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Efficient use of energy helps to achieve increased production and productivity and contributes to the economy, profitability, and competitiveness of agricultural sustainability of rural communities. Evaluation of wheat and barley production systems in view of energy balance was conducted in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. Data were collected by usi...
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... productivity is well recognized in the literature such as in stake tomato (1.0) ( Esengun et al. 2007), cotton (0.06) ( Yilmaz et al. 2005), and sugar beet (1.53) ( Erdal et al. 2007). Net energy was 35,987 MJ ha -1 in wheat and 35,741 MJ ha -1 in barley systems ( Table 5). Consumption of non-renewable energy in wheat and barley production systems was great, indicating the fact that these systems are relying extremely on fossil fuels. ...
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... Several researchers have found that IDE and NRE are higher than DE and RE consumption in the cropping system. The research results were consistent with other authors findings, including [28,29,35,[40][41][42]47]. The agricultural sector has not been efficient in consuming inputs, which will cause environmental problems such as global warming, and greenhouse gas emissions. ...
... In Moitzi et al.'s research [117], the total production inputs were 1127 MJ ha −1 for rye and 1145 MJ ha −1 for barley at full NPK fertilisation. In research by Sahabi et al. [118], barley inputs were 44,866 MJ ha −1 . Winter triticale research by Bielski [69] determined the total production energy inputs to be 1798 MJ ha −1 on average. ...
Every type of agricultural production is a burden for the natural environment. The paper's objective is to assess the energy use efficiency, GHG emissions, and provide an economic analysis of buckwheat production for Central Europe (Poland). The analysis and comparison involved two production systems: low-input and high-input ones. The experiment involved three varieties of buckwheat, Panda, Volma, and Mancan. The yields for analysis were obtained from the field experiment which was set up in 3 k-p fractional design was applied in two replications in which at the same time five factors were tested (A-variety, B-mineral fertilisation, C-sowing rate, D-weed control, E-growth regulator). A quartile was used as a statistical tool to select production systems. A high-input buckwheat production regime required, on average, 74.00% more energy than a low-input system. The total mean energy input for three varieties ranged from 7532.7 to 13,106.9 MJ ha −1 for low-and high-input systems, respectively. The results show that the energy use efficiency, specific energy, and net energy gain for the low-input system were on average 1.51, 9.6 MJ kg −1 , and 3878.8 MJ ha −1 , respectively, for the investigated varieties. For the high-input system, it was 1.35, 10.9 MJ kg −1 , 4529.9 MJ ha −1 , respectively. The total CO2 equivalent emissions during buckwheat production were higher for the high-input system than for the low-input system by more than 40%. The economic analysis demonstrated that the high-input system had better economic efficiency (without EU payment), 1.01 on average, than the low-input system, 1.07 on average. The international literature does not offer research on energy analysis for the production of common buckwheat and GHG emissions. The findings of this study demonstrate how the production systems affect energy and economic efficiency as well as GHG emissions. The authors suggest further research in Europe and globally, particularly on the energy use efficiency and GHG emissions in the production of common buckwheat, to verify the present results and improve production technologies (reduce inputs and costs).
... The highest input energy for silage corn and potato was related to nitrogen fertilizer (46.10 and 34.72 %, respectively), followed by diesel fuel (28.02 and 21.87 %, respectively). Similar results have been reported for alfalfa [34], barley [35,36], silage corn [35], potato [37,38], rapeseed [39], sugar beet [40], and wheat [35,36], with diesel fuel generally representing the largest share of input energy. ...
... The highest input energy for silage corn and potato was related to nitrogen fertilizer (46.10 and 34.72 %, respectively), followed by diesel fuel (28.02 and 21.87 %, respectively). Similar results have been reported for alfalfa [34], barley [35,36], silage corn [35], potato [37,38], rapeseed [39], sugar beet [40], and wheat [35,36], with diesel fuel generally representing the largest share of input energy. ...
... Total input energy required to produce crops has been reported previously to be 32541.12 MJ ha − 1 for alfalfa [34], 59042.5 MJ ha − 1 for barley, and 72317.7 MJ ha − 1 for silage corn [35], 51040 MJ ha − 1 for wheat, and 44866 MJ ha − 1 for barley [36], 47000 MJ ha − 1 for potato [38], 21062.27 MJ ha − 1 for rapeseed [39], 39685.51 ...
Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus and CO2 emissions for a farm in northwest Iran were analyzed to provide data support for decision-makers formulating national strategies in response to climate change. In the analysis, input–output energy in the production of seven crop species (alfalfa, barley, silage corn, potato, rapeseed, sugar beet, and wheat) was determined using six indicators, water, and energy consumption, mass productivity, and economic productivity. WEF Nexus index (WEFNI), calculated based on these indicators, showed the highest (best) value for silage corn and the lowest for potato. Nitrogen fertilizer and diesel fuel with an average of 36.8% and 30.6% of total input energy were the greatest contributors to energy demand. Because of the direct relationship between energy consumption and CO2 emissions, potato cropping, with the highest energy consumption, had the highest CO2 emissions with a value of 5166 kg CO2eq ha⁻¹. A comparison of energy inputs and CO2 emissions revealed a direct relationship between input energy and global warming potential. A 1 MJ increase in input energy increased CO2 emissions by 0.047, 0.049, 0.047, 0.054, 0.046, 0.046, and 0.047 kg ha⁻¹ for alfalfa, barley, silage corn, potato, rapeseed, sugar beet, and wheat, respectively. Optimization assessments to identify the optimal cultivation pattern, with emphasis on maximized WEFNI and minimized CO2 emissions, showed that barley, rapeseed, silage corn, and wheat performed best under the conditions studied.
... As a result, inputs and methods in modern crop production practises on problem soils must be evaluated in terms of energy to ensure that limited resources are used efficiently for enhanced crop productivity and long-term environmental implications. Evidence suggests that efficient and effective energy use is required for financial savings, fossil resource preservation [32], reduced greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production systems and energyrelated environmental pollution [33,34], improved agricultural production [31,34,35] and ultimately positive contribution to sustainable development [33,36]. Limited study on energy budgeting in agricultural production systems has been conducted in a few countries, with the majority of studies focusing on cereal crops and cropping system research [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. ...
This study investigated the energy input-output relationship in biomass production of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) grown in Sodic soils of Indo-Gangetic plains with agronomic manipulations of plant spacing (90 x 75 cm, 75 x 75 cm, 75 x 75 cm) and NPK fertilizers (0, 60:40:40, 80:60:60, 100:80:80 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1). Results indicated that total input energy requirements in various treatments ranged from 16784.72 MJ ha-1 in 90 x 75 cm spacing without NPK fertilizers to 24395.04 MJ ha-1 in case of 75 x 60 cm spacing with NPK at 100:80:80 kg ha-1. Irrespective of agronomic manipulations, share of non-renewable energy in total input energy was very high (64.56%) and the percentage proportions of direct and indirect energies in the total input energy were 75.56 and 24.13%, respectively. Among various inputs, diesel accounted for the greatest proportion (40.44%) of total input energy, followed by water (32%), fertilizers (19.28%) and these three inputs constituted 92.08% of total input energy. Crop raised at 75 x 60 cm spacing with NPK at 100:80:80 kg ha-1 resulted the highest output energy (80863 MJ ha-1), net energy return (56529.91 MJ ha-1) and energy use efficiency (3.22); however, the results obtained at 75 x 60 cm spacing with NPK at 100:80:80 kg ha-1 were comparable. The best energy productivity (0.43) was achieved with 75 x 75 cm spacing and 100:80:80 kg NPK ha-1.
... MJ ha -1 . Sahabi et al. (2013) stated that the input energy for wheat and barley production was 514040 and 44866 MJ/ha, respectively. They stated that profit-to-cost ratio in wheat was higher than in barley, which was 1.59 versus 1.35. ...
With the aim of evaluation and comparison of the greenhouse gas emissions from soybean and tangerine production in Golestan province, Iran, a pilot experiment was carried out. In this experiment, 43 fields of soybeans and 43 orchard tangerines were selected by various management in the province using questionnaires. The greenhouse gas emissions were examined using the Global Warming Potential (GWP). The results of this study showed that fossil fuel was the highest energy consumption in the production of soybeans (6906.5 MJ ha-1) and tangerines (17205.1 MJ ha-1). The lowest amount of energy consumption among inputs was related to micro fertilizers, that was 9 MJ ha-1 for soybeans and 17.6 MJ ha-1 for tangerine. In both of production system, the most energy consumed was shown for the harvesting sector. Irrigation and planting were the highest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions in soybean field by 387.7 and 109.4 kg CO2 ha-1, respectively; while in the tangerine production, the most greenhouse gas emissions were related to irrigation and harvesting process by 5828.4 and 394.7 kg CO2 ha-1. In general, input energy in soybean and tangerine were 17512.8 and 33879.8 MJ ha-1, total output energy was calculated 48310.5 and 105463 MJ ha-1. Finally, the energy use efficiency was computed for soybean and tangerine 2.9 and 3.3, respectively.
