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Epidermal features of Zehneria species: ((a). Adaxial surface of Z. scabra (x100); (b). Abaxial surface of Z. scabra (x100); (d). Adaxial surface of Z. capillacea (x40) and (e). Abaxial surface of Z. capillacea (x40). Note: polygonal shape of the upper epidermis and the irregular crenated shape of the lower epidermis in both species.
Source publication
Comparative studies on macro-morphology, foliar epidermis, stem and petiole anatomy of two indigenous wild cucurbits (Zehneria capillacea and Zehneria scabra) in Nigeria were carried out in order to improve the delimitation of the species based on these parameters. The morphological features of significance observed include variations in leaf and s...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... 3.24 ±0.125 for Z. capillacea and Z. scabra , respectively. Variations were also observed in the shape of the epidermal cells. The abaxial cells are irregular, wavy or crenulated while the adaxial cells are more regular in shape ( Figure 2). Only uniseriate eglandular trichomes were observed in Z. scabra (Figure 3a) while uniseriate eglandular and multicellular glandular trichomes are present on leaf surfaces of Z. capillacea (Figure 3b-d). The two types of eglandular trichomes observed on the adaxial surface of Z. capillacea are a short thick walled eglandular trichome with an acute tip and a broad multicellular base (Figure 3c) and a short unbranched multicellular trichome (Figure 3d). The latter which is absent on the abaxial surface has 4-celled head, serrated short stalk and a spherical broad base. The stem anatomy of the two species revealed a pentagonal-shaped or 5-angled stem with 8 bicollateral vascular bundles arranged in two major rings (Table 3 and Figure 4a-b). The five peripheral smaller bundles occur on each angle and alternate with the three bigger inner bundles which border on the pith cavity. The stem epidermal cells have uniseriate eglandular unbranched trichomes. Angular collenchyma cells are present below the epidermis and a broad band of perivascular fibres in the cortex. Transverse section of the petiole showed single layered epidermis which consists of thin walled cells with conical uniseriate eglandular unbranched trichomes. It also revealed a free bundle vasculation pattern arranged in ...
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Abstract
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Citations
... Flowers are greenish-white; fruits are oval, finely reticulate, red when ripe, and seeds are ovate-oblong; leaves are ovate-suborbicular with a cordate base, angular or 3-5 lobed; and seeds are ovate-oblong. 14,15 Z. scabra is a traditional Ethiopian medicinal plant that is often used to cure a variety of ailments. For example, the Amhara ethnic community uses the leaf juice to treat fever and headaches. ...
Background
Wounds continue to be a difficult clinical problem, with early and late consequences causing significant morbidity and death. As a result, proper wound management is critical. In addition to contemporary medicine, medicinal herbs serve an essential role in the treatment of wounds and bacterial infections. Z. scabra is a medicinal plant that has traditionally been used to treat wounds. However, there are no scientific reports on solvent fraction wound healing activities. As a result, the current study presents a scientific assessment of the wound healing ability of the solvent fractions of Z. scabra leaves.
Methods
The leaves were crushed and macerated three times in 80% methanol. Chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of simple ointment at 5% w/w and 10 percent w/w strengths were prepared using the fusion technique based on the British Pharmacopoeia. Excision and incision wound models were used to assess the solvent fractions’ wound healing activities. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of crude and solvent fractions was tested in mice utilizing a carrageenan-induced hindpaw edema model.
Results
In rats, a test dose of 2000 mg/kg of the 10% w/w crude extract ointment was found to be safe. Groups treated with the 5% and 10% ethyl acetate fractions of the extract experienced significant (p<0.05 and p<0.01) wound reduction in the excision wound model. When compared to the negative control, the length of epithelization in groups treated with 10% ethyl acetate fraction and aqueous fractions of Z. scabra was statistically significant (p 0.001). By lowering the amount of carrageenan-induced paw edema, the leaf extract and the chloroform fraction of Z. scabra demonstrated a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect.
Conclusion
The extract showed remarkable wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity and might be recommended for the treatment of many types of human wounds.
