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Estimated versus measured blood glucose of trained subjects (hollow red circles; n = 18) and control (untrained) subjects (hollow black circles; n = 42) reporting to be hungry at the final laboratory investigative session. Notes: Linear correlation was significant for the trained data (red dashed line; r = 0.92; P = 0.0001) but not for the control data (black dashed line; r = 0.29, P = 0.06). Image courtesy of Ciampolini M, Bianchi R. Training to estimate blood glucose and to form associations with initial hunger. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006;3:42. 32
Source publication
A set of spontaneous hunger sensations, Initial Hunger (IH), has been associated with low blood glucose concentration (BG). These sensations may arise pre-meal or can be elicited by delaying a meal. With self-measurement of BG, subjects can be trained to formally identify and remember these sensations (Hunger Recognition). Subjects can then be trai...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... samples were taken from each group. Figure 1 shows that even though members of the control group considered themselves hungry, they were unable to reliably estimate their blood glucose concentration whereas members of the trained group, who considered themselves hungry, were able to do this with remarkable accuracy. The correlation lines for the "hungry" groups in Figure 1 show that there was significant correlation between estimated and measured BG in the trained group (r = 0.92; P = 0.0001) but not in the control group (r = 0.29; P = 0.06). ...
Context 2
... 1 shows that even though members of the control group considered themselves hungry, they were unable to reliably estimate their blood glucose concentration whereas members of the trained group, who considered themselves hungry, were able to do this with remarkable accuracy. The correlation lines for the "hungry" groups in Figure 1 show that there was significant correlation between estimated and measured BG in the trained group (r = 0.92; P = 0.0001) but not in the control group (r = 0.29; P = 0.06). The subjective experience of hunger thus appears for most people to be reliably associated with the objective marker BG, but only when people are trained to recognize hunger. ...
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Citations
... Hunger recognition ability is developed through proper training, which facilitates achieving energy balance without the need for restrictive dieting (Ciampolini et al., 2013) [13] . Improvement in energy balance mechanisms, in turn, enhances insulin sensitivity and immune activity (Ciampolini et al., 2013) [13] . ...
... Hunger recognition ability is developed through proper training, which facilitates achieving energy balance without the need for restrictive dieting (Ciampolini et al., 2013) [13] . Improvement in energy balance mechanisms, in turn, enhances insulin sensitivity and immune activity (Ciampolini et al., 2013) [13] . ...
... Hunger recognition ability is developed through proper training, which facilitates achieving energy balance without the need for restrictive dieting (Ciampolini et al., 2013) [13] . Improvement in energy balance mechanisms, in turn, enhances insulin sensitivity and immune activity (Ciampolini et al., 2013) [13] . However, digital food advertisements featuring enticing images can significantly impact cognitive, psychological, and physiological functions concerning food consumption (Spence et al., 2016) [56] . ...
Background: This literature review examined the complex factors that contribute to childhood and adolescent obesity, focusing on the biological, cultural, and environmental influences on eating habits. The global obesity prevalence is projected to reach alarming levels by 2030, with sex and regional disparities. Method: We extensively gathered relevant research papers and articles from reputable sources, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and other scientific websites. Our objective was to review the latest research findings and comprehensively understand this subject. Discussion: Different dietary factors contributing to childhood obesity were considered. Sweetened beverages have been associated with weight gain and obesity-related diseases. Portion size influences energy intake and weight gain, with larger portions of energy-dense foods leading to overeating. Eating in front of the television negatively affects food habits and diet quality. Eating without hunger or emotional factors contributes to unhealthy dietary patterns. Frequent eating out and binge eating were identified as risk factors, along with snacking patterns involving high-energy, low-nutrient snacks. Conclusion: This review emphasizes the importance of comprehensive approaches to prevent and address childhood obesity. Primary prevention strategies should focus on educating children and their families and promoting healthy diets. Secondary prevention efforts aimed at reducing childhood obesity and preventing unhealthy habits are crucial. Combining both approaches yielded the best results for tackling childhood obesity.
