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Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (IBSP 08491). A–D epigynum/vulva (A ventral–arrows point the atrium, B dorsal–arrows points tto FD, C sagittal, D frontal—arrow points to FD (left one broken)); E metatarsus I, retrolateral view. Arrows point to bifid setae. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, E); 0.2 mm (B–D).
Source publication
All species of Epicadus Simon, 1895 are reviewed and redescribed, including the previously unknown males of E. rubripes
Mello-Leitão, 1924 and E. planus Mello-Leitão, 1932. A new diagnosis based on morphological characters is proposed
for the genus. Three valid species of Epicadus are recognized: E. heterogaster (Guérin-Méneville, 1829); E.
rubripe...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... oriented. Anterior legs distinctively larger and stouter than the posterior ones. Femora I and II armed with two rows of ventral conical tubercles (FeT, Figs 2E, 7E), patellae I and II elongated. Tibiae and metatarsi I and II round in cross-section, armed with short, slightly curved macrosetae, with rounded base and acute edge (sometimes bifid, Fig. 3E). Metatarsi III and IV round in cross-section with distinct setae tuff on the distal third. Anterior tibiae with a concave area on the dorso-retrolateral face (Fig. 6B), where a sensorial pit can be found (SPt, Figs 6C, D) in the proximal part. The same region contains both duster-shaped setae (Fig. 6E) and trichobothria (Figs 6C, D). ...
Context 2
... lowered median area (better seen on SEM, Figs 15B, E, H). Epigynal plate at the same level as the opisthosoma (E. heterogaster, E. rubripes) or slightly elevated (E. planus). Copulatory openings sclerotized ( Figs 3A, 8A, 12A); vestibular edges sclerotized, forming a smooth and rounded atrium (Figs 15B, E, H). Copulatory ducts long, S-shaped ( Fig. 3C) with upper (anterior) curve (CV) enlarged, similar to a secondary spermatheca (see Bonaldo 2000;Machado et al. 2015) at the distal part (Figs 15A, D, G) and getting narrower near the copulatory openings and distant from the spermatheca. Spermathecae rounded or bean-shaped. Fertilization ducts long and thin, oriented dorsally near the ...
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Citations
... The morphological aspects and taxonomic boundaries of Neotropical stephanopines have been extensively studied during the past years (Machado et al. 2015(Machado et al. , 2019aSilva-Moreira & Machado 2016). Meanwhile, phylogenies based on morphological and molecular data were congruent in recovering some close related genera, corroborating classic propositions for the possible existence of tribes or even certain "groups" in this subfamily (Benjamin 2011;Benjamin et al. 2008;Wheeler et al. 2017;Machado et al. 2017Machado et al. , 2019bMachado & Teixeira 2021). ...
... The following species do not share the diagnostic characters proposed for Kryptochroma gen. nov., therefore they are being considered as nomina dubia or transferred to other genera recently revised by Teixeira et al. (2014), Silva-Moreira & Machado (2016) and Machado et al. (2018Machado et al. ( , 2019a. (Petrunkevitch, 1910) Stephanopis aheneus Soares & Soares, 1946: 57, figs 5-6 (male holotype from Rio São José, Colatina, Espírito Santo, Brazil, Soares, B.A.M. leg.,15 September 1942, deposited in MZSP 666, examined). ...
A recent phylogenetic analysis has shown that the genus Stephanopis comprises several different lineages of bark-dweller crab spiders. The ones with South American distribution that present a close relationship with other Neotropical genera like Epicadus, Onocolus, Rejanellus and Epicadinus were recovered in a single clade, with good support and stability. Here, we present a taxonomic review of Stephanopis species attributed to the ‘pentacantha clade’, proposing the new genus Kryptochroma Machado gen. nov. to accommodate them. New distribution records are provided and the following species are described for the first time: Kryptochroma gigas Machado & Viecelli gen. et sp. nov., Kryptochroma hilaris Machado & Teixeira gen. et sp. nov., Kryptochroma quadrata Machado & Viecelli sp. nov. and Kryptochroma septata Machado & Teixeira sp. nov. The species Stephanopis borgmeyeri is considered a nomen dubium, Stephanopis aheneus is a junior synonym of Epicadus tuberculatus, Stephanopis quimiliensis is transferred to Ulocymus and Stephanopis stelloides is transferred to Epicadus, being Epicadus stelloides the senior synonym of Stephanopis salobrensis, Stephanopis trilobata and Epicadus caudatus.