... There have already been some morphometric studies (Josephine et al., 2015;Ekeke and Agogbua, 2018), phylogenetic studies (Zhang et al., 2006;Renner and Pandey, 2013;Misra et al., 2017;Chomicki et al., 2019), and recently phylogenomic studies (Guo et al., 2020) on the Cucurbitaceae, but none referred to the important informative characters listed earlier. Although digital morphometry is only beginning to reveal these additional characters, it is important that they are used in subsequent studies. ...
Premise:
Plant leaves are one of the most important organs for plant identification due to their variability across different taxonomic groups. While traditional morphometrics has contributed tremendously to reducing the problems accompanying plant identification and morphology-based species delimitation, image-analysis digital solutions have made it easy to detect more characters to complement existing leaf data sets.
Methods:
Here, we apply MorphoLeaf to generate a morphometric data set from 140 leaf specimens of seven Cucurbitaceae species via landmark extraction, the reparameterization of leaf contours, and data quantification and normalization. A statistical analysis was performed on the resulting data set.
Results:
A principal component analysis revealed that leaf blade area, blade perimeter, tooth area, tooth perimeter, the measure of the distance from tooth position to the tip, and the measure of the distance from tooth position to the base are important and informative landmarks that contribute to the variation within the species studied.
Discussion:
MorphoLeaf can be applied to quantitatively track leaf diversity, thereby functionally integrating morphometrics and shape visualization into the digital identification of plants. The success of digital morphometrics in leaf outline analyses presents researchers with opportunities to carry out more accurate image-based research in areas such as plant development, evolution, and phenotyping.
... ex Eckl. & Zeyh., Cucumis L., Cucurbita L., and Cucumeropsis Naud. in Nigeria and Aguoru et al. [19] reported the morphology and anatomy of Zehneria Endl. Despite these enormous work on members of Cucurbitaceae, there is little information on the morphological and anatomical description of T. cucumerina. ...
... The application of epidermal features in delimiting flowering plants have been emphasized by many authors [9,14,15,16,19,21,23,24]. The epidermal charateristics in Cucurbitaceae vary from polygonal to irregular in shape; straight, curv or undulating anticlinal cell wall pattern and species could be mainly amphistomatic with isotricytic, tetracytic and anomocytic stomata. ...
... The epidermal charateristics in Cucurbitaceae vary from polygonal to irregular in shape; straight, curv or undulating anticlinal cell wall pattern and species could be mainly amphistomatic with isotricytic, tetracytic and anomocytic stomata. Agogbua et al. [19] reported that species have straight to undulating anticlinal cell wall pattern with isotricytic, tetracytic and anomocytic stomata. Ajuru et al. [25] and [26] reported similar features in Citrullus, Cucumis, Cucurbita, and Cucumeropsis Mohammad and Fahad [14] reported different trichome types such as trichome with thin irregular in shape and without flattened disk at base, however, some trichomes were slightly conical and end with acute apex in cucumerina, while trichomes with thin walled, irregular in shape, without flattened disk at base, slightly blunt apex in T. cucumerina ; Article no.IJPSS.44982 ...
Studies on morphological, anatomical and proximate characteristics of Trichosanthes cucumerina L. (Cucurbitaceae) was carried out using morphological observation and microtomy in order to determine the relationship between this species and other cucurbits and complement the existing data on the taxon. T. cucumerina is a climber that grows up to 30m tall. The leaves are persistent partly ovate, trilobate to heptalobate, slightly hairy to densely hairy with glandular trichomes and non-glandular trichomes (2-5 celled, with a prominent flattened disk of two rows of cells). Tendril bifid, ovary consists of 3 syncarpous carpels and fruits 23.0-56.4 cm long. The species is hypostomatic with mainly anomocytic and tetracytic stomata and the epidermal cells appeared irregular in shape. Stem, peduncle, and tendril were angled with 5-13 bicollateral vascular bundles in open rings. The petiole and the midrib comprised 1-3 accessory vascular bundles. The sclerenchymatous cells were continuous or non-continuous. The tendril and stem have hollow pith. The similarity in morphological and anatomical features of this species and other members of cucurbits depicts taxonomic and evolutionary relationship among them, however; the type of trichomes we observed suggests that this species could be T. cucumerina var. anguina and not T. cucumerina. Further studies using electron microscope is therefore needed to affirm this finding.
