic keys, descriptions, original photos, and distribution maps are provided for each taxon. Neotypes are designated for the names O. austrina (NY) and O. youngii (USF), and O. drummondii and O. tracyi are lectotypified from an illustration in Maund & Henslow and a specimen at NY, respectively.
... At present, only two species of Mecardonia have been evaluated cytologically. Lewis et al. (1962) reported 2n = 42±2 for a Northamerican species M. acuminata (Walter, 1891) Small, 1903. Kaul (1969 determined 2n = 2x = 22 for M. procumbens Small, 1903(as M. dianthera (Swartz 1900, Pennell 1946. ...
... Lewis et al. (1962) reported 2n = 42±2 for a Northamerican species M. acuminata (Walter, 1891) Small, 1903. Kaul (1969 determined 2n = 2x = 22 for M. procumbens Small, 1903(as M. dianthera (Swartz 1900, Pennell 1946. Therefore, to increase the knowledge of Mecardonia, other species were cytologically analyzed in this study. ...
Cytogenetic characterization and determination of DNA content by flow cytometry of five species of Mecardonia Ruiz et Pavon, 1798 (Gratiolae, Plantaginaceae) was performed. This is the first study of nuclear DNA content carried out in the genus. Mitotic analysis revealed a base chromosome number x = 11 for all entities and different ploidy levels, ranging from diploid (2n = 2x = 22) to hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66). The results include the first report of the chromosome numbers for Mecardoniaflagellaris (Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1827) (2n = 22), Mecardoniagrandiflora (Bentham) Pennell, 1946 (2n = 22), Mecardoniakamogawae Greppi & Hagiwara, 2011 (2n = 66), and Mecardonia sp. (2n = 44). The three ploidy levels here reported suggest that polyploidy is common in Mecardonia and appear to be an important factor in the evolution of this genus. The 2C- and 1Cx-values were also estimated in all the species. The 2C-values ranged from 1.91 to 5.29 pg. The 1Cx-values ranged from 0.88 to 1.03 pg. The general tendency indicated a decrease in the 1Cx-value with increasing ploidy level. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to taxonomy of the genus.
... Species with an undivided lip were placed within five sections: Anomalae, Platycoryne, Seticaudae, Stenochilae and Odontopetalae. Some years later, Small (1903) proposed to segregate from Habenaria a new genus, Habenella Small. The author recognized the undivided lip and the 'dropping' stigmas of this species as sufficient to treat it as separate taxon. ...
A new species of the genus Habenella Small is described based on material collected in Nepal. The novelty resembles H. anomaliflora Kurzweil & Chantanaorr., from which it differs by the presence of a single leaf, oblong-lanceolate lip, ovate lateral sepals with a somewhat oblique base, and oblong-lanceolate petals. An identification key for representatives of Habenaria s.l. reported from Nepal is included.
... Just to this variety, introduced to the gardens of Paris in 1819, is attributed the vast majority of garden varieties. From the type subtaxon with orbicular gibbous disks of composite fl owerheads and smooth leaves (Small, 1903) were still delimited var. solidaginoides (L.) Fernald, upright with composite fl owerheads yet noticeably smaller, and similar, but overall slender and procumbent var. ...
... (Fernald, 1937). The latter was once ascribed status of peculiar species (Small, 1903), while today is connected with similarly slend and in our climatic conditions probably not quite winter-hardy Heliopsis gracilis (Gray) Nuttall of the Mexican-American border (Fisher, 1957;Smith, 2006) -but even this had been attributed to the nominotypical species (Torrey & Gray, 1841). All recognized subtaxa readily cross themselves wherever their regions overlap (Fisher, 1958), hybrids retain their unimpaired fertility and produce a number of plants with a wide range of temporary characters. ...