... The subfamily Stephanopinae has been the focus of recent revisional works (Benjamin 2013(Benjamin , 2015(Benjamin , 2016(Benjamin , 2017Machado et al. 2015Machado et al. , 2017Machado et al. , 2018Machado et al. , 2019aSilva-Moreira and Machado 2016;Prado et al. 2018). Even so, most of its component genera are still poorly known and diagnosed, which is reflected in the lack of resolution and constant recovery of its polyphyletic relations (Benjamin et al. 2008;Benjamin 2011;Wheeler et al. 2017). ...
... While two species of Stephanopis from Central America emerged close to the "cambridgei clade", the remaining Neotropical species were placed inside the "Epicadus group" (Fig. 6), a potential clade suggested by Silva-Moreira and Machado (2016) and partially recovered by Machado et al. (2017). A similar topology was recovered by Wheeler et al. (2017) with considerable support. ...
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-021-00483-2
... The subfamily Stephanopinae has been the focus of recent revisional works (Benjamin 2013(Benjamin , 2015(Benjamin , 2016(Benjamin , 2017Machado et al. 2015Machado et al. , 2017Machado et al. , 2018Machado et al. , 2019aSilva-Moreira and Machado 2016;Prado et al. 2018). Even so, most of its component genera are still poorly known and diagnosed, which is reflected in the lack of resolution and constant recovery of its polyphyletic relations (Benjamin et al. 2008;Benjamin 2011;Wheeler et al. 2017). ...
... While two species of Stephanopis from Central America emerged close to the "cambridgei clade", the remaining Neotropical species were placed inside the "Epicadus group" (Fig. 6), a potential clade suggested by Silva-Moreira and Machado (2016) and partially recovered by Machado et al. (2017). A similar topology was recovered by Wheeler et al. (2017) with considerable support. ...
A matrix of 117 morphological characters scored for 77 terminal taxa was subjected to parsimony analysis under equal and implied weighting schemes and to Bayesian inference in order to test the relationships in and between Stephanopis and Sidymella species, as well as its implications for the systematics of the subfamily Stephanopinae. A sensitivity test was performed to evaluate nodal stability. Our results indicate the polyphyletism of both genera and the topologies obtained allowed the proposition of the following taxonomic acts: The “altifrons clade” is the only group considered as Stephanopis (stricto sensu), with species restricted to the Australian region; most species from the Neotropical region, hitherto attributed to this genus, formed the well-supported “pentacantha clade”, while two of them, restricted to Central America, were recovered as the “championi clade”. The latter shows significative evidences for the revalidation of Paratobiasgen. rev.; the “cambridgei clade” emerged with I. punctata nested within, having all its component species transferred to Isala. None of the Sidymella species with Australian distribution seems to be part of this genus, which occurs in fact only in the Neotropical region and is closely related to Coenypha. This latter has an increment of three species transferred from Stephanopis. Aside from the “lucida clade”, which is considered here as Sidymella (stricto sensu), three other groups and a single species emerged apart from this genus: the “hirsuta clade”, “trapezia clade”, “angularis clade” and Si. rubrosignata. Morphological evidences seem to justify the proposition of all these groups as new genera.
... In the Neotropical region, a significant number of thomisid genera are in urgent need of taxonomic revision, and their distribution remains unclear (World Spider Catalog 2020). However, the taxonomy of Neotropical representatives belonging to the subfamily Stephanopinae has been intensively investigated in the last few years (e.g., Machado et al. 2015;Silva-Moreira and Machado 2016;Machado et al. 2017Machado et al. , 2018Prado et al. 2018). Currently, the genus Epicadus Simon, 1895 consists of eleven representatives, which are characterized by large opisthosomal projections and an elevated thoracic region (for a full diagnosis, see Machado et al. 2018). ...
The first record of the crab spider Epicadus camelinus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) from Peru is presented. A single female specimen was collected in the Área de Conservación Privada Panguana in 1984 and deposited in the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Germany. The record represents a considerable range extension of approximately 800 km west of the closest known locality of the species in Brazil. The specimen and the corresponding diagnostic characters are illustrated in detail.
