Table 5 - uploaded by Leah M Lipsky
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Estimates from linear generalized estimating equations examining associations of time-varying food group intake frequencies (times/day) with time-varying meal practices (days/week) a Food group intake frequency (times/day)
Source publication
Diets of U.S. adolescents and adults do not meet recommendations, increasing risk of chronic disease. This study examined trajectories and predictors of eating behaviors in U.S. youth from age 16–20 years, and evaluated longitudinal associations of eating behaviors with weight outcomes.
Data come from the first four waves (years) of the NEXT Genera...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... GEE models examining associations of time-varying food group intake frequency with time-varying meal prac- tices, family meals and breakfast were positively associated with fruit/vegetables and whole grains ( Table 5). More fre- quent breakfast was additionally associated with less fre- quent soda intake, while more frequent fast food was associated with less frequent fruit/vegetables and more fre- quent soda and snacks. ...
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Background
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Objectives:
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Citations
... However, these longitudinal studies are not consistent in their approaches to assessing the timing and duration of dietary changes. Studies in the United States and Australia showed that diet quality declined or stayed low from age 15 y to the early twenties [11][12][13]. Winpenny et al. [14,15] observed a quadratic trajectory in food group consumption for American and Norwegian young people, indicating decreases in diet quality in their early twenties followed by positive changes until the early thirties. Moreover, the timing of early adulthood transitions may be relevant to changes in dietary intake. ...
... Furthermore, a recent systematic review suggested that the DASH diet stayed at a suboptimal level during adolescence with the potential to increase risks of high blood pressure and body mass index gain over the next 10 y [34]. Existing longitudinal evidence on changes in overall diet quality from adolescence to early adulthood has shown a stable unhealthy dietary intake, or increasingly worse diet quality, until the early twenties [9,[11][12][13]35]. Our study extended the evidence by examining longitudinal changes in diet from adolescence to the early thirties, finding an increase in diet quality after the initial decrease from adolescence to the early twenties. ...
Background: Adolescence to early adulthood is a period of multiple life transitions. These transitions, along with changing resources and contexts, could contribute to significant changes in diet, which may persist into later adulthood. Objectives: We investigated diet quality trajectories from age 15 to 31 y and changes in diet quality associated with life transitions by sex. Methods: Data from the Project EAT (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults) study in Minnesota, the United States were used to examine diet quality among a longitudinal cohort (n ¼ 2524) across 4 waves (mean ages of 15, 19, 25, and 31 y). Average within-person changes in DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) scores were analyzed using sex-specific latent growth models, incorporating underlying growth trajectories, 5 life transitions, and baseline sociodemographic and health characteristics. Results: Both sexes followed a quadratic trajectory of DASH scores, showing decreases in diet quality from Wave 1 to 2 followed by increases until Wave 4. However, males had increasingly worse diet quality than females. Compared with no such transition, leaving the parental home between Waves 1 and 2, was associated with transient decreases in diet quality at Wave 2 only for males (β: À2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: À3.57, À1.11). For females, cohabitating with a partner and becoming a parent between Waves 3 and 4 were related to decreases (β: À1.96; 95% CI: À3.45, À0.47) and increases (β: 1.85; 95% CI: 0.47, 3.23), respectively, in diet quality at Wave 4. Leaving full-time education and starting full-time employment showed negative and positive associations, respectively, with long-term diet quality for both sexes. Conclusions: Diet quality remained suboptimal throughout adolescence and improved across early adulthood. Targeted dietary interventions are welcome for young people who leave their parental home early or do not enter a structured school or workplace environment and for addressing sex differences in diet quality associated with family-related life transitions.
... Analytic sample sizes ranged from 116 to 23,307 participants. The majority of studies recruited children and adolescents from school settings [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][40][41][42][47][48][49][50][51][52]54,55,57], and fewer from clinics [23,31,35,46,56] or the general population [39,[43][44][45]57], while one study did not provide relevant information [53]. Most studies focused on school-aged children (n = 9) [32][33][34]40,41,[48][49][50]54], while others included both pre-schoolers and school-aged children (n = 7) [23,31,38,43,44,53,57], both school-aged children and adolescents (n = 5) [39,42,47,51,52], only pre-schoolers (n = 4) [35,45,46,56] and only adolescents (n = 3) [36,37,55]. ...
... The majority of studies recruited children and adolescents from school settings [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][40][41][42][47][48][49][50][51][52]54,55,57], and fewer from clinics [23,31,35,46,56] or the general population [39,[43][44][45]57], while one study did not provide relevant information [53]. Most studies focused on school-aged children (n = 9) [32][33][34]40,41,[48][49][50]54], while others included both pre-schoolers and school-aged children (n = 7) [23,31,38,43,44,53,57], both school-aged children and adolescents (n = 5) [39,42,47,51,52], only pre-schoolers (n = 4) [35,45,46,56] and only adolescents (n = 3) [36,37,55]. ...
... Of the 28 included reports (25 studies), 13 studies were conducted in the U.S.A. [23,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42], 12 in Europe (the U.K. [43][44][45], the Netherlands [46,47], Germany [48,49], the Republic of Ireland [50], Spain [51], Norway [52], multicentre across different European countries [53,54]), 1 in Australia [55] and 1 in New Zealand [56]). Finally, one study presented data from independent studies in different countries (Germany, the Netherlands, the U.K., the U.S.A.) [57]. ...
Childhood overweight/obesity (OV/OB) is a major public health problem in Western countries, often accompanied with comorbidities (e.g., hypertension and insulin resistance) (i.e., metabolically unhealthy obesity—MUO). Among diet-related risk factors of OV/OB risk and MUO, meal patterns remain limitedly studied. The aim of this systematic review was to explore associations between meal patterns and the risk of childhood OV/OB and MUO in children/adolescents aged 2–19 years. Longitudinal studies and randomised controlled trials from PUBMED and Scopus published between January 2013 and April 2024 were retrieved. Twenty-eight studies were included, all of which reported on OV/OB risk, with none on MUO risk. Regular consumption of breakfast (n = 3) and family meals (n = 4) and avoiding dining while watching TV (n = 4) may be protective factors against childhood OV/OB, whereas meal skipping (primarily breakfast; n = 4) may be a detrimental factor. Mixed effects of meal frequency on OV/OB risk were observed; no effects of frequency of lunch or of fast-food consumption and of meals served at school were found. There was insufficient evidence to support the role of other patterns (meal timing, eating in other social contexts). Meals were mainly participant-identified, leading to increased heterogeneity. Research focusing on childhood MUO and the use of harmonised definitions regarding the assessment of meal patterns are highly warranted.
... Of the 28 included reports (25 studies), 13 studies were conducted in the U.S.A. [20,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39], 12 in Europe (U.K. [40][41][42], Netherlands [43,44], Germany [45,46], Republic of Ireland [47], Spain [48], Norway [49], multicentre across different European countries [50,51]), one in Australia [52] and one in New Zealand [53]). Finally, one study presented data from independent studies in different countries (Germany, the Netherlands, U.K., U.S.A.) [54]. ...
... Analytic sample sizes ranged from 116 to 23,307 participants. The majority of studies recruited children and adolescents from school settings [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][37][38][39][44][45][46][47][48][49]51,52,54], and fewer from clinics [20,28,32,43,53] or the general population [36,[40][41][42]54], while one study did not provide relevant information [50]. Most studies focused on schoolaged children (n = 9) [29][30][31]37,38,[45][46][47]51], while others included both pre-schoolers and schoolaged children (n = 7) [20,28,35,40,41,50,54], both school-aged children and adolescents (n = 5) [36,39,44,48,49], only pre-schoolers (n = 4) [32,42,43,53] and only adolescents (n = 3) [33,34,52]. ...
... The majority of studies recruited children and adolescents from school settings [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][37][38][39][44][45][46][47][48][49]51,52,54], and fewer from clinics [20,28,32,43,53] or the general population [36,[40][41][42]54], while one study did not provide relevant information [50]. Most studies focused on schoolaged children (n = 9) [29][30][31]37,38,[45][46][47]51], while others included both pre-schoolers and schoolaged children (n = 7) [20,28,35,40,41,50,54], both school-aged children and adolescents (n = 5) [36,39,44,48,49], only pre-schoolers (n = 4) [32,42,43,53] and only adolescents (n = 3) [33,34,52]. ...