UHER JIRI. 2014. The Genus Heliopsis: Development of Varieties and Their Use in the European Gardens A er the Mid 19th Century. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 62(5): 1185-1200. This review summarizes data on the development of varieties in historic gardens of the once very popular Ox-eyes (Heliopsis Pers., Asteraceae: Zinniinae) a er the mid 19th century, with regard to the development of varietal assortments in the periods corresponding to the most important architectural styles and to their fl uctuating popularity. Old varietal assortments, usually derived from large-fl owered H. helianthoides var. scabra, now rapidly disappear and the oldest varieties, including the once famous Lemoine's selections, are virtually inaccessible. Until recently the most propagated Gotz's and Forster's varieties also disappear and are replaced by modern, relatively smallfl owered selections delivered from H. helianthoides var. helianthoides or patent protected variegated varieties. Neither of these groups, however, is applicable to the restoration of historic gardens. Tables show data on the origin of about eighty both still cultivated and vanished varieties.
... The socalled "herbaceous" Smilax [i.e., Smilax sect. Nemexia (Raf.) A. DC.] constitute one of the most taxonomically confused groups of monocots in North America ( Michaux, 1803 ;Gray, 1848 ;Morong, 1894 ;Small, 1903Small, , 1913Small, , 1933Pennell, 1916 ;Scoggan, 1978 ). The two Asian species of the group, S. riparia A. DC. and S. nipponica Miq., are well defi ned by habit (climbing vs. erect), karyotype (2 n = 30 vs. 32), and molecular data northern California, was recognized by Wallace (1979) as morphologically distinct from S. herbacea and also unique in its geographical isolation from all other North American species found east of the Rocky Mountains. ...
Premise of the study:
The genetic structure of North American herbaceous Smilax, a clade of closely related understory herbs that has a wide and disjunct distribution, was investigated to test the hypothesis of whether a northern refugium in the upper Midwest may have existed for these plants during the last glaciation.
Methods:
We analyzed 33 populations sampled from California and throughout the eastern United States using AFLP and chloroplast DNA sequence data.
Key results:
Individuals of S. jamesii from northern California formed a clade sister to the eastern North American species, and they likely diverged from each other during the Pleistocene. Among the eastern species, two lineages were found on opposite sides of the Appalachian Mountains. The populations near the "Driftless Area" contained most of the chlorotypes found in the Midwest, including a unique one endemic to this area, and the AFLP data indicated that one population from this area has the highest frequency-down-weighted-marker value.
Conclusions:
This study, and others that have focused on mammals, amphibians, and woody plants, provides further evidence for the debate over whether the upper Midwest's "Driftless Area" may have hosted a biologically diverse northern glacial refugium. Herbaceous species of Smilax from eastern North American exhibit an Appalachian discontinuity. They appear to have persisted in multiple refugia both east and west of the Appalachians, with several populations persisting in situ through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We suggest that they experienced localized expansion after the LGM, possibly followed by subsequent contact between the Midwest and the East Coastal lineages.
... Morphologically, Goniostachyum constitutes a homogeneous group, traditionally based on the unique inflorescence architecture and floral bract phyllotaxis. In addition, Small (1903) considered this section as a separate genus, Goniostachyum (Schauer) Small. This was followed by Sanders (2001: 348), who also suggested that this group is morphologically supported by its decussate floral bracts, tubular, puberulent or hirtellous calyx, up to four florescences at each node and conspicuous glands producing aromatic oils. ...
Lippia section Goniostachyum comprises plants distinguished by their numerous axillary florescences (three to six, sometimes up to nine) and tetrastichous floral bracts. Species of section Goniostachyum occur in the Neotropics, from Mexico to northern Argentina. Delimitation of the species grouped under Goniostachyum has remained unclear. Forty‐one names exist under this section, but only c. eight to ten names have been used frequently. To resolve the taxonomy of this group, a modified population aggregation analysis, based on the phylogenetic species concept, was employed. As a result, Goniostachyum is here circumscribed to only four species: L. grata, L. origanoides, L. sericea and L. stachyoides. These species are supported by different combinations of three characters of the 13 qualitative attributes analysed: canescent sericeous pubescence, frondose or frondose‐bracteose inflorescences and free or fused florescence apical bracts. Two varieties based on significant differences among quantitative characters are recognized: L. stachyoides var. stachyoides and L. stachyoides var. martiana comb. nov. Fifteen lectotypifications and four neotypifications are proposed. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 170, 197–219.
