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![Figure 1. Energy Supply in Kenya [5].](profile/Hesborn-Ayub/publication/352220261/figure/fig1/AS:1032458963263493@1623168807377/Energy-Supply-in-Kenya-5_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 4. Categories of Household Cooking Energy Types [7, 12].](profile/Hesborn-Ayub/publication/352220261/figure/fig4/AS:1032458963259392@1623168807458/Categories-of-Household-Cooking-Energy-Types-7-12_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 5. A Solar parabolic cooker [7, 13].](profile/Hesborn-Ayub/publication/352220261/figure/fig5/AS:1032458963271685@1623168807512/A-Solar-parabolic-cooker-7-13_Q320.jpg)
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Context 1
... heavy dependence of biomass as the main energy source contributes to deforestation, while the importation of oil has forced the Nation to spend between 25% and 35% of her foreign earnings [5]. Although it is mainly used in domestic applications, biomass is the most abundant energy resource in Kenya as shown in Figure 1. ...
Context 2
... data emphasizes the need to substitute solid fuels with cleaner options. There has thus been a decline in global use of solid fuel and kerosene stoves for daily household energy needs as depicted in Figure 1 above. ...
Context 3
... heavy dependence of biomass as the main energy source contributes to deforestation, while the importation of oil has forced the Nation to spend between 25% and 35% of her foreign earnings [5]. Although it is mainly used in domestic applications, biomass is the most abundant energy resource in Kenya as shown in Figure 1. ...
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... The transition from fossil fuel-based cooking to electric stoves has been driven by the need for cleaner, more efficient, and sustainable energy use [2,3]. Electric stoves, particularly induction cookers, have shown higher energy efficiency and lower carbon emissions compared to traditional gas stoves [4,5]. However, the adoption of improved cookstoves in developing countries faces challenges such as high costs, cultural preferences, and lack of awareness [6,7]. ...
The development of technology today makes humans strive to save natural resources and switch to alternative energy. For reasons of saving energy, saving costs, easy to use, and having a high level of safety, induction heaters can be used as an alternative to overcome these problems. Induction heaters can generate heat through the process of electromagnetic induction when cookware made of metal is brought closer. In this process the coil is supplied with alternating electric current from a high frequency inverter which then induces the cookware with metal material to cause heat. The heat in the induction heater will be regulated through the switching frequency of the high-frequency inverter which gets its voltage source from a 24V battery and increases the voltage to 48V. This induction heater is designed to maintain the setpoint temperature 70°C and 100°C using fuzzy logic control. From the test results it can be seen that the fuzzy logic control can reach a setpoint temperature of 70°C within 20 minutes and after being disturbed the fuzzy logic control can maintain the setpoint temperature with an error percentage of around 0.14% - 0.29%. Meanwhile, the setpoint temperature of 100°C can be achieved within 35 minutes and after being disturbed the fuzzy logic control can maintain the setpoint temperature with an error percentage of around 0.14% -0.9%.
... Electrical cooking is the cleanest and the most preferred due to its zero emissions during cooking [12]. Among the two main electrical cooking methods, the induction method is the safest, cleanest, and fastest [13]. ...
... This poses a challenge and makes induction and electrical cooking an expensive method of cooking for rural households in developing countries [9]. Electrical cooking faces also the huddle of cooking unique traditional foods which some cultures and beliefs hinder its usage [12,17]. Induction cooking shows great prospects, hence the reason why this research experiment uses an induction cooker to heat the modified pressure cooker. ...
... This leaves a gap in understanding how the pressure cooker modifications that led to the creation of this EPC varied, and how the EPC using the induction cooker was powered. Research indicated that an ordinary pressure cooker with steam release had some losses and 33% efficiency, while one without steam release in an insulated box had very little energy losses and an efficiency of 85% [29] and open fire boiling has very high losses efficiency of 10% and 2-3 times more time than pressure cookers [12]. ...
... Fossil fuel pollution, primarily caused by cooking energy (i.e. charcoal, wood and other local fuels), causes chronic respiratory and eye diseases that are responsible for more than 1.5 million deaths per year in both mothers and children [6], [7]. This is because many women in developing countries like Africa continue to use kerosene, wood, animal manure and charcoal, which has led to numerous infant deaths due to the lack of clean fuels and cooking technologies. ...