... Likewise, its root is used as nectar glue dressing to cure the stomach throb and as powder blended with softened butter against diarrhea [9]. Methanolic extracts got from the root and leaves of R. nervosus plants oftenly used to treat helminthiasis [10], antidiarrheal [11], while its bark and leaf if smashed could be used to lessen the swelling impact [12]. Previously, Desta et al. [5] revealed that the R. nervosus flowers had many chemical ingredients like polyphenolic components which showed many biological activities. ...
Rumex nervosus, common weed plant in Sarawat Mountains, Saudi Arabia, belongs to family Polygonaceae and usually used as traditional herbal medicines. In the current study, R. nervosus plants dissected into roots, stems, leaves, and flowers that collected from seven locations in Aseer region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The antimicrobial activity of methanol and n-hexane extracts was investigated against three pathogenic bacterial strains and one pathogenic fungus by using agar well-diffusion method. The phytochemicals and vitamins content present in the methanol extracts was investigated by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results revealed that all extracts showed significant activity against tested microbes. Methanol extracts demonstrated the highest degree of antimicrobial inhibition activity as compared with n-hexane extracts. The root extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against the tested microbes. The GC–MS and HPLC indicated the presence of numerous phytochemicals in the different parts of R. nervosus as well as a set of vitamins including vitamins , and folic acid. In conclusion, the present study showed that methanol and n-hexane extracts of all parts of R. nervosus could be used as promising alternative drugs to treat bacterial and Candida spp. infections.
... Stomata abnormalities like contiguous stomata, stomata without guard cells, and stomata with single guard cell have been reported by Gill and Karatela (1982) in some Nigerian cucurbits. Moreover, recently Agogbua et al. (2015) have reported anomocytic and tetracytic stomata in cucurbits, Zehneria capillacea and Z. scabra. The former taxon additionally had isotricytic stomata on the adaxial surface. ...
... The epidermal cells were polygonal. Zehneria scabra is also reported to exhibit undulating anticlinal walls abaxially (Agogbua et al., 2015). ...
The mature and healthy fruits of Luffa cylindrica were collected from its plant grown in Gulshan-e-Maymar, Karachi. The fruits were studied for their size, brood size and seed characteristics. The brood size was highly variable and varied from 203 to 734 seeds per fruit. Mean single seed weight (MSSW) was found to vary amongst the fruits significantly. A large number of seeds (49.7%) had seed weight larger than 100 mg and 42.5% seeds had seed weight between 90-100 mg. Around 5.2% of seeds were smaller in size (≤ 50 mg) and 2.1% seeds were very small with ≤ 20 mg of weight. Large number of seeds concentrated around the mean value (97.32 ± 0.71mg). The weight of the smallest seed in a fruit was found to relate with seed weight variability in a fruit (% coefficient of variability) inversely through a negative power model with an exponent value of – 0.73236. That is to say that the inclusion of smaller seed (s) in a fruit enhanced the variability of seed weight in a fruit of L. cylindrica. Such a variation in seed weights in a fruit was lower when minimum weight of seed in a fruit fall between 70-80 mg. There is great degree of variation of seeds size within a fruit or among the fruits of Luffa cylindrica. The seeds showed no dormancy of any kind and germinated rapidly. Seedling appeared to be Panerocotylar, epigeal and foliaceous type. Hypocotyl was characterized with collet. Cotyledons and leaves were amphistomatic and had several types of trichomes on both surfaces (amphitrichomatic). There were few extrafloral nectaries on the ventral surface of leaf of the seedling. The arrangement of subsidiaries around stomatal pore was anomocytic and tetracytic. Stomata often appeared in clusters with common subsidiaries. The anticlinal walls of dorsal foliar epidermal cells were straight but sinuous in case of ventral foliar epidermis.
