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Drug and Alcohol Intoxication and Subsequent Harm in night-time Entertainment Districts (DASHED) investigated the harms associated with alcohol across Canberra and Hobart between April and December 2015. The study used a combination of over 1,600 night-time entertainment precinct (NEP) patron interviews, covert observations in and around licensed e...
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Citations
... residences), which tends to occur between individuals who are known to each other, alcohol-related violence in NEPs is more likely to be unplanned, spontaneous and occur between strangers (Homel & Tomsen, 1993). While greater alcohol consumption increases the probability of experiencing violence within a NEP (Hughes et al., 2008;Hyder et al., 2018;Miller et al., 2016;Miller et al., 2019), the amount of alcohol consumed in these spaces is actually disproportionately low when compared to the amount of alcohol-related violence. Survey results indicate that 37% of alcohol-related assault occurs in these spaces, while only 12% of alcohol is consumed in NEPs (Callinan et al., 2016;Teece & Williams, 2000). ...
Objective:
This theoretical review examines prior theories that aim to explain the disproportionate amount of violence in Night-time Entertainment Precincts (NEPs) and proposes a comprehensive model that links violence to policy and environmental changes.
Method:
To understand why this violence occurs and better inform prevention and intervention a theoretical review using 'people' in 'places' approach was conducted. This perspective considers both the precursors of violence at the individual level and among a group within a shared environment.
Results:
Prior public health, criminology, and economic theories that aim to explain why violence occurs in NEPs provide a limited perspective, each only capturing part of the story. Further, prior theories fall short of demonstrating how policy and environmental changes in a NEP can influence the psychological determinants of aggression. When unified in a social-ecological framework they can provide a more holistic explanation of violence in NEPs. We propose the Core Aggression Cycle (CAC) model which draws from the prior theories examining violence in NEPs, and psychological theories of aggression. The CAC model is a proposed basis for unifying future research across disciplinary discourses.
Conclusions:
The CAC provides a clear conceptual framework that has the capacity to incorporate multiple previous and future theoretical perspectives on how alcohol policy and the environment influence violence within nightlife spaces. The CAC can be used by policy makers to establish new policy, critically evaluate existing policy, and determine whether policy adequately addresses the underlying mechanisms which produce violence in NEPs.
... Breathalyzers estimate Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) from the amount of alcohol on the breath (see detailed information in Miller et al. (2016), Coomber et al. (2018), and Sorbello et al. (2018)). Although there is variation in the types of breathalyzers available (personal/police-grade, fuel cell/infrared spectroscopy, handheld/wall mounted), the majority of breathalyzers used for research are handheld devices that use a fuel cell sensor (i.e. ...
This paper aims to provide an overview of the contemporary quantitative methods to assess alcohol consumption. We identified and rated six data collection methods according to four typical aims (i.e. to assess: per capita consumption, drinking patterns, event-specific consumption, and consumption over time) and five desirable features (low cognitive bias, contextual information, low participant and researcher burden, low costs). The results are presented in an overview table, which reveals that questionnaire-based methods are easy and cost-efficient but often distorted by cognitive biases. These biases can be avoided by analyzing sales/production statistics and wastewater samples, but these methods are unable to provide information on individual drinking patterns. Breathalyzers or transdermal monitors enable relatively precise measurement of individual consumption without any cognitive bias. However, the required devices are expensive and difficult to apply correctly, which makes data collection time, labor, and cost-intensive, particularly as sample sizes increase. Ecological momentary assessment (e.g. series of questionnaires within short timeframes completed in the participants’ natural environments) reduces, but does not eliminate, cognitive biases and maximizes ecological validity. Unfortunately, this method also increases the response burden, potentially resulting in assessment reactivity and drop-out. Highlighting the combination of strengths and weaknesses of each method, this overview may serve as useful guidance for study planning and implementation.
... Governments across Australia and internationally have responded to concerns about alcohol-fuelled disorderly behaviours by implementing a variety of legislative reforms, regulations, and operational procedures to address violence and risky drinking practices (Fleming 2008;Miller et al. 2012Miller et al. , 2013Miller et al. , 2016aTaylor et al. 2018). Patron banning is one provision that has steadily expanded, particularly across Australian jurisdictions Farmer and Clifford 2020). ...