... "does your stomach feel uncomfortable?" and "do you feel gastric distension?'). Hunger and the desire to eat are different concepts; hunger represents a more physiological desire, and the desire to eat can occur without hunger [25]. The verbal anchors "not at all" and "extremely" were placed 0 and 100 mm on the VAS, respectively. ...
Meal temperature is known to affect gastric emptying and appetite. While protein intake is recommended for older age, gastric emptying is delayed with age, resulting in loss of appetite. This study aimed to investigate whether adjusting the temperature of protein-containing drinks could improve gastric emptying and appetite in older individuals. Twenty male and female participants aged 65 years and older underwent three one-day trials in random order. Participants visited the laboratory after a 10-hour fast and consumed 200 mL of protein-containing drink dissolved in ¹³C-sodium acetate at 4°C, 37°C, or 60°C in a 3-minute period. Then, participants sat in a chair for 90 minutes to measure gastric emptying rate by the ¹³C-sodium acetate breath test and subjective appetite by a visual analog scale. The results showed that 37°C and 60°C drinks had faster gastric emptying at 5 and 10 min after ingestion than did the 4°C drink (trial-time interaction, p = 0.014). Tmax-calc, an indicator of gastric emptying rate, tended to be faster for the 37°C and 60°C drinks than for the 4°C drink (49.7 ± 17.5 min vs. 44.1 ± 18.5 min vs. 45.3 ± 25.8 min for the 4°C, 37°C, and 60°C, respectively; p = 0.085). There were no significant differences in the change in hunger from baseline among the three different temperature drinks (p > 0.05). Only in the 60°C trial, a shorter gastric emptying time was associated with greater hunger (r=-0.554, p = 0.021). These findings suggest that hot protein-containing drinks may accelerate gastric emptying and contribute to rapid nutrient intake and increased appetite in older adults.
... Therefore, the motives of hunger and satiety with mindful eating behaviour ought to be explored independently, as there are more motives that predict when and how much people eat. Before the emergence of mindful eating psychometric tools, hunger and satiety were independent and separate fields of research, and past findings did indeed suggest a positive impact on eating [14,15]. Hence, mindful eating psychometric tools go beyond solely focusing on the impact of mindful eating and incorporate elements, such as listening to hunger and satiety and overcoming emotional eating. ...
Purpose
The quantitative assessment of mindful eating has been challenging, even with the latest additions to the field of multifactorial mindful eating psychometric tools. This manuscript presents the development, validity and reliability assessment of a trait and state Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale across four studies driven by recent theory (Mantzios in Nutr Health 27: 1–5, 2021).
Methods
Study 1 assessed the content validity of the scale through ratings of clinical and research experts in the field. Study 2 inspected the scale through exploratory and confirmatory factor, parallel, correlation, and reliability analyses. Study 3 assessed the temporal stability through a test–retest in a 2-week interval. Study 4 assessed the scale in a randomized control experimental design, where a mindful eating (vs. control group) received the trait scale before consuming chocolate, and an equivalent state scale was modified to assess state changes during the 10-min eating session.
Results
Study 1 yielded items to be reflective and concise of the definition of mindful eating behaviour. Study 2 indicated 2 potential factors through exploratory factor analyses, which were further verified through a parallel analysis, while subscales correlation indicated one-dimensionality, which was further verified through confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the internal consistency of the scale and subscales was good. Study 3 certified the reliability of the scale over time, while Study 4 indicated that both the trait and state scales were significant indicators of eating mindfully.
Conclusions
Together, all studies signal the utility of theoretically sound and empirically validated measurements for the replicable assessment of mindful eating behaviour.
Level of evidence : No level of evidence: basic science.
... Furthermore, research and guidance on hunger and satiety are consistent with support in healthcare settings, and already exists in nutritional counselling across clinical and non-clinical provision. For example, research found that training people to eat in response to hunger cues significantly reduced caloric intake and improved eating behaviours (Ciampolini et al., 2010(Ciampolini et al., , 2013Fukkoshi et al., 2015). Merging hunger and satiety to mindful eating is a theme that should be subjected to supplementary testingjoined and disjointedto identify best practices for eating experiences and regulatory abilities across psychometric and intervention literature, but also identify the contribution of mindful eating in isolation without the potential inflation that has been observed in past literature. ...