... The size of its flowers falls within the range for var. virginica (Small 1903;Long and Lakela 1971). The var. althaeifolia was raised to species level at one time by Watson (1878). ...
... smilacifolia as ''cleft into three narrow lobes'' and its foliage as ''smooth.' ' Small (1903) described var. smilacifolia as ''glabrous or barely puberulent'' and its leaves as ''linear and reflexed.'' ...
... Each of the specimens was determined to varietal name. Following treatments by Weakley (2008), Steere (1968), Fernald (1941), and Small (1903), we classified specimens with petals 1.8-3 cm long and 1-2 cm broad, with short, sparse hairs on the fruit as var. aquilonia; specimens with dense, long pubescence on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces, with an upper stem and fruit as var. ...
Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (L.) Ledeb. (syn. = Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) Presl ex A. Gray) has been treated as a single variable species or as a species including four varieties: K. virginica var. althaeifolia, var. aquilonia, var. smilacifolia, and var. virginica. The aim of this study was to test the validity of formally recognizing these putative infraspecific taxa with a statistical analysis of morphological data. Loans were received from 15 herbaria, for 1,114 specimens; 224 were selected. Measurements were taken from these 224 specimens for 42 characters and analyzed by canonical discriminant analysis, which recognized two dimensions. Var. smilacifolia and var. aquilonia were separated from the other two groupings and correctly predicted at 100%. Var. smilacifolia is morphologically distinct from the other taxa in having linear hastate leaves with reflexed linear lobes, an unbranched inflorescence, a slender stem, and a mostly entire leaf margin. A new combination is proposed: Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (L.) Ledeb. var. smilacifolia (Chapm.) S. N. Alexander. All other former putative infraspecific taxa are synonymous with Kosteletzkya pentacarpos var. pentacarpos.
... Les Tropiques (owner: Dr. A. Robertson-Proschowsky) in Nice, France, and the nearby La Mortala Gardens (owner: Sir Thomas Hanbury) in Ventimiglia, Itlay, also featured multiple Melaleuca species (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1902, 1905, 1913. Bailey (1916) lists 14 species of Melaleuca grown as ornamental trees in the United States at this time. ...
... Importations preceding this date occurred in the central part of the state, thus it is unsurprising that the genus Melaleuca is not mentioned by Small (1903). Prior to publication of the second edition of this flora (Small 1913) Melaleuca seeds had been imported by both the USDA and Gifford, and Small had collected specimens from the USDA station at Brickell Avenue in Miami (NY : Small s.n., 1912). Thus, his omission of this species (Small 1913) suggests that M. quinquenervia had not yet escaped cultivation and begun to spread in southeastern Florida. ...
... Prior to publication of the second edition of this flora (Small 1913) Melaleuca seeds had been imported by both the USDA and Gifford, and Small had collected specimens from the USDA station at Brickell Avenue in Miami (NY : Small s.n., 1912). Thus, his omission of this species (Small 1913) suggests that M. quinquenervia had not yet escaped cultivation and begun to spread in southeastern Florida. This conclusion is supported by Harshberger (1914), who crossed the Everglades in 1911 but did not record M. quinquenervia among the plants encountered during his trip. ...
The Australian punk tree Melaleuca quinquenervia is a notorious invasive weed that threatens the biological integrity of Florida's Everglades ecosystems. A comprehensive plan initiated to manage M. quinquenervia includes an ambitious biological control program, and as part of this program we investigated the origins and invasion history of M. quinquenervia in Florida. Scrutiny of public and private records showed that extant populations derive from more than a dozen introductions, with the earliest occurring during 1886 in Sarasota County. Six sources, some Australian and some extra-Australian, have contributed to Florida's populations. The tree became naturalized in southern Florida during the 1920s, but a paucity of records makes it difficult to determine when naturalized populations began to proliferate via an exponential growth phase. Human distribution of seeds and seedlings is a confounding factor in attempting to decipher rates of M. quinquenervia invasion.