This paper explores attitudes to and experiences of patron banning policy (which prohibits an individual from entering a nightlife area or venue after engaging in anti-social behaviour) in Queensland, Australia. Key informant interviews were conducted with 66 participants from health, justice, industry, and government sectors across the state. Interviews were semi-structured, and transcripts were examined using thematic analysis. Overall, key informants reported that patron banning provisions helped to keep out customers who cause problems in venues and that ID scanners helped to enforce bans. There was some concern about displacement of banned patrons to other nightlife areas, the discretionary nature of venue bans, the potential for banning notices to be misused, and a general perception that police-imposed bans should be longer than the current 10 days. The majority of interviewees were supportive of patron banning and felt that it could (positively) affect patron behaviours. A number of recommendations were suggested to refine the framing and operation of Queensland’s banning policy.
... A sizeable proportion of assaultsbetween 37 and 70%, depending on which state or territory-occur in public locations (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2019). We know, for example, that a significant proportion of violent crime in Australia is attributable to the night time economy and peaks on weekends during periods of high alcohol consumption, particularly in major urban centers (Miller et al. 2016). Excessive consumption of alcohol, common in these settings, is directly related to physical aggression and is a contributing factor in physical and sexual violence (Graham et al. 1998). ...
... Excessive consumption of alcohol, common in these settings, is directly related to physical aggression and is a contributing factor in physical and sexual violence (Graham et al. 1998). Rates of self-reported involvement in physical aggression in and around licensed premises in the previous 3 months among thousands of patrons surveyed in nine different cities ranged from 7 to 17% (Miller et al. 2016). ...
... It seems unlikely that crimes associated with the night time economy-particularly less serious common assaults-have not been affected to a larger degree by the closures. Violence in the night time economy accounts for a significant proportion of violence overall (Miller et al. 2016). It is plausible that the lack of an observable effect in common assault is a function of competing trends between violence occurring in different contexts. ...
Objectives
The objective of this study is to test whether recorded rates of violent crime declined in the context of social distancing regulations in Queensland, Australia.MethodsARIMA modeling was used to compute 6-month-ahead forecasts of rates for common assault, serious assault, sexual offenses, and breaches of domestic violence orders. These forecasts (and their 95% confidence intervals) are compared to the observed data for March and April 2020.ResultsBy the end of April, 2020, rates of common, serious, and sexual assault had declined to their lowest level in a number of years. For serious assault and sexual assault, the decline was beyond statistical expectations. The rate at which domestic violence orders were breached remained unchanged.Conclusions
Social distancing regulations are temporally correlated with reductions in some violent crimes. Social distancing is likely to have significantly limited interpersonal interaction, especially in locations and at times when violence is usually prevalent.
... The prevalence of pre-drinking was reasonably consistent across Fortitude Valley and Cairns (78-86%). These rates were similar to figures reported in Geelong and Perth (Patron Offending and Intoxication in Night Time Entertainment Districts [POINTED] study), but comparatively higher than prevalence reported in the Drug and Alcohol intoxication and Subsequent Harm in night-time Entertainment Districts study in Canberra or Hobart [16]; or the POINTED study in Sydney, Melbourne or Wollongong [17]. The median number of pre-drinks consumed by patrons in Fortitude Valley (M = 6) and Cairns (M = 5) was one or two standard drinks more than patrons in Melbourne and Wollongong, but similar to amounts consumed by male patrons in Sydney (n = 5), Geelong (n = 6) and Perth (n = 6) in the 2012 POINTED study [17]. ...
This closing commentary to the special section presents an overview of the Queensland Alcohol-related violence and Night-Time Economy Monitoring evaluation findings in comparison to those from other jurisdictions where similar interventions have been implemented (such as Sydney and Newcastle), and especially with previous studies that have used similar evaluation methodologies, such as the Dealing with Alcohol and the Night-Time Economy study. Overall, the articles documented promising reductions in alcohol-related harm, building on the existing evidence base for multi-pronged interventions in entertainment districts. Importantly, this is the first comprehensive investigation to also look at impacts on nightlife-related business and findings demonstrated, that there were improvements for many businesses. There are substantial policy implications for Queensland and other jurisdictions (nationally and globally) wanting to reduce late night alcohol-related harm in entertainment districts.