... The 284 species of crab spiders currently assigned to Stephanopinae are distributed in 33 genera, including Stephanopoides Keyserling, 1880; (Teixeira and Barros 2015;WSC 2019). Although their phylogenetic relationships are weakly supported and sometimes controversially discussed (Benjamin et al. 2008;Benjamin 2011;Ramírez 2014;Wheeler et al. 2017), the taxonomy of Neotropical representatives of this taxon have been well studied (Lise 1973(Lise , 1981(Lise , 2005Bonaldo & Lise 2001;Quintero & Miranda 2008;Teixeira & Barros 2015;Machado et al. 2015Machado et al. , 2017Machado et al. , 2019Silva-Moreira & Machado 2016;Prado et al. 2018). ...
Stephanopoides is a genus of crab spiders (Thomisidae), currently composed of four species distributed only in the Neotropics, from Panama to Argentina. In this study, we redescribe Stephanopoides cognata, including a description of the male, previously unknown, and an updated description of the female epigynum. The examination of 12 arachnological collections allowed us to update the geographic records of the genus, including the first report of occurrence of Stephanopoides in Venezuela and Colombia.
... caudatus (Mello-Leitão, 1929), E. heterogaster (Mello-Leitão, 1929), E. pulcher (Mello-Leitão, 1929), E. rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1924, andE. taczanowskii (Roewer, 1951)-but they have only been recorded for the state of Bahia (Machado et al. 2015;Silva-Moreira and Machado 2016). The new record presented here suggests that the ecosystems in northeastern Brazil are poorly studied and probably harbor more species of spiders that are unrecorded or undescribed. ...
... Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin, 1829) (Silva-Moreira andMachado 2016;Vieira et al. 2017). The genus Epicadus Simon, 1895 belongs to the subfamily Stephanopinae Simon, 1895 and currently consists of 11 species occurring in the Neotropics from Mexico to Argentina (Silva-Moreira and Machado 2016; World Spider Catalog 2019). ...
We present the first record of Epicadus trituberculatus (Taczanowski, 1872) from the Northeast Region of Brazil. The new record is based on six specimens observed in two areas of montane semi-deciduous tropical forest located in two municipalities: Guaramiranga and Pacatuba, Ceará state, Brazil. Of the six specimens observed we collected manually only three to preserve as voucher material. In Brazil, E. trituberculatus has a wide distribution range, which extends from the Atlantic Forest, Amazon, and Cerrado biomes and the Pampa ecoregion. With the new record there are currently six known species of Epicadus in northeastern Brazil.
... caudatus (Mello-Leitão, 1929), E. heterogaster (Mello-Leitão, 1929), E. pulcher (Mello-Leitão, 1929), E. rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1924, andE. taczanowskii (Roewer, 1951)-but they have only been recorded for the state of Bahia (Machado et al. 2015;Silva-Moreira and Machado 2016). The new record presented here suggests that the ecosystems in northeastern Brazil are poorly studied and probably harbor more species of spiders that are unrecorded or undescribed. ...
... Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin, 1829) (Silva-Moreira andMachado 2016;Vieira et al. 2017). The genus Epicadus Simon, 1895 belongs to the subfamily Stephanopinae Simon, 1895 and currently consists of 11 species occurring in the Neotropics from Mexico to Argentina (Silva-Moreira and Machado 2016; World Spider Catalog 2019). ...
We present the first record of Epicadus trituberculatus (Taczanowski, 1872) from the Northeast Region of Brazil. The new record is based on six specimens observed in two areas of montane semi-deciduous tropical forest located in two municipalities: Guaramiranga and Pacatuba, Ceará state, Brazil. Of the six specimens observed we collected manually only three to preserve as voucher material. In Brazil, E. trituberculatus has a wide distribution range, which extends from the Atlantic Forest, Amazon, and Cerrado biomes and the Pampa ecoregion. With the new record there are currently six known species of Epicadus in northeastern Brazil.
... The thomisids comprise the seventh largest family of spiders with 2163 species described in 170 genera (World Spider Catalog, 2019). Among the currently accepted groups in Thomisidae, the subfamily Stephanopinae has been the focus of many recent revisions (Benjamin, 2013;Benjamin, 2015;Machado et al., 2015;Benjamin, 2016;Silva-Moreira & Machado, 2016;Machado et al. 2017;Machado et al., 2018;Prado et al., 2018). However, most of its component genera are still little known and poorly diagnosed, resulting in a lack of resolution and the consistent recovery of a polyphyletic phylogeny (Benjamin et al., 2008;Benjamin, 2011;Wheeler et al., 2017). ...
