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Ethanol concentration (mg/L) in the vapor phase of oxygen generated in the humidifier, during the 45 minutes of treatment, at 2 L/min and 3 L/min.
Source publication
Inhaled administration of ethanol in the early stages of COVID‐19 would favor its location
on the initial replication sites, being able to reduce the progression of the disease and improving its prognosis. Before evaluating the efficacy and safety of this novel therapeutic strategy in humans, its characterization is required. The developed 65° etha...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... difference in the total amount of the inhaled ethanol between flow rates was 0.28 g higher for the highest flow rate used. Kinetic parameters of the ethanol vaporization in the oxygen stream, for both flow rates tested, are shown in Figure 4. Second-degree polynomial equations were developed from the experimental data, and areas under the concentration-time curves (AUC) were calculated to determine the amount of ethanol emitted during the treatments. ...
Context 2
... total amount of alcohol vaporized during the flushing of oxygen through the formulation increased with the flow rate of oxygen, as observed by other studies described in the literature [49]. The concentrations of ethanol per min (mg/L/min) emitted in the humidifier were lower at the flow rate of 3 L/min (see Figure 4), as the higher flow rate of oxygen could not reach the equilibrium with ethanol at the same time and carried less ethanol vapor per liter (mg/L). The administration during the time of treatment was more stable at the flow rate of 2 L/min than 3 L/min (see Figure 4). ...
Context 3
... concentrations of ethanol per min (mg/L/min) emitted in the humidifier were lower at the flow rate of 3 L/min (see Figure 4), as the higher flow rate of oxygen could not reach the equilibrium with ethanol at the same time and carried less ethanol vapor per liter (mg/L). The administration during the time of treatment was more stable at the flow rate of 2 L/min than 3 L/min (see Figure 4). ...
Citations
... Theoretically, inhalation of EtOH vapor can expose the respiratory epithelium to enough EtOH to inactivate enveloped viruses [16]. Indeed, a molecular imaging study detected substantial amounts of EtOH in the lungs of rats following inhalation of EtOH vapor [17]. These observations support the therapeutic potential of EtOH vapor inhalation against respiratory infectious diseases, but there is no direct evidence that inhaled EtOH inhibits viral respiratory infections without damaging epithelial cells. ...
Ethanol (EtOH) effectively inactivates enveloped viruses in vitro, including influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Inhaled EtOH vapor may inhibit viral infection in mammalian respiratory tracts, but this has not yet been demonstrated. Here we report that unexpectedly low EtOH concentrations in solution, approximately 20% (v/v), rapidly inactivate influenza A virus (IAV) at mammalian body temperature (37°C) and are not toxic to lung epithelial cells upon apical exposure. Furthermore, brief exposure to 20% (v/v) EtOH decreases production of infectious progeny viruses in IAV-infected cells. Using an EtOH vapor exposure system that is expected to expose murine respiratory tracts to 20% (v/v) EtOH solution by gas-liquid equilibrium at 37°C, we demonstrate that brief EtOH vapor inhalation twice a day protects mice from lethal IAV respiratory infection by reducing viruses in the lungs without harmful side effects. Our data suggest that EtOH vapor inhalation may provide a versatile therapy against various respiratory viral infectious diseases.
... Methanol poisoning [11], fat embolism [12], premature labor prevention [13], preeclampsia [14], and pulmonary edema [15] have all been treated with ethanol-specific treatments in the past. Castro-Balado et al. [16] have shown the histological safety of inhalation ethanol treatment on rats' lungs and respiratory systems. Ethanol was authorized by the Food and Drug Administration. ...
... A lot of concern has been expressed regarding the potential mucosal harm that breathed ethanol might cause. Castro-Balado et al. careful research [16] appears to have completely dispelled these concerns. It should be noted that spraying into the mask prolongs the action of the nebulized liquid and maintains its efficiency by reducing the dispersion and evaporation of the liquid. ...
The goal of this study was to determine if nebulized ethanol (EtOH) is safe and effective in treating COVID-19. A randomized controlled trial was carried out on 99 symptomatic and RT-PCR-positive patients admitted to a hospital that were given Remdesivir and Dexamethasone. They were randomly given either a 35% EtOH spray (intervention group, IG) or distilled water spray (control group, CG). For a week, each group underwent three nebulizer puffs every 6 hours. Global Symptomatic Score (GSS) comparisons between the two groups at the initial visit and on days 3, 7, and 14. Secondary outcomes include the readmission rate and the Clinical Status Scale (CSS), a seven-point ordinal scale that ranges from death to full recovery. The intervention and control groups, respectively included 44 and 55 patients. The GSS and CSS considerably improved in the IG, despite the fact that there was no difference at admission (p = 0.016 and p = 0.001, respectively) (Zero vs. 10.9%; P = 0.02). The IG readmission rate was much reduced. Inhaled-nebulized EtOH responds well in quickly improving the clinical status and limiting the need for further therapy. Further investigation into the therapeutic and preventative properties of EtOH is advised due to its affordability, availability, and lack of/tolerable side effects.
... Ethanol administration has previously been reported to treat methanol poisoning [11], fat embolism [12], prevention of preterm labor [13], preeclampsia [14], and pulmonary edema [15]. The histological safety of inhalation ethanol therapy in the lungs and respiratory tracts of rodents has been demonstrated by Castro-Balado et al. [16]. The Food and Drug Administration approved ethanol. ...
... Concerns about the mucosal damage that inhaled ethanol could induce locally have been frequently and strongly raised. The meticulous work of Castro-Balado et al. [16] seems to have definitively eliminated these concerns. ...
Background
Considering anti coronavirus effects of ethanol, the efficacy of its administration was evaluated in this research. Because of respiratory tract entrance of virus in COVID-19, this study was done by inhalation of nebulized ethanol.
Methods
Ninety-nine positive SARS-CoV-2-PCR patients who had been admitted at a respiratory clinic were included in this study. Patients were randomly assigned to the control (distilled water spray) and intervention (35% ethanol spray) group. Both groups were instructed to inhale 3 puffs of spray and inhale it, every six hours for a week. Global symptomatic score (GSS), clinical status scale,0020Blood Oxygenation, and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) at the first visit and days 3, 7, 14 were measured and compared between groups.
Results
The GSS decreased more and faster in the intervention group (ethanol) (1.4+1.4 vs 2.3+1.7, P=0.035) two weeks after starting intervention. On day 14, the odds of intervention group to have better clinical status was 5.715 times (95% CI, 2.47 to 13.19) than of control group a statistically significant effect, Wald χ2 (1) =16.67, P =0.001. Blood oxygen saturation also improved earlier in the ethanol group but without statistical significance difference. The readmission rate was lower in the intervention group (zero vs 10.9%, P=0.02).
Conclusion
Inhaled ethanol seems to be effective in improvement, mitigating clinical symptoms and reducing the need to repeat treatment. Considering the low cost, availability and no significant adverse events of ethanol, research and additional efforts are recommended to evaluate its curative effects in the early stages of COVID-19.