... The Queensland Alcohol-related violence and Night Time Economy Monitoring (QUANTEM) project included a comprehensive state-wide evaluation of the TAFV policy in the 15 designated SNPs. The methodology for the QUANTEM project [19] was partially based on the design of three previous research projects examining alcohol and drug related harms in entertainment districts across major Australian cities [5,21,22]. The QUANTEM project accessed 36 datasets over the evaluation period (July 2016-June 2018). ...
This commentary introduces the special section on the outcomes of the Queensland Alcohol-related violence and Night-time Economy Monitoring project and outlines the political and policy context of the interventions put in place under the Queensland government's Tackling Alcohol-Fuelled Violence strategy. The development of the strategy was informed by alcohol policy initiatives trialled in other major Australian cities over the past two decades. The articles in this special section examine the impact of the Tackling Alcohol-Fuelled Violence policy stages on alcohol-related harms and local economies across selected entertainment precincts (Safe Night Precincts). A rich array of data were utilised, including administrative health and justice data, data reflective of nightlife trading (i.e. foot traffic data, ID scanner data and live music performances) and street surveys. Findings have implications for research, policy and practice and demonstrate the need for comprehensive evaluations that can accommodate the complexities of modern alcohol policy in Australia.
... While a portion of this risk is due to environmental conditions created by NEPs, the majority of alcohol-related violence and injuries in these spaces are attributable to at-risk subgroups of the population [6] (e.g. primarily young men [7][8][9][10]). ...
Introduction
Night‐time entertainment precincts (NEP) are the site of a disproportionate amount of alcohol‐related violence, injuries and anti‐social behaviour. To combat this the Queensland government introduced patron bans in October 2014, giving police the power to exclude individuals from NEPs and preventing patrons from remaining in or entering the designated area or from designated premises for the ban duration. Mandatory identification scanners within licensed venues were also introduced, which are used to enforce patron bans. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of police‐issued 10‐day patron bans for preventing alcohol‐related violence or anti‐social behaviour occurring within NEPs during high‐alcohol hours.
Methods
Queensland's largest NEPs; Brisbane central business district, Fortitude Valley and Surfers Paradise central business district; were examined. Time‐series autoregressive integrated moving average analyses were used to estimate the influence of 10‐day patron bans on police‐recorded serious assaults, common assaults and good order offences. Analyses controlled for the introduction of relevant policy and identification scanners.
Results
The number of police‐issued patron bans did not significantly predict changes in serious assault, common assault or good order offence trends the weekend following the ban (within the 10‐day period).
Discussion and Conclusions
The current study was unable to find evidence indicating that 10‐day patron bans reduced alcohol‐related harms experienced in Queensland's largest NEPs in the short term. Further research needs to be conducted examining other types of patron bans, particularly longer bans issued in other jurisdictions or by licensees, and whether bans change individual's behaviour.
... Alcohol-related harm in night-time entertainment precincts (NEPs) is a major preventable burden on the community [1]. NEPs are high-risk areas defined by a cluster of on-licence venues, including pubs, bars, and nightclubs [2]. ...
Aims: This study aimed to explore the relationship between a 00:00 liquor restriction, introduced on 1 July 2016, and alcohol-related harm by examining its impact on serious assault numbers during high-alcohol hours (8:00–18:00 Friday and Saturday night), from 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2018. Methods: Two types of locations only impacted by the liquor restriction were identified: designated safe night precincts (SNPs) and other local government areas (LGAs). A times series autoregressive integrated moving average analysis was used to estimate the influence of liquor restrictions on police-recorded serious assaults in the two years following the policy introduction, for SNPs and LGAs separately. Results: Contrarily to our predictions, monthly police-recorded serious assaults did not significantly change within SNPs or LGAs following the introduction of liquor restrictions. Conclusion: The implementation of the Queensland liquor restriction did not result in a clear, unique reduction in serious assault trends. Further investigation should consider the impact of liquor restrictions in conjunction with other policy changes as public perception of restrictions and their cumulative impact may produce varied outcomes.
... Data were extracted from two studies: Patron Offending and Intoxication in Night-Time Entertainment Districts (POINTED) [7,8] and Drug and Alcohol Intoxication and Subsequent Harm in Night-Time Entertainment Districts (DASHED) [9]. These studies shared similar methods, comprising street intercept surveys with NTE patrons on Friday and Saturday evenings (typically 9 pm-2 am) in Melbourne, Sydney, Geelong, Perth and Wollongong (November 2011 to June 2012; POINTED), and Hobart and Canberra (April to December 2015; DASHED). ...
