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Endemic orchids of Nepal.
Source publication
An annotated checklist comprised of 458 taxa of orchids known from Nepal is provided, including 104 genera, 437 species, 16 varieties, 3 subspecies and 2 forma and 18 endemic species. In Nepal, orchid species are distributed from 60–5200 m a.s.l. In the checklist, notes on altitudinal ranges, habit, habitat, global distribution, phenology, etc. are...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... . of flowering plants No. of fruiting plants January 25 3 February 28 2 March 60 7 April 115 10 May 142 15 June 156 10 July 167 10 August 158 14 September 107 17 October 84 21 November 59 11 December 35 8 Data collection ...
Context 2
... has always been discrepancy over the exact num- ber of species and the nomenclature of Nepali orchids (Supplementary material Appendix 1, Table A1). So, the checklist presented below is expected to solve nomenclatural problems and ambiguity existing for various species, and update the list of orchids published till present. ...
Context 3
... . of flowering plants No. of fruiting plants January 25 3 February 28 2 March 60 7 April 115 10 May 142 15 June 156 10 July 167 10 August 158 14 September 107 17 October 84 21 November 59 11 December 35 8 Data collection ...
Context 4
... has always been discrepancy over the exact num- ber of species and the nomenclature of Nepali orchids (Supplementary material Appendix 1, Table A1). So, the checklist presented below is expected to solve nomenclatural problems and ambiguity existing for various species, and update the list of orchids published till present. ...
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Citations
... However, there was a photo-documentation of this species from Nepal in 2018 (https://groups.google.com/g/ indiantreepix/c/RnJHsKBsH8w) although it was not reported earlier from Nepal by Rokaya et al., (2013). The Extent of Occurrence (EOO) has been calculated in ArcGIS as 41,118.938 ...
Gastrodia dyeriana King & Pantling [Orchidaceae-Epidendroideae-Gastrodieae], earlier known as an endemic species in India, was first reported from Sikkim. As part of the ongoing revisionary work on the genus Gastrodia Brown, it has been found that the name G. dyeriana is not typified. Therefore, a lectotype has been selected for the name. Moreover, the species was reported from Arunachal Pradesh earlier, which lacked citation of any authentic voucher specimen. During a recent field survey in Arunachal Pradesh, the species was collected from a different location. A detailed description along with photographic illustration, data on phenology, habitat and updated distribution is provided for easy identification. Conservation status of the species has also been assessed during the present study following the IUCN guidelines.
... The species were recorded in the book through field survey. Besides this, some data were recorded from the secondary sources such as article (Chalise et al., 2019;Khakurel et al., 2020;Rokaya et al., 2013;Shrestha et al., 2022;Tiruwa et al., 2024), books Chetri, et al., 2006;Raskoti 2009;Maden et al., 2019;Shrestha et al., 2022) and online data base (Herbarium & Plant Laboratories (KATH, 2019). ...
Nepal covers 1,47,516 km2
area and comprises large numbers of species and
ecosystem diversity. The distinguished physiography, climate, edaphic factor
and altitude range from 60 to 8848 masl are supposed to play key role to possess
such rich biodiversity. Nepal abodes over 502 taxa (499-speceis and 3-varities)
of orchids, among them 233 are terrestrial, 253 are epiphytes and 16 are
holomycotrophic
... According to a recent study, Nepal's diverse ecosystems are home to approximately 501 species of orchids [1]. Due to overexploitation and forest loss, several species are in danger of extinction [1,2]. Orchidaceae has been reported as the second-largest plant family in Nepal [3,4]. ...