Childhood overweight/obesity (OV/OB) is a major public health problem, of greater concern when accompanied with comorbidities such as hypertension and insulin resistance leading to metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). Aetiologic associations between meal patterns, OV/OB risk and MUO are limited. The aim of this systematic review was to explore associations between meal patterns and the risk of childhood OV/OB and MUO. Longitudinal studies and randomised controlled trials from PUBMED and Scopus published between January 2013 - April 2024 were retrieved. Twenty-eight studies were included, all of which reported on OV/OB risk; none on MUO risk. Regular consumption of breakfast and family meals and avoiding dining while watching TV may be protective factors against childhood OV/OB, whereas meal skipping (primarily breakfast) may be a detrimental factor. Mixed effects of meal frequency on OV/OB risk were observed; no effects of frequency of lunch or of fast-food consumption and of meals served at school were found. There was insufficient evidence to support the role of other patterns (meal timing, eating in other social contexts). Meals were mainly participant-identified, leading to increased heterogeneity. Research focusing on childhood MUO and improved methodological approach (e.g. harmonised definitions) regarding the assessment of meal patterns are highly warranted.
... However, these longitudinal studies are not consistent in their approaches to assessing dietary intake or the timing of dietary changes. Studies in the US and Australia showed that diet quality declined or stayed at a low level from age 15 years to the early twenties (Lipsky et al., 2015(Lipsky et al., , 2017Appannah et al., 2021). In contrast, Winpenny et al. (2018Winpenny et al. ( , 2020a) observed a quadratic trajectory in food group consumption for American and Norwegian young people, indicating decreases in diet quality in their early twenties followed by positive changes until the early thirties. ...
... The observed low diet quality at age 15 (mean DASH score of 39.2) corresponds to the result of a recent systematic review, suggesting that the DASH diet stayed at a suboptimal level during adolescence with the potential to increase the risks of high blood pressure and body mass index gain in the next ten years (Bricarello et al., 2018). Existing longitudinal evidence on changes in overall diet quality from adolescence to early adulthood has shown a stable unhealthy dietary intake, or increasingly worse diet quality until the early twenties (Lipsky et al., 2015(Lipsky et al., , 2017Smith et al., 2017;Cruz et al., 2018;Appannah et al., 2021). Our analysis extended the evidence by examining longitudinal changes in diet from adolescence to the early thirties, and . ...
Background: Adolescence to early adulthood is a period of multiple education-, employment- and family-related life transitions. Changing resources and food environments within the context of these transitions could contribute to significant changes in diet, which persist into later adulthood. This study investigated diet quality trajectories from age 15 to 31 years and changes in diet quality associated with life transitions, by sex.
Methods: Data from the Project EAT (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults) study were used to examine diet quality among a longitudinal cohort (n=2,524) across four waves (mean ages of 15, 19, 25 and 31 years). Diet quality was evaluated using the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) index. Life transitions were assessed by changes in life circumstances between pairs of waves, including leaving the parental home, leaving full-time education, beginning full-time employment, cohabitating with a partner, and becoming a parent. Average within-person changes in DASH scores were analysed by sex-specific latent growth models, incorporating underlying growth trajectories, five life transitions and baseline socio-demographic characteristics.
Results: Both sexes followed a quadratic trajectory of DASH scores, showing decreases in diet quality from waves 1 to 2 followed by increases until wave 4. Compared to females, males had worse diet quality at wave 1, and this sex difference widened at wave 4. Leaving the parental home between waves 1 and 2 was associated with transient decreases in diet quality at wave 2 only for males. For females, cohabitating with a partner and becoming a parent between waves 3 and 4 were respectively related to decreases and increases in diet quality at wave 4. Leaving full-time education and starting full-time employment respectively had long-term negative and positive associations with diet quality for both sexes.
Conclusions: Diet quality remained suboptimal throughout adolescence but to some extent improved across early adulthood. A sex-sensitive approach in public health policy is welcome for addressing sex differences in diet quality and dietary changes associated with family-related life transitions. Targeted dietary interventions are beneficial for young people who leave their parental home early or who do not enter into a structured school or workplace environment.
... In addition, a greater likelihood of healthy eating behaviour occurs when pupils eat meals together with their families [44]. On the contrary, ordering takeaway foods [46] and watching television during shared meals [47] can negate the nutritional benefits of family, home-cooked meals. Pupils' solitary meals at home may be associated with the consumption of highly processed foods [17,48]. ...
Introduction and objective:
Primary school pupils aged 10-12 years constitute an interesting consumer group due to their greater autonomy in the area of nutrition, compared to the younger group of children, among other things, due to their 'pocket money' and the greater influence of their peer group. However, this is an age group at high risk of inadequate nutrition, eating disorders, including those related to obesity and underweight. Hence, the aim of the study was to explore the attitudes of pupils aged 10-12 years towards food and nutrition.
Material and methods:
A qualitative study was conducted using the Focus Group Interview (FGI) technique among 84 primary school pupils from different localities in Poland.
Results:
Pupils had moderate knowledge of food and nutrition but did not consistently apply this knowledge in practice. Four pupils' profiles were identified, categorized as 'engaged,' 'obedient,' 'rebels,' and 'indifferent,' based on their level of involvement and awareness of proper nutrition. Lunch was the most regularly consumed meal, sometimes eaten twice a day (at school and at home), while first breakfast was skipped the most frequently, mainly because of lack of time and morning rush. Pupils accurately identified recommended and not recommended food products, but lacked an understanding of their importance for health. Pupils' emotional state increased the consumption of salty snacks, sweets, and fast food, and to a lesser extent, seeds, vegetables, and fruit. Pupils reported engaging in moderate physical activity, although they also spent a significant amount of time on the internet or watching TV.
Conclusions:
Primary school pupils aged 10-12 years represented a relatively good level of knowledge about adequate nutrition; nevertheless, they did not follow these recommendations in practice.
... 8 A North American study that monitored adolescents aged 16 to 20 years demonstrated that there is a strong constancy in the trajectory of eating behaviors from adolescence to adulthood and that the greater frequency of meals with the family and eating breakfast are associated with a higher frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains consistently throughout this period. 22 The mechanisms through which frequent sharing of family meals can promote healthy eating habits are: 1) The foods consumed during family meals are healthier than those consumed during meals without the family or outside the home; 2) Eating together as a family allows parents an opportunity to model healthy food intake and eating patterns; 3) Eating together provides a context in which children can implicitly learn about healthy eating through mealtime conversations and the emotional tone of the meal. 8 Studies in the field of childhood obesity have established the association between high BMI in parents and high BMI in children, which can be attributed to genetic factors and, above all, to the environment shared between parents and children, including eating habits and lifestyle. ...
Objective:
To investigate the relationship between the biopsychosocial environment and eating habits and behaviors that lead to the selection and consumption of certain food from the earliest stages of life. To clarify whether there is an interaction between genetic and epigenetic factors, and how they shape eating habits.
Data source:
A narrative review based on research in PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases was carried out over the last 10 years, searching the title and summary fields using the keywords Children OR adolescents Feeding Behavior eating OR Dietary Habits OR Eating Behavior OR Eating Habits OR Children obesity.
Data synthesis:
The generational transmission of eating habits is related to the home, community, and school environments, mainly during the first years of life, and can exert the modulation of habits during all stages of life. During childhood, the family's role in consolidating eating habits is very broad and ranges from choosing foods to prioritizing family meals, including the lifestyle.
Conclusions:
Eating habits are transmitted from parents to children in different ways: environmental, emotional, social, and educational. In cases of obesity, a greater association of genetic influence can be observed.
... It is crucial to emphasize that the positive impact of family meals hinges on the type of food served. Purchasing certain takeout foods (e.g., fast food) and consuming them during family meals can counteract the benefits associated with home-based family meals [37,38]. ...
The family environment plays a crucial role in creating the health behaviours of children and youth. This study aimed to explore the attitudes of parents with children aged 7–12 who represent an influential environment for creating the eating behaviours of children. A qualitative study was conducted using focus-group interviews (FGI) involving 101 parents from various socioeconomic backgrounds. Three categories of parents were identified based on their level of involvement and awareness of nutrition: ‘aware’, ‘determined’, and ‘relaxed’. Among parents of 10–12-year-old students, an additional category, ‘distanced’ parents, was identified. The study revealed that parents require support in terms of providing compelling arguments and practical recommendations related to meals and reducing or eliminating their children’s consumption of sweets, snacks, fast food, and, in the case of older students, energy drinks. Parents reported that their children had a moderate understanding of the principles of proper nutrition. The majority of respondents viewed this knowledge as primarily theoretical and expressed a need for practical guidance and activities, which they believe should be offered by schools. To achieve positive outcomes in educational activities related to food and nutrition, it is essential to involve children, parents, guardians, teachers, and other school staff in these efforts.
... In addition, the HBG were more likely to eat vegetables, fruits, and protein foods, while they consumed fatty, salty, and instant/convenience foods less frequently than the LBG. Consistent with the current study, Lipsky et al. [34] reported that breakfast frequency was related to having desirable eating behaviors (i.e., fruits/vegetables and whole grains intake), while it was associated with less frequent soda intake. In the analysis using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, Korean adults with a lower breakfast energy intake (less than 20% of energy intake) showed a higher percentage of energy intake from protein and fat [18]. ...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Skipping breakfast is prevalent in young adult women. This study examined the psychosocial factors and eating behaviors according to the breakfast frequency among female university students.