Background: Defining mindful eating and discussing all it entails has proven to be abstract, open-ended and biased to the interpretation of the researchers and authors in the field. Despite some consensus, different interpretations have led to different psychometric tools and practices not descriptive of mindful eating, contributing towards a replication crisis. Aim/Method: This narrative review will draw on the most appropriate definition of mindful eating in the framework of traditional secular mindfulness literature and discuss how mindful eating psychometrics and practices are unsuitable for precise research. Results/Discussion: A proposal and directive of separation between eating behaviours and decision-making in mindful eating as a way of developing evidence-based practices and psychometric tools are proposed for both clinical and non-clinical use.
... Both the MEQ and FFaMES propose psychometric tools that are incorrectly in ated by associations to known eating behaviours such as emotional eating, and reverse scoring such items with the intention to measure people being more in-tune to hunger and satiety is incorrect; rst, because there are several motivations to start and stop eating (Boggiano et al., 2015;Chawner et al., 2022;Cunningham et al., 2021), and, second, because hunger and satiety are not part of mindful eating behaviour, and they should be explored independently. Before the emergence of mindful eating psychometric tools, hunger and satiety was an independent and separate eld of research, and past ndings did indeed suggest a positive impact on eating (Ciampolini et al., 2013;Fukkoshi et al., 2015). Hence, mindful eating psychometric tools are seen through a veil of conventional multicomponent mindful eating programmes that are an integral part of suggesting interventions, but serve interventions that are not clearly focusing on the impact of mindful eating. ...
The quantitative assessment of mindful eating has been challenging, even with the latest additions to the field of multifactorial mindful eating psychometric tools. This manuscript presents the development, validity and reliability assessment of a trait and state mindful eating behaviour scale across four studies, which was driven by recent theoretical interpretations of defining and assessing mindful eating (Mantzios, 2020). Study 1 assessed the content validity of the scale through ratings of clinical and research experts in the field, which yielded the items of the scale to be reflective and concise of the definition of mindful eating behaviour. Study 2 indicated the presence of 2 factors through exploratory factor analyses, which were further verified through a parallel analysis, and a correlation between subscales indicating the unidimensional nature of the scale, which was further verified through confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, the internal consistency of the scale and subscales was assessed, where findings were typical of a reliable scale. Study 3 assessed the temporal stability of the scale through a test-retest in a two-week interval, which ensured the reliability of the scale over time. Study 4 assessed the scale in a randomized control experimental design, where a mindful eating (vs. control group) received the trait scale before consuming chocolate, and an equivalent state scale was modified to assess state changes during the 10-minute eating session. Both the trait and state scales were significant indicators of eating mindfully. Together, all studies signal the utility of theoretically sound and empirically validated measurements for the replicable assessment of mindful eating behaviour.
Level III: evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies.
... Concerning internal validity, we follow past studies (Aarøe & Petersen, 2013;Häusser et al., 2019;Orquin et al., 2020;Wang & Dvorak, 2010) and use blood glucose levels as a marker of acute hunger, because low levels of blood glucose indicate a physiological state of hunger in terms of body energy levels, distinguished from feelings of subjective hunger at the psychological level (Friedman & Stricker, 1976). According to Ciampolini, Lovell-Smith, Kenealy, and Bianchi (2013), "glucose has long been considered a prime candidate in the regulation of energy metabolism being an exclusive energy source for the central nervous system and having limited storage, high turnover rate, and tight regulation" (p. 467). ...