... The use of anatomical methods in taxonomic investigations cannot be over emphasized. Although no character is absolutely immutable, some are more fixed than the others and it is on those that are less plastic that the systematic anatomist rely because they are not really affected by environmental conditions [14]; comparative plant epidermal, petiole, midrib and stem anatomy have been found to be reliable in taxonomy and systematics of many angiosperm species [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Metcalfe & Chalk [15,16], Naik & Nigrude [24], Palmer & Tucker [25], Adedeji [26] and Adedeji & Illoh [27] have all stressed the taxonomic importance of anatomical features which along with other characters are useful for identification and classification of plants. ...
Three species of Emilia Cass. namely E. cocinea (Sims.) G. Don, E. sonchifolia (Linn.) DC and E. preatamissa Milne-Redhead were investigated using their petiole, stem, flower stalk, midrib and epidermal features. The specimens were pretreated, sectioned, stained in 1% Safranin O for two minutes, counter-stained with Alcian blue, mounted on a slide, observed under microscope and micro-photographed using Leica WILD MPS 52 microscope camera on Leitz Diaplan microscope. The results revealed that the variation in number of vascular bundle in the petiole, stem, flower stalk and midrib, stomata type, occurrence (on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces) and orientation (contiguous or in groups) constituted dependable diagnostic characters among the species studied. In this study for instance, the contiguous stomata is restricted E. cocinea. The dipolar contiguous stomata are found on the adaxial leaf surface while mono-polar, lateral and di-polar contiguous stomata were found on the abaxial leaf surface. Also, stomata in groups of 2, 3 or more were found on the leaf surfaces of the Emilia species. Among the species, E. sonchfolia and Original Research Article Chimezie et al.; IJPSS, 12(6): 1-12, 2016; Article no.IJPSS.28420 2 E. cocinea have stomata in groups of 2, 3 or more on both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces while E. preatamissa was distinct form these species by having stomata only in groups of 2 on the upper surface of the leaf. This also revealed that there are intraspecific and interspecific relationships among species.
This research examined the histological micro-structure of tendril vasculature in cucurbitaceous taxa. In this research, the tendril anatomy of 17 taxa of Cucurbitaceae categorized into seven genera, including Cucumis (five species), Cucurbita and Luffa (three species each), Citrullus and Momordica (two species each) while Lagenaria and Praecitrullus (one species each), collected from different areas of the Thal desert were examined via microscopic imaging to explore its taxonomic significance. Tendril transverse sections were cut with a Shandon Microtome to prepare slides. The distinctive characteristics of taxonomic value (qualitative and quantitative) include tendril and vascular bundle shape, variation in the number of vascular bundles, tendril diameter length, layers of sclerenchyma, and shape of collenchyma and epidermal cells. Tendril shapes observed are irregular, slightly oval-shaped, slightly C shaped, angular (4-angled, 6-angled, or polygonal), and star shaped. Quantitative measurements were taken to analyze the data statistically using SPSS software. Cucurbita pepo had a maximum tendril diameter length of 656.1 µm and a minimum in Momordica balsamina of 123.05 µm. The highest number of vascular bundles (12) were noticed in Luffa acutangula var.amara. Angular type was prominent in collenchyma, and irregular shape was dominant in sclerenchyma cells. A maximum of seven to nine sclerenchyma layers were present in Lagenaria siceraria and a minimum of two or three layers in Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis, Cucumis melo var. flexuosus, and Cucumis melo var.cantalupensis. Epidermis cells also show great variations with a rectangular shape being dominant. Statistical UPGMA dendrogram clustering of tendril vasculature traits shows that histological sections studied with microscopic techniques can be used to identify species and will play a vital role in future taxonomic and phylogenic linkages.
Morphological, anatomical and histological studies of three Icacina species (I. mannii Oliv., I. oliviformis (Poir.) J. Raynal, and I. trichantha A. (Juss)) were carried out by visual observation and microscopy. The species occur predominantly in Nigeria, West Africa. They exhibited anatomical variation in the midrib vascular bundle arrangement, trichome types and abundance, stomatal types, lamina thickness, stomatal index, and fruit morphology, all regarded as reliable diagnostic characters. Only I. oliviformis manifested druses and galls. The study revealed some morphological and anatomical similarities, such as leaf arrangement, non-glandular trichomes, anomocytic and tetracytic stomata, epidermis cell shape, and presence of tannin and starch grains in the corms of the species.