... La production d'orge brassicole représente ainsi près de 40 % des impacts environnementaux de l'ensemble de la filière « orge-malt-bière » (Virtanen et al., 2007). Plus particulièrement, la fertilisation azotée de synthèse consomme en moyenne, à elle seule, près d'un tiers de l'énergie nécessaire à la production d'orge brassicole (Khan et al., 2010 ;Sahabi et al., 2013). ...
La France est l'un des premiers producteurs européens d'orge brassicole et le premier exportateur mondial de malt. Les intrants utilisés sur cette culture participent aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre du secteur agricole et peuvent indirectement entrainer des effets négatifs sur la santé des consommateurs. Actuellement, la production d'orge brassicole avec un moindre recours aux intrants chimiques est limitée par le manque de variétés et d'itinéraires techniques adaptés permettant de maintenir les volumes et la qualité de la production. Le coût et le temps nécessaires pour réaliser les analyses de qualité des grains (micromaltages) rendent l'identification des variétés adaptées aux itinéraires techniques non-conventionnels délicate. Le travail réalisé dans le projet CasDAR Eco2Malt avait pour objectifs de concevoir et d'évaluer des idéotypes variétaux et des itinéraires techniques adaptés à une production d'orge brassicole en bas niveaux d'intrants, et de proposer des méthodes rapides d'estimation de la qualité brassicole des orges d'hiver 6 rangs pour accélérer la sélection variétale. A travers l'expérimentation, nous montrons que les variétés actuelles cultivées dans un itinéraire technique avec des apports d'azote réduits (-30%-apports aux dates habituelles) et sans pesticide ne permettent pas systématiquement d'atteindre les teneurs en protéines et le rendement calibré demandés pour les orges de brasserie. Par simulation, nous montrons qu'il est indispensable de retarder les apports d'engrais, lorsque les doses sont réduites pour atteindre des performances agronomiques élevées. Nous avons identifié les caractéristiques variétales adaptées à ce mode de conduite technique. Adapter à la fois les génotypes et la stratégie de fertilisation azotée permet à l'itinéraire technique à bas niveau d'intrants d'atteindre des performances agronomiques similaires à celles de la conduite intensive en azote, et d'améliorer les performances environnementales. Certains des idéotypes les plus performants en bas niveaux d'intrants obtiennent également des performances élevées en haut-niveaux d'intrants. Afin de limiter ces coûts d'analyses du potentiel brassicole des variétés lors de la sélection, un indice de sélection a été développé et évalué, permettant de hiérarchiser les caractéristiques des grains et ou du moult pour atteindre la qualité brassicole. L'intérêt de modèles prédisant le potentiel brassicole d'une lignée à partir des analyses rapides sur grain a été testé. Ces résultats ont pour objectif de permettre de caractériser plus de lignées rapidement et ainsi de faciliter le développement de lignées adaptées à différents contextes, dont les bas-intrants.
Abstract: Assessment and improvement of the malting quality of winter barley for breeding varieties adapted to low-input crop management France is one of Europe's leading producers of malting barley and the world's leading exporter of malt. The inputs used on this crop contribute to greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector and can indirectly lead to negative effects on consumer health. Currently, the production of malting barley with reduced use of chemical inputs is limited by the lack of suitable varieties and technical management practices to maintain production volumes and quality. The cost and time required to carry out grain quality analyses (micromalting) make the identification of varieties adapted to non-conventional technical itineraries difficult. The objectives of the work carried out in the CasDAR Eco2Malt project were to design and evaluate varietal ideotypes and technical management practices adapted to low-input malting barley production, and to propose rapid methods for estimating the malting quality of 6-row winter barley in order to speed up varietal selection. Through experimentation, we showed that current varieties grown in management with reduced nitrogen inputs (-30%-inputs at the usual dates) and without pesticides do not systematically achieve the protein content and calibrated yield required for malting barley. Through simulation, we showed that it is essential to delay fertilizer application when the doses are reduced to achieve high agronomic performance. We have also identified the varietal characteristics adapted to this technical management practices. Adapting both the genotypes and the nitrogen fertilisation strategy ensures the low-input technical management to achieve agronomic performance similar to that of nitrogen-intensive management, and to improve environmental performance. Some of the best performing ideotypes at low input levels also achieve high performance at high input levels. In order to limit these costs of analysing the brewing potential of varieties during selection, a selection index has been developed and evaluated, making it possible to prioritise the characteristics of grains and/or wort to achieve brewing quality. The interest of models predicting the brewing potential of a line based on rapid grain analyses was tested. These results are intended to enable more lines to be characterised rapidly and thus facilitate the development of lines adapted to different contexts, including low inputs management practices.
... The percentage of energy consumption in developing countries increased to 6% of the total national consumption. There must be a plan for energy consumption, on the other hand, with the existing population increasing the current lifestyle will be unsustainable (Sahabi et al 2013). The energy used in agricultural production can be classified into direct and indirect energy. ...
The consumed energy, energy input-output relation of wheat, barley, and oat production in was analysed in Al-Qarneh al-Ghamayj (31° 1' 5.5956'' N and 47° 25' 23.4192'' E.). The irrigation consumed 32.99, 31.83 and 31.96% of the total energy inputs on wheat, barley and oat, respectively. Fuel is the second source of consumed energy in tractors, harvesting engines, pumps being. 8466.21 (27.84%), 9415.03 (28.45), and 8757.33 (28.41) for wheat, barley, and oats, respectively. The fertilizers consumed energy (Nitrogen especially) were 7291.94 (23.98%), 7658.35 (23.14%), and 7444.72 (24.15%) MJ ha for wheat, barley, and oats respectively. The average energy output for grain-1 wheat , barley and oat was 60469.63, 71960.66 and 70017.61 MJ ha. Barley was the most energy-efficient crop (1.9 %) followed by wheat and-1 oat (1.71 and 1.59 %). Barley yield was 4945.75 Kg ha with input energy of 37776.46 MJ ha while wheat yield was 4113.58 Kg ha with input-1-1-1 energy of 38095.52 MJ ha .-1
... The percentage of energy consumption in developing countries increased to 6% of the total national consumption. There must be a plan for energy consumption, on the other hand, with the existing population increasing the current lifestyle will be unsustainable (Sahabi et al 2013). The energy used in agricultural production can be classified into direct and indirect energy. ...
The consumed energy, energy input-output relation of wheat, barley, and oat production in was analysed in Al-Qarneh al-Ghamayj (31° 1' 5.5956'' N and 47° 25' 23.4192'' E.). The irrigation consumed 32.99, 31.83 and 31.96% of the total energy inputs on wheat, barley and oat, respectively. Fuel is the second source of consumed energy in tractors, harvesting engines, pumps being. 8466.21 (27.84%), 9415.03 (28.45), and 8757.33 (28.41) for wheat, barley, and oats, respectively. The fertilizers consumed energy (Nitrogen especially) were 7291.94 (23.98%), 7658.35 (23.14%), and 7444.72 (24.15%) MJ ha for wheat, barley, and oats respectively. The average energy output for grain-1 wheat , barley and oat was 60469.63, 71960.66 and 70017.61 MJ ha. Barley was the most energy-efficient crop (1.9 %) followed by wheat and-1 oat (1.71 and 1.59 %). Barley yield was 4945.75 Kg ha with input energy of 37776.46 MJ ha while wheat yield was 4113.58 Kg ha with input-1-1-1 energy of 38095.52 MJ ha .-1
... La production d'orge brassicole représente ainsi près de 40 % des impacts environnementaux de l'ensemble de la filière « orge-malt-bière » (Virtanen et al., 2007). Plus particulièrement, la fertilisation azotée de synthèse consomme en moyenne, à elle seule, près d'un tiers de l'énergie nécessaire à la production d'orge brassicole (Khan et al., 2010 ;Sahabi et al., 2013). ...
... The economic output of the system included with agricultural product (grain yield) and tree product (timber) and fruit yield in case of mango orchard. The gross and net returns, total cost of production and benefit to cost ratio were calculated by using following equations (Ozkan et al. 2004;Hossein et al. 2013). ...
In recent past agroforestry systems have been recognized as sustainable land use system over conventional agriculture. However, the major obstacle in up scaling of this tree based land use systems is the difficulty in quantification and demonstration of the ecological and economical sustainability as compared to agriculture. Nevertheless, energy analysis is being widely used at global, national and regional scale to assess the sustainability of system production as it evaluates the system components on common units and also helps to understand the resource use and production efficiency of tree based farming system. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to assess the economics and energy use efficiency of different neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) based agroforestry systems in rainfed and irrigated ecosystems respectively in north-eastern dry zone of Karnataka, India. The economic analysis of neem based agroforestry systems under rainfed condition revealed higher net returns and B:C ratio with crop alone (control) (515 $ ha−1 year−1, 2.00 respectively) over different agroforestry systems. While, in teak based agroforestry systems under irrigated ecosystem higher B:C ratio were recorded (4.07 to 5.71) over control (2.87). However, energy analysis revealed that both neem (3.99 to 4.15) and teak based agroforestry systems (4.48 to 7.74) were energetically superior to control (3.32 and 4.21 respectively). Energy analysis appeared to be the most appropriate method to assess the agroforestry systems rather than economics or life cycle assessment though intangible benefits of tree based land use system are not considered in the former. Therefore, integrated approach involving both ecological and economical assessment is suggested to quantify the sustainability and productivity across types of system and ecological situations.