SUBJECTS/METHODS
The subjects were female university students in Seoul, South Korea. A survey was done, and the data from 291 students were analyzed. The subjects were categorized into a high breakfast group (HBG) and low breakfast group (LBG). Analysis of covariance and multiple linear regression were mainly used in data analysis.
RESULTS
The subjects had breakfast 3.6 days/week on average. The HBG (47.4%) and the LBG (52.6%) differed significantly in breakfast status, including place, people eating together, breakfast menu, and breakfast preparers (P < 0.001). The HBG agreed more strongly with the advantages of breakfast than the LBG (P < 0.001). The disadvantages/barriers of breakfast were stronger in the LBG (P < 0.001). The HBG felt more confidence in having breakfast (P < 0.001) and confidence in general eating behaviors (P < 0.05). The two groups also differed in the subjective norms from parents/professionals (P < 0.001) and siblings/friends (P < 0.01). The HBG showed desirable eating behaviors more frequently (P < 0.001) and undesirable eating behaviors less frequently (P < 0.001). Multiple regression showed that the following were significantly related to the breakfast frequency, explaining 57.3% of the variance: self-efficacy regarding having breakfast (P < 0.001), perceived barriers of breakfast (no appetite/habit/indigestion, P < 0.001), desirable and undesirable eating behaviors (P < 0.01), subjective norms from parents/professionals (P < 0.05), and perceived barriers due to lack of time/preparation difficulties (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Psychosocial factors and eating behaviors were significantly related to the breakfast frequency. Nutrition education might include strategies to increase self-efficacy for breakfast, modify the beliefs, particularly the disadvantages/barriers of breakfast, adopt desirable eating behaviors, and elicit support from significant others.
... For example one study reported a sharp increase in a fast food based "modern" DP over two decades and its positive associations with cardio-metabolic risks in an adult population in China [30]. Group-based trajectory modelling (GBTM) has been undertaken to explore long-term changes and stability in DPs among different populations and to identify trajectories of DPs over time [27,29,[31][32][33]. However, this method has not been used widely to track maternal dietary trajectories from pregnancy into later life [24]. ...
Purpose
Dietary patterns (DPs) during pregnancy have been well researched. However, little is known about maternal diet after pregnancy. The aim of the study was to explore maternal DPs longitudinally, examine trajectories over 12 years after pregnancy and identify associated factors.
Methods
Of 14,541 pregnant women enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) complete dietary information was available for 5336 women. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to derive DPs. DP scores at each time point were used to create DP trajectories using group-based trajectory modelling (GBTM). Multinomial logistic regression assessed the association with maternal factors.
Results
A total of six distinct DPs were identified over time with different numbers of DPs at each time point. The “healthy” and “processed” DPs persisted over the 12-year post-pregnancy. Three trajectories of “healthy” and “processed” DPs were identified from GBTM. Half the women were on the moderately healthy DP trajectory with 37% on the lower trajectory and 9% on the higher healthy DP trajectory. 59% of women were on the lower processed DP trajectory with 38% on the moderate trajectory and 3.3% on the higher processed DP trajectory. Low educational attainment, low social class and smoking in pregnancy were independently associated with being on a less favourable DP trajectory over the 12 years.
Conclusion
Health professionals should provide support on smoking cessation along with healthy eating advice during ante-natal counselling. Continued support on eating healthily after pregnancy would be beneficial for mothers and families.
... Childhood and adolescence are two key periods in human life during which eating habits and preferences develop [49,50]. A limited intake of salt in childhood is likely to prevent the development of hypertension and its related consequences in adult life [51]. ...
Table salt is the main source of sodium (Na) in the human diet. Excessive supply of Na in a diet is strongly linked to many non-communicable human diseases, such as hypertension, obesity and stomach cancer. The World Health Organization recommends that daily intake of salt in adult diets should be kept below 5 g/person/day, which corresponds to 2 g Na/person/day. However, on average, adults consume about 9–10 g/person/day, and children and young people about 7–8 g/person/day. Initiatives to reduce salt intake include modifications of food composition in collaboration with the food industry, education of consumers, salt marking on foodstuff labels and taxation of salt. A need also exists to educate society so that they choose low-sodium products. In view of the food technology and amount of salt intake, the most important and the easiest change to make is to reduce the content of salt in baked goods. This paper analyses the results of surveys regarding strategies to reduce salt content in food products and considers multifaceted initiatives to reduce salt intake as a possible efficient method of improving the population’s health status.