We isolated endophytic Fusarium strains from the healthy roots, stems, and leaves of Dendrobium moschatum to investigate their plant growth-promoting activities in vitro. Subsequently, Indole acetic acid (IAA) was quantified and the IaaM gene (responsible for IAA synthesis in fungi) was amplified and sequenced. Finally, a germination assay was performed with seeds of D. moschatum and a plant growth assay with protocorms of Dendrobium longicornu to test their plant growth-promoting activities. Five Fusarium isolates (CDS11, PDL1, PDL3, PDR6, PDR7) were identified in this study. The highest amount (60µgml −1) of indole acetic acid was recorded in the PDR7 extract, whereas it was not detected in PDR6 and CDS11. The fungal extracts of isolates PDR6 and PDR7 were highly effective for seed germination by approximately 80% and 90% (respectively) of the host plant. The fungal extract of PDR7 showed a high IAA content and promoted in vitro seed germination of the host (D. moschatum) and protocorm development of the non-host (D. longicornu). In contrast, IAA content in the fungal extract of PDR6 remained undetected but was effective in both seed germination and protocorm development. Our results demonstrated the potential beneficial application of endophytic Fusarium in orchid mass propagation. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Orchids have maintained their allure long due to medicinal properties and aesthetic value in global horticulture and floriculture. The scientific exploration of orchids in Nepa has seen various studies over time [4,5,7,[18][19][20][21][22] yet the investigation of the Tinchule Mountain region remains incomplete, and a comprehensive checklist of Nepal's orchid flora, including distribution ranges, is still pending, with this study aiming to fill that gap by identifying about 18% of the total species [23][24][25]. Nepal's unique phytogeography bioclimatic zones, and diverse vegetation foster a rich diversity of flora, providing idea conditions for the growth of native orchids and other vascular plants [7,26]. Our research highlights a distinctive pattern of epiphytic orchid species richness along an elevation peaking at elevations of 2100 m to 2200 m. ...
... Orchids have maintained their allure long due to medicinal properties and aesthetic value in global horticulture and floriculture. The scientific exploration of orchids in Nepal has seen various studies over time [4,5,7,[18][19][20][21][22] yet the investigation of the Tinchule Mountain region remains incomplete, and a comprehensive checklist of Nepal's orchid flora, including distribution ranges, is still pending, with this study aiming to fill that gap by identifying about 18% of the total species [23][24][25]. Nepal's unique phytogeography, bioclimatic zones, and diverse vegetation foster a rich diversity of flora, providing ideal conditions for the growth of native orchids and other vascular plants [7,26]. Our research highlights a distinctive pattern of epiphytic orchid species richness along an elevation, peaking at elevations of 2100 m to 2200 m. ...
... The majority of orchid species and their host plants were distinguished in the natural environment by using pertinent local flora resources. To confirm the identity of these orchid species, various literature sources were consulted [24][25][26] in addition to examination of herbarium specimens stored at the National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories (KATH). ...
The biodiversity and distribution of epiphytic orchids are strongly influenced by their relationship with host plants, and environmental variables like elevation, slope, and local climate are key factors in determining the abundance and diversity of these orchids. The aim of this study was to examine the richness of orchid species at different elevations within the research area of Nepal. Sampling was conducted at elevations ranging from 1300 m to 2800 m above sea level, using a systematic sampling technique known as belt transects. Six circular plots with a diameter of 5.6 m were established in a horizontal transect at each site, spaced at least 50 m apart, with 100 elevation interval. The analysis revealed a hump-shaped relationship between orchid species richness and elevation, with the highest species richness observed at altitude of 2100–2200 m. The abundance of orchids was significantly correlated with host characteristics, including habit (shrub/tree), bark texture, nature (deciduous/evergreen), and physical factors. This study underscores the significant contribution of host characteristics and environmental factors in explaining the diversity of epiphytic orchid species along the elevation of the Himalayas.
... Nepal is a small country in Asia that borders two extremely large countries, China and India. From a longitudinal and latitudinal perspective, Nepal extends from the prime meridian and equator to 80 0 4'E and 88 0 12'E,26° 22' and 30° 27' N respectively (Rokaya et al., 2013). It shares 1750 km open border with India (Singh, 2009). ...
This study examines Nepal's political and historical relationship with India, focusing on key events that shaped their interactions. The purpose is to analyze how Nepal navigated its geopolitical challenges between India and China, particularly in the context of its foreign policies from the 18th century to the post-2006 revolution period. Using a historical-analytical methodology, the research draws on secondary sources to trace Nepal's diplomatic and political strategies, emphasizing pivotal moments such as the 1950 Peace and Friendship Treaty, the 1962 Indo-China War, and the 1989 economic blockade. The findings reveal Nepal's consistent struggle to maintain sovereignty while balancing Indian influence. The study highlights the implications of this relationship for Nepal’s political and economic strategies in the broader regional context, emphasizing its importance for future diplomatic policies.
... Upon careful examination of different literatures (Pearce & Cribb, 2002;Xinqi et al., 2009), including the protologue (Hooker, 1890) and the type image, the species was identified to be Calanthe longipes Hook.f. The occurrence of C. longipes has been reported in Bhutan (Pearce & Cribb, 2002), China (Xinqi et al., 2009), India (Hooker, 1890); however, its presence in Nepal has not been reported in any of the previous literatures (Don, 1825;Hara et al., 1978;Rajbhandari, 2015;Rajbhandari & Rai, