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In this work, a modified electrode named Au/Au NPs-PPy/l-CYs/ZIF-8 was designed and built and simultaneously doped into electropolymerized polypyrrole (PPy) film using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and CV were used to characterize the composite films. The PPy-(ZIF-8) modif...
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... complete width measured in radians at half the maximum reference diffraction peak. 45,46 The obtained value is 100 nm, consistent with the result measured from the SEM images. 12,47 In Fig. 4B, the morphology of the ZIF-8 surface can be seen by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which is consistent with the previously synthesized samples. 48 In Fig. 5A, the result of the energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) of ZIF-8 indicates the presence of expected elements of C, N, and Zn in the crystal structure of the ZIF-8 ...
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... Regarding the palladium ions, the nanocatalyst showed that it contains 9.36% palladium ions in the ICP test report, which indicates good compatibility with the structure. 31,32 The SEM photos of CON-KEY1 5 and Pd/CON-KEY1 6 ( Fig. 4A and B) demonstrated the layered structures and morphology, indicating no specic changes aer stabilizing palladium ions Fig. 4A and B shows the excellent dispersion of palladium ions in the CON-KEY1 5 matrix. This nanocomposite must prevent the uniform accumulation of nanoparticles by trapping metal ions between the layers or inside its cavities. ...
C–C coupling reactions represent a fundamental synthetic methodology widely employed in academic and industrial settings. Herein, we present a report on developing and synthesizing a heterogeneous catalyst that is environmentally compatible and has recycling capabilities. Furthermore, the utilization of this catalyst for C–C coupling reactions was explored. A novel amide-based CON was prepared via the reaction of a novel [2,2′-bipyridine]-5,5′-diamine (BDA) and 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl) (TCB). TCB was activated with carbonyl diimidazole (CDI) and then reacted with BDA to synthesize favorable CON (i.e., CON-KEY1). Finally, the CON synthesized was reacted with palladium chloride ions, and the palladium-containing organocatalytic complex was decorated with the abbreviated Pd/CON-KEY1. This new heterogeneous complex was fully characterized through the required techniques, including FT-IR, EDX, XRD, TEM, SEM, ICP, TGA-DTA, N2 isotherms, and elemental mapping analysis. Computer simulation results include a multi-sheet 2D framework proposed by CON-KEY1. As a result, palladium ions were found to be arranged between the layers and on the CON surface. This heterogeneous complex functioned as a catalyst precursor in both the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of aryl boronic acids with aryl halides and the Heck reaction of aryl halides with acrylate derivatives or styrene. The desired coupling products with various functional groups were successfully attained with excellent yields of up to 98%. Simple set-up, improved yields, short reaction times, non-toxic solvents, catalyst durability, and high turnover frequency are among the distinct advantages of this synthetic method. Some other outstanding features of this catalytic system include convenient separation of catalysts and products, high yields, almost complete conversion, high selectivity, and good turnover frequency (TOF). The results show that the highest product efficiency in the reaction was achieved in the shortest possible time using Pd/CON-KEY1. Theoretical studies demonstrated the precedence of the palladium complexation with nitrogen atoms of CON-KEY1 rather than oxygen ones. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis affirmed that the system with Pd–N bonds (Eg = 0.089 eV) is more reactive with high electron conductivity compared to the Pd–O system (Eg = 0.120 eV).
In recent years, the biomedical field has witnessed significant advancements at the intersection of technology and biology. Metallic, polymeric, and carbonaceous materials have emerged as crucial components in developing and enhancing cutting-edge technologies. The properties of these materials, such as particle size, stability, and surface chemistry, are determined by their synthesis methods, which, in turn, enable specific applications. These materials are primarily synthesized through top-down and bottom-up techniques, each characterized by distinct preparation conditions, precursor materials, and catalytic processes. However, conventional synthesis methods often require substantial energy consumption, hazardous solvents, and non-renewable precursors, leading to environmental concerns and long-term costs. This review aims to provide an overview of the primary approaches and recent efforts to optimize the production and preparation processes of nanomaterials for biomedical applications. It addresses the advantages and limitations of green synthesis methods compared to traditional chemical and physical methods, offering an objective overview of green synthesis. In addition, it provides insights into the pre-clinical and clinical statuses of various nanomaterials. These efforts aim to mitigate the environmental impact of biomedical material synthesis by adopting eco-friendly strategies, such as minimizing energy consumption, utilizing environmentally friendly precursors, and embracing environmentally benign catalytic methodologies, while still leveraging traditional techniques.
This article presents the current state of knowledge regarding electrochemical methods for determining the active substances within drugs that are used in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Electrochemical methods of analysis, due to their sensitivity and easiness, are a great alternative to other, usually more expensive analytical assays. The determination of active substances mentioned in this review is based on oxidation or reduction processes on the surface of the working electrode. A wide variety of working electrodes, often modified with materials such as nanoparticles or conducting polymers, have been used for the highly sensitive analysis of antidiabetic drugs. The presented assays allow us to determine the compounds of interest in various samples, such as pharmaceutical products or different human bodily fluids.