Here we present a revision of the Australian species of Stephanopis. The type species S. altifrons is redescribed and S. aspera, S. depressa, S. monticola, S. elongata and S. scabra are considered its junior synonyms. Males of S. altifrons, S. angulata, S. nigra, S. armata, S. fissifrons and S. longimana are described for the first time. We propose neotypes for S. nigra and S. barbipes and describe the female of the latter. Nine species are considered species inquirendae, S. thomisoides as nomen dubium and S. cheesmanae is transferred to Phrynarachne. Seven new species are described, new distribution records are provided and comments are made about the validity of the genus and its relationship with Sidymella species and other Stephanopinae genera from the Australian region.
... The systematics and taxonomy of Neotropical stephanopines have been extensively studied over the last years (Machado et al. 2015;Silva-Moreira & Machado 2016;Machado et al. 2017Machado et al. , 2018Prado et al. 2018). According to Machado et al. (2017), the genera Epicadus Simon, Epicadinus Simon and Onocolus Simon form a clade of taxa with characteristic structure of the male genitalia, consisting of a long and filiform embolus, discoid tegulum and the canoe-shaped RTA fused at the basis with an acute and curved DTA. ...
The systematics and taxonomy of Neotropical stephanopines have been extensively studied over the last years (Machado et al. 2015; Silva-Moreira & Machado 2016; Machado et al. 2017, 2018; Prado et al. 2018). According to Machado et al. (2017), the genera Epicadus Simon, Epicadinus Simon and Onocolus Simon form a clade of taxa with characteristic structure of the male genitalia, consisting of a long and filiform embolus, discoid tegulum and the canoe-shaped RTA fused at the basis with an acute and curved DTA. However, the better diagnostic characters are remarkable somatic features and the structure of the female genitalia. While Epicadus present large species with three or five stout opisthosomal projections, elevated thoracic portion, sometimes presenting a median spire (Machado et al. 2018), Epicadinus is composed of smaller spiders with just three pointed opisthosomal projections and the tegument covered by elongated needle-shaped setae, which give these spiders a spiny appearance (Prado et al. 2018). The species of Onocolus, on the other hand, can be recognized by the dorsoventrally compressed prosoma, pentagonal opisthosoma, female genitalia with coiled or S-shaped copulatory ducts and predominant green body coloration. The genus Onocolus has been revised by Lise (1981). Here, we describe O. ankeri sp. nov., a species from the Amazon Forest that is remarkable by its size and color (Fig. 1).
... Members of the Family Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833 are universally known as crab spiders because of their crab-like, laterigrade leg orientation (e.g. Benjamin 2011;Sirvid et al. 2013;Moradmand et al. 2014;Silva-Moreira and Machado 2016). They are cryptic dwellers of microhabitats ranging from foliage, flowers, tree bark and leaf litter (e.g. ...
Sri Lankan species of the genus Tmarus are cryptic spiders that live either on greenish moss-covered twigs or brownish dried-out twigs. They have remained taxonomically unrevised. The only known species was misplaced in Peritraeus Simon, 1895, which has never been subjected to phylogenetic evaluation. The present study is designed to investigate the phylogenetic placement of Sri Lankan Tmarus within Thomisidae as well as to assess the validity of Peritraeus and its relationship to Tmarus and Monaeses, if any. Using a multilocus molecular dataset (16S–ND1, 28S, CO1 and H3) we provide evidence that Tmarus and Monaeses are paraphyletic and that Peritraeus is a junior subjective synonym of Tmarus. Four species of Tmarus, including three new species, are now recorded from Sri Lanka. The legacy groups Alcimochthae and Tmarae are confirmed to be polyphyletic. Further, the following new species are described: Tmarus hiyarensis, sp. nov., T. viridomaculatus, sp. nov. and T. manojkaushalyai sp. nov. The following new combination is proposed: Tmarus hystrix (Simon, 1895), comb. nov. (this results in a homonym with Tmarus hystrix Caporiacco, 1954: we rename the species Tmarus caporioccoi Ileperuma Arachchi & Benjamin, replacement name).