... This shows that for the safety of mother and child, health practitioners recommend mothers give birth in health centers because services are guaranteed. Similar studies have shown that electricity consumption improves health (see [27], [12], [7], [50], [55], [56], consistent with our findings. Finally, our panel quantile findings support the importance of health expenditure and income in improving health outcomes in SSA [20]. ...
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries continue to suffer from energy poverty, with 35% and 19% of the average population, having access to electricity and clean fuels for cooking technologies, respectively. This study examines whether access to electricity and clean fuels for cooking and technology improves or worsens health outcomes (i.e. infant, child and maternal mortality) in 48 sub-Saharan African countries from 2000 to 2020. We applied the panel quantile regression to estimate the impact of access to electricity, and clean fuels for cooking on health outcomes while controlling for health care expenditure and income, using lagged explanatory variables as instruments to eliminate endogeneity. We also applied the Kernel-based Regularized Least Squares (KRLS), a machine learning techniques for robustness of the results. Our results show that access to electricity reduce infant, child, and maternal mortality to all quantiles (i.e., the 25th, 50th, 6 0 t h , 75th and 90th). Similarly, clean fuels for cooking and technologies reduce maternal, infant and child mortality to most quantiles. This means that increased access to electricity, clean fuels for cooking and technologies will have a significant impact on reducing child, infant and maternal mortality in SSA. The findings also reveal that clean fuels for cooking and technologies increase both infant and under-five mortality in some quantiles. This is likely because cooking is also the leading cause of house fires, killing both infants and children under the age of five. Therefore, home cooking safety is also important to prevent unnecessary deaths of infants and children. Our study suggests short-and long-term energy policies to end energy poverty and ultimately improve population health in the SSA. 2
... Aemro et al. (2021) concluded that compared to traditional wood fuel cookstoves, electric cookstoves can lower energy utilisation by 95.7% and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions by 100%. This is supported by Ayub et al. (2021) and compiled in Table 2. The mean concentrations of indoor particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) exceed the relevant WHO air quality guidelines (AQG) in firewood-fuelled poorly ventilated kitchens in rural areas, causing higher exposure among women and children in Africa (Agbo et al. 2021). ...
... This can also free women from collecting biomass and the time saved to be used for economic activity. Thus, use of cleaner fuel will improve socio-economic status and health and decrease pollution levels in kitchens (Ayub et al. 2021). ...
The article examines the effect of cooking food in kitchens on the health of women, as women and children are at a greater risk to indoor air pollution (IAP). It is important to study the cooking practices and prevalent behaviours among African women to understand the magnitude of the danger they face. The study suggests that a decline in the combustion of solid fuels and the use of clean energy can improve health among women and children, as well as sustainability goals. Proverbs 17:22 says, ‘A joyful heart is the health of the body, but a depressed spirit dries up the bones’. Bible verse Numbers 35:33–34 indicates, ‘You shall not pollute the land in which you live’. The cooking fuel analysis framework among rural women in Africa will guide forward the governments’ sustainability policies for communities to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being of women and children.
Contribution: The article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the literature on African cooking practices. A combined search string is made with keywords. Thematic content analysis is conducted with NVivo (produced by QSR International). The article covers two themes, namely improved well-being and suggesting policies to combat climate change and its impacts. Policies and schemes at grassroots levels and better economic conditions in African countries can help to overcome challenges and change health-damaging cooking behaviours. The new advanced sustainability analysis framework has the potential to influence modern kitchen fuels and increase the adoption of new technologies in African villages.
... Gas also has its challenges: gas leaks can be lethal, gas supply shortages are not unknown, and gas is becoming expensive. Gas also requires investment in equipment such as gas stoves and geysers (Ayub et al., 2021). ...