Introduction and aims:
Associations between substance use and aggression may be amplified by simultaneous alcohol and illicit drug use. This study aims to compare differences in involvement in past aggression between people who use different substances while accounting for broader risk propensity.
Design and methods:
Self-reported data on past three-month involvement in verbal and physical aggression (victim or perpetrator) were drawn from interviews conducted in night-time entertainment districts in seven Australian cities (n = 5078). Using inverse probability of treatment weighting techniques, participants who reported alcohol versus alcohol and illicit drug use on the night of interview (including ecstasy, cannabis and other illicit stimulant subgroups) were weighted on the basis of drug use risk covariates (e.g. alcohol consumed, gender) to determine differences in involvement in aggression involvement.
Results:
After weighting for covariates, individuals who reported consuming any illicit drug + alcohol and ecstasy + alcohol combinations were more likely to be involved in physical (33% and 105%, respectively) and verbal (36% and 116%, respectively) aggression in the previous 3-months when compared to those who consumed alcohol only. Cannabis + alcohol and other illicit stimulant + alcohol combinations were no more likely to be involved in either forms of aggression.
Discussion and conclusions:
The likelihood of having been involved in past aggressive incidents was higher among those who reported any illicit drug + alcohol and ecstasy + alcohol combinations than those who reported alcohol exclusively, after accounting for covariates. These findings highlight individuals that may benefit most from the development of tailored health promotion/preventative safety interventions in night-time settings.
... The rise of the night-time economy (NTE)-characterized by leisure zones, cheap alcohol deals, and extended drinking hours-has created urban spatial hot spots of reported violence and anti-social behavior (Allen, Nicholas, Salisbury, & Wood, 2003;Hadfield, Lister, & Traynor, 2009). Highlighting the prevalence of NTE violence, surveys conducted in Australian and British cities show that between half to three-quarters of NTE patrons have witnessed violent encounters, with 10-17 percent having a direct involvement in the violence (Miller et al., 2012(Miller et al., , 2016aPorter, 2015). These dramatic figures are depicted as a crisis for state policing, that has led to greater public anxiety and to new political reforms (Hobbs, Hadfield, Lister, & Winlow, 2005;Lister, 2009;Measham & Brain, 2005). ...
... As an alternative to random-population sampling, researchers also apply purposive sampling to study the subgroup of individuals who frequent the NTE. These surveys can be conducted by researchers present in the NTE setting (i.e., on the street, in nightclub queues, in venues-e.g., Hughes, Anderson, Morleo & Bellis, 2008;Miller et al., 2016a), completed offsite (through online, postal, or telephone questionnaires-e.g., Miller et al., 2016b;Schnitzer et al., 2010), or a combination of both (see Street Intercept Method; Graham et al., 2014). This allows researchers to assess a range of detailed personal and situational risk factors associated with violence. ...
... Results showed that for both males and females the likelihood of being involved in a NTE fight increased with lower age, higher levels of intoxication, and with preferences for attending venues more tolerant towards deviant behaviors. Surveys have also been used to examine patron perceptions of safety in NTE zones (Miller et al., 2012), levels of aggressive involvement and experiences of harm (Miller et al., 2016a), as well as the consequences of working in 'at risk' NTE occupations. Tutenges and colleagues (2015) surveyed 159 bouncers and found that the majority reported having been physically assaulted in their occupational role and having suffered from weekly sleeping difficulties. ...
Night-time economy (NTE) leisure zones, while providing local economic growth and positive social experiences, are hotspots for urban public violence. Research aimed at better understanding and thus reducing this violence has employed a range of empirical methods: official records, self-reports, experiments, and observational techniques. In this paper, we review the applications of these methodologies for analyzing NTE violence on key research dimensions, including mapping incidents across time and space; interpreting the motivations and meaning of violence; identifying social psychological background variables and health consequences; and the ability to examine mid-violent interactions. Further, we assess each method in terms of reliability, validity, and the potential for establishing causal claims. We demonstrate that there are fewer and less established methodologies available for examining the interactional dynamics of NTE violence. Using real-life NTE bystander intervention as a case example, we argue that video-based behavioral analysis is a promising method to address this gap. Given the infancy and relative lack of exposure of the video observational method, we provide recommendations for scholars interested in adopting this technique.