Acute hunger leads to self-protective behaviour, where people keep resources to themselves. However, little is known about whether acute hunger influences individuals' inclination to engage in unethical behaviour for direct monetary gains. Past research in moral psychology has found that people are less likely to cheat for monetary than non-monetary gains. Integrating research on scarcity into the study of unethical economic behaviour, we predicted that acute hunger increases cheating for monetary gains. We further predicted that this effect is moderated by childhood socioeconomic status, trait self-control, and moral identity. We tested these predictions in a well-powered laboratory experiment where we manipulated acute physiological hunger as indexed by blood glucose levels and obtained a validated behavioural measure of cheating for direct monetary gains. Contrary to our predictions, our results show that acute physiological hunger as indexed by blood glucose levels does not increase (or decrease) the propensity to engage in unethical economic behaviour and that neither childhood socioeconomic status nor trait self-control or moral identity moderate this relationship. These findings advance scientific understanding of whether experiences of scarcity shape moral judgment and decision-making.
... In general, low blood glucose concentration is associated with an increase in the feeling of hunger [44]. However, appetite and food intake are also related to other factors such as social interaction, habituation, and emotions [45]. Eating without feeling hungry may result in higher energy uptake than required, long-term body weight gain, and possible obesity-induced complications. ...
Introduction: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems were primarily developed for patients with diabetes mellitus. However, these systems are increasingly being used by individuals who do not have diabetes mellitus. This mini review describes possible applications of CGM systems in healthy adults in health care, wellness, and sports. Results: CGM systems can be used for early detection of abnormal glucose regulation. Learning from CGM data how the intake of foods with different glycemic loads and physical activity affect glucose responses can be helpful in improving nutritional and/or physical activity behavior. Furthermore, states of stress that affect glucose dynamics could be made visible. Physical performance and/or regeneration can be improved as CGM systems can provide information on glucose values and dynamics that may help optimize nutritional strategies pre-, during, and post-exercise. Conclusions: CGM has a high potential for health benefits and self-optimization. More scientific studies are needed to improve the interpretation of CGM data. The interaction with other wearables and combined data collection and analysis in one single device would contribute to developing more precise recommendations for users.
... On the contrary, a child experiencing illness may be hungry but eat less due to poor appetite (Toffelmire, 2018). Hunger is an internal stimulus that is influenced by food intake (Ciampolini et al. 2013). ...
... Globally, more than 50% of mothers/caregivers of young children report some kind of feeding difficulties, including limited or poor appetite (Kerzner et al., 2015;Chatoor, 2009;Garg, Williams, & Satyavrat, 2015, Kerzner et al., 2015 which may limit their energy intake by less than 15% after controlling for age, body weight and illness (Brown, Peerson, De Romana, de Kanashiro, & Black, 1995). In one Ethiopian study, 12% mothers of stunted infants aged 5-11 months reported poor appetite compared to the mothers of non-stunted infants. ...
Reliable and validated tools for measuring appetite of children in South Asia are not available. This study aimed to develop and validate a tool for assessing appetite level of under-five children. Based on literature review and findings from focus group discussions (FGDs), an initial 27-item interview-based tool, the “Early Childhood Appetite and Satiety Tool (ECAST)” was developed in Bangladesh. Fourteen FGDs were carried out in rural and urban settings and constructs for inclusion were derived from the themes and coding of FGDs and appetite assessment tools used in Western contexts. For structural validation, the ECAST-27-was administered on 150 mothers/primary caregivers of children aged 6–59 months, living in urban and rural areas. To validate the association with other variables, the ECAST was administered on mothers of children aged 12–24 months in the community (N = 50), and two groups of wasted, hospitalized children (Weight-for-length, Z score <-2SD) [group1: twenty acutely ill children aged 6–59 months; group 2: twenty children in nutritional rehabilitation aged 18–24 months]. Reliability of ECAST was estimated using Cronbach's alpha and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = 0.73 and the Bartlett's test of sphericity, χ²(253) = 755.791, p < 0.001 indicated that the raw data were suitable. Given the convergence of the Scree plot, Kaiser's criterion and dropping of cross loading items, a 16-item ECAST was produced with three sub scales: Appetite cue; Food responsiveness and Emotion and preference, which were internally valid and had good test-retest reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.6 and test-retest reliability 0.797). Total ECAST scores of wasted children with good appetite were significantly higher from those with poor appetite (p = 0.004 and 0.001 for two wasted groups respectively). Results suggest that ECAST may provide a useful measure to assess the appetite level of under-five children.