Despite rolling blackouts, high electricity prices, a favorable climate and the size of the South African economy, rooftop photovoltaic (PV) solar products have low levels of middle-income residential market penetration. This study sought to establish the reasons for this. It was found, firstly, that households opt rather for demand side management (DSM) tools such as energy-efficient lamps or inverters. Secondly, they switch to gas (at least for cooking) or a generator rather than solar. This is because rooftop PV is expensive, in part due to costly batteries and inverters, but also as support measures such as feed-in tariff funding, tax rebates and subsidies are non-existent. In addition, South African banks are reluctant to finance rooftop PV, as return on investment (ROI) is extremely long term, and there are few, if any, bank-accredited PV suppliers. There is also no political pressure on banks to provide attractive PV financing. Furthermore, middle-income consumers struggle to understand PV technology and do not trust the suppliers thereof. For instance, rooftop PV companies seldom market themselves or their products adequately, and most do not sell PV with a maintenance service plan or offer credit. It is recommended that rooftop PV companies work with banks offer innovative, cost-effective modular PV packages, and build their brand to create a relationship of trust with the community to increase sales.
... The result suggested that the integration of solar PV up to 3 kW are capable to run the IC. On [14] the study of efficiency between induction cooking, natural gas and traditional cooking stoves was studied and the most efficient was found to be induction cooking. So, out of all induction cooking is the most motivating factor. ...
Electricity is mostly used for cooking purposes in developed countries for a long time. Electricity could be used for cooking in Nepalese residential areas by transfering from Liquifty Petroleum Gas (LPG) to Induction Cooking(IC). Significant use of IC to the distribution feeder can increase the losses of the feeder, reducing the voltage profile at the buses, which in fact increases the current-carrying conductor. So, the grid impact analysis by IC loading to the distribution feeder is necessary. The study is carried out by performing technical analysis by load flow analysis on the feeder by calculating current, voltage profile, and power losses. The load flow has been performed for different loading of IC, and optimized Distributed Generation (DG) size is calculated. The bundling of the conductor is performed to reduce the loss at the feeder. This can be performed by checking the rated current of the conductor used (i.e., the branches where the rated current limit violates then that branches need bundling). The power loss at a different penetration level of IC is calculated. The IC power rating of 1500 Watts at each residential consumer when total 4924 number of the consumer is loading to Nagarkot feeder, active power loss increases to 1887.013 kW from 469.443 kW, and reactive power loss increases to 943.507 kVar from 234.722 kVar. The Minimum voltage is 0.664 Per unit (pu) at bus number 104 (Halede bus) which violates the voltage stability limit. The optimal penetration level of IC can be done up to 25% of total peak load by DG integration of 5965 kVA at 0.8 Power Factor (pf) lagging. This will give an active power loss of 530 kW. The next method, i.e., bundling of the conductor in 9 number of branches (at branch number 1, 2, 31, 34, 36, 38, 78, 79, and 86), should be done to improve the IC loading level. The maximum IC loading can be done up to 40% of the total peak load with a power loss of 477.7 kW by this bundling technique.
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell impedance models based on transient mass and charge conservation equations are developed. The models are fitted to experimental impedance spectra of the segmented high- and low-Pt cells operating in the range of current densities between 0.1 and 1.0 A cm⁻². The functional cell layers' fitting oxygen and proton transport parameters are discussed. We show how the models help to identify the peaks in the distribution of relaxation times spectra.
Buildings consume one-third of the total final energy produced on the globe and are responsible for almost 40 percent of total carbon dioxide generation annually. The latest carbon dioxide burden of buildings approached 10 Gigatons in the year 2019. Energy-efficient building technologies are necessary to address the climate change induced by greenhouse gases and fulfill the growth in demand and continuously depleting energy reserves. To meet the net-zero carbon footprint goals, sustainable, renewable energy resources, efficient building technologies, and demand management strategies are needed. Achieving zero emissions will require buildings to be equipped with energy-efficient technologies while completely avoiding on-site fossil fuel consumption and being only powered by renewable energy. In this context, this chapter provides an overview of various building technologies, including envelopes, materials, equipment, appliances, and integration concepts, which will play a significant role in lowering the overall energy consumption in both existing building stock and new buildings. Specifically, the following areas are discussed in detail: emerging building envelope designs, thermal comfort and refrigeration equipment, bridging technologies for improved energy efficiency in the ongoing energy transition, hybrid renewable (photovoltaic) configurations, energy storage technologies, miscellaneous appliances, refrigerants, and renewable fuels. The influence of key design and operating characteristics on annual carbon footprint is presented.
