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Endophyte-assisted phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil in the vicinity of an oil exploration and production company. Oil polluted soil (before experiment was conducted) (a, b), vegetation of Leptochloa fusca and Brachiaria mutica (c), augmentation of endophytes (Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BRRI54, Acinetobacter sp. strain BRSI56, and Klebsiella sp. LCRI87) (d), and growth of the plants after 90 days of vegetation (e). 

Endophyte-assisted phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil in the vicinity of an oil exploration and production company. Oil polluted soil (before experiment was conducted) (a, b), vegetation of Leptochloa fusca and Brachiaria mutica (c), augmentation of endophytes (Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BRRI54, Acinetobacter sp. strain BRSI56, and Klebsiella sp. LCRI87) (d), and growth of the plants after 90 days of vegetation (e). 

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Phytoremediation is a promising approach for the cleanup of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. This study aimed to develop plant-bacterial synergism for the successful remediation of crude oil-contaminated soil. A consortia of three endophytic bacteria was augmented to two grasses, Leptochloa fusca and Brachiaria mutica, grown in oil-co...

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... experiment was carried out at an oil production and explo- ration company situated in district Chakwal (32.55 N 72.51 E), Pakistan. Contamination of the site was a result of accidental spill of crude oil (Figure 1a, b). Soil of the site was collected, allowed to air dry, sieved through a 2 mm mesh, mixed, and analyzed for various physiochemical parameters. The soil was polluted with high concentration of crude oil (46.8 g kg ¡1 soil) and its other characteristics are shown in Table ...
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... experimental area was separated into seven plots and each plot was subdivided into three equal macrocosms/subplots (length D 3 ft., width D 3 ft., height D 1 ft.). Adjacent plots were separated with soil and polyethylene sheeting to avoid leaching ( Figure 1c). Equal amount (100 kg) of soil was added in each macrocosm. The experiment was conducted at ambient conditions of temperature (average temperature 23 C, 27 C, and 32 C in April, May, and June, respectively) and light from 1 st April 2016 to 30 th June 2016. Plots were covered with plastic sheet in the case of ...
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... Uncontaminated soil with grass 2) Oil-contaminated soil without grass 3) Oil-contaminated soil with endophytes augmentation 4) Oil-contaminated soil with L. fusca 5) Oil-contaminated soil with L. fusca and endophytes augmentation 6) Oil-contaminated soil with B. mutica 7) Oil-contaminated soil with B. mutica and endophytes augmentation Fifteen days old seedlings (100) of these two grass species with similar weight and size were planted in each macrocosm depending upon the treatment (Figure 1c). Immediately after planting the seedlings, approximately 500 mL of 24 h aged inocula (5.3 £ 10 8 CFU mL ¡1 ) was applied in each macrocosm by spraying ( Figure 1d). The plants were watered when needed and allowed to grow for three months. Subsequently, plants were harvested and root and shoot samples were collected. Plant biomass (dry weight) was estimated. After harvesting, the soil of each macrocosm was collected and thoroughly mixed as bulk nonrhizospheric soil. Rhizosphere soil was achieved by gentle sampling of the soil lightly attached to roots as described earlier (Arslan et al. 2014). Samples were transported to labora- tory and put at ¡80 C till ...
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... Uncontaminated soil with grass 2) Oil-contaminated soil without grass 3) Oil-contaminated soil with endophytes augmentation 4) Oil-contaminated soil with L. fusca 5) Oil-contaminated soil with L. fusca and endophytes augmentation 6) Oil-contaminated soil with B. mutica 7) Oil-contaminated soil with B. mutica and endophytes augmentation Fifteen days old seedlings (100) of these two grass species with similar weight and size were planted in each macrocosm depending upon the treatment (Figure 1c). Immediately after planting the seedlings, approximately 500 mL of 24 h aged inocula (5.3 £ 10 8 CFU mL ¡1 ) was applied in each macrocosm by spraying ( Figure 1d). The plants were watered when needed and allowed to grow for three months. Subsequently, plants were harvested and root and shoot samples were collected. Plant biomass (dry weight) was estimated. After harvesting, the soil of each macrocosm was collected and thoroughly mixed as bulk nonrhizospheric soil. Rhizosphere soil was achieved by gentle sampling of the soil lightly attached to roots as described earlier (Arslan et al. 2014). Samples were transported to labora- tory and put at ¡80 C till ...
Context 5
... experiment was carried out at an oil production and explo- ration company situated in district Chakwal (32.55 N 72.51 E), Pakistan. Contamination of the site was a result of accidental spill of crude oil (Figure 1a, b). Soil of the site was collected, allowed to air dry, sieved through a 2 mm mesh, mixed, and analyzed for various physiochemical parameters. ...
Context 6
... experimental area was separated into seven plots and each plot was subdivided into three equal macrocosms/subplots (length D 3 ft., width D 3 ft., height D 1 ft.). Adjacent plots were separated with soil and polyethylene sheeting to avoid leaching ( Figure 1c). Equal amount (100 kg) of soil was added in each macrocosm. ...
Context 7
... Uncontaminated soil with grass 2) Oil-contaminated soil without grass 3) Oil-contaminated soil with endophytes augmentation 4) Oil-contaminated soil with L. fusca 5) Oil-contaminated soil with L. fusca and endophytes augmentation 6) Oil-contaminated soil with B. mutica 7) Oil-contaminated soil with B. mutica and endophytes augmentation Fifteen days old seedlings (100) of these two grass species with similar weight and size were planted in each macrocosm depending upon the treatment (Figure 1c). Immediately after planting the seedlings, approximately 500 mL of 24 h aged inocula (5.3 £ 10 8 CFU mL ¡1 ) was applied in each macrocosm by spraying ( Figure 1d). ...
Context 8
... Uncontaminated soil with grass 2) Oil-contaminated soil without grass 3) Oil-contaminated soil with endophytes augmentation 4) Oil-contaminated soil with L. fusca 5) Oil-contaminated soil with L. fusca and endophytes augmentation 6) Oil-contaminated soil with B. mutica 7) Oil-contaminated soil with B. mutica and endophytes augmentation Fifteen days old seedlings (100) of these two grass species with similar weight and size were planted in each macrocosm depending upon the treatment (Figure 1c). Immediately after planting the seedlings, approximately 500 mL of 24 h aged inocula (5.3 £ 10 8 CFU mL ¡1 ) was applied in each macrocosm by spraying ( Figure 1d). The plants were watered when needed and allowed to grow for three months. ...

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