... So, because of malignant metabolism and because of sarcopenia risk, clinical nutrition for breast cancer patients during oncology treatment is based on a moderately higher protein diet. And because insulin resistance doesn't just happen through overeating but also through the hyperlipidemia induced by starvation -the only "less" eating we recommended to our patients is not eating when not hungry (22). ...
Introduction. Statistically, patients who achieve and maintain their optimal weight during breast cancer treatment have the best prognostic. Breast cancer associated weight gain starts during neoadjuvant chemotherapy when many patients either eat too little because of the decreased appetite or eat too much to emotionally cope with the treatment. Materials and method. To test if we can prevent weight gain during neoadjuvant chemotherapy we assigned 46 patients during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CH) and of 50 patients 2 years after surgery (S) to follow a moderately high protein diet – based on eating only when hungry foods naturally high in protein, high quality fatty acids and carbohydrates, calcium, pre- and probiotics. We used no dietary supplements. We measured weight (W), subcutaneous fat (%SF) and visceral fat percentages (% VF) with a multi-frequency BIA scale at the beginning of the study and after 12 weeks of intervention (time needed to administrate 4 chemotherapy sessions). To validate BIA measurements, we also measured waist and hips circumferences. Results. Although S patients obtained better results on all measured parameters, CH patients also improved their body composition despite chemotherapy administration during the trial: 1.611±2.89%kg (p=0.005), 1.79±3.32% subcutaneous fat (p=0.006), 0.4±0,81% visceral fat (p=0.012) and had a 0.29±0.4 in the waist to hips ratio (p=0.001). Conclusion. A moderately lower carb diet is as effective for preventing sarcopenic obesity during chemotherapy as it is 2 years after surgery thus sarcopenic obesity prevention can begin from as early as diagnosis.
... • insulin resistance -manifested by increased hunger and cravings (8); • leptin resistance -caused by hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and hyperleptinemiamanifested by lowered ability to perceive physical hunger when blood sugar is low, decreased ability to perceive satiety, and feeling like eating soon after taking a meal (9); • dopamine resistance -manifested by decreased ability to perceive pleasure, be it eating pleasure or any other type of pleasure (10). The main eating behaviors that increase insulin sensitivity are eating when physically hungry, respecting satiety (11). ...
Sleep disturbances overthrow breast cancer patients’ eating behavior, aggravating sarcopenic obesity causes like insulin, leptin and dopamine resistance, thus increasing recurrence and mortality risks. Seeking fat loss solutions for sarcopenic obesity in ER+ breast cancer patients with sleep disturbances, we randomized 50 – of which 16 were depressive – to follow a high protein diet (D) or the diet and sleep journal interventions (D+SJ). Patients ate only when hungry foods naturally high in protein, calcium, omega-3, pre- and probiotics, and were asked to write a daily food journal. Half of the patients were asked to write a 7-day Kalionka Institute type sleep journal – containing questions about the time it took them to fall asleep, number of awakenings during the night, how much they slept, how much they stayed in bed, and self-perceived sleep quality. After writing the sleep journal, we asked patients to follow set sleeping and wake up hours calculated based on their SJ answers, and to not sleep during the day. After 8 weeks we remeasured body composition with a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance scale. 8 patients from the D+SJ group asked to leave the study, 5 being depressive. D group lost 2.31±2.86% body fat (p=0.001), and 0.76±1.16% visceral fat (p=0.001); with no fat loss difference between patients with or without depression. Depressive patients did not obtain statistically significance for weight loss. D+SJ group improved sleep quality and lost 2.16±2.35% body fat (p=0.002), and 0.86±1.24% visceral fat (p=0.005). Depressive patients didn’t obtain statistically significant results neither for fat, nor for weight loss – maybe because of the overtiring effect of the SJ intervention. So, both D and D+SJ interventions improve breast cancer patients’ body composition despite sleep disturbances, but only non-depressive patients also lose weight. And SJ intervention improves sleep quality in patients without depression, decreasing weight regain risk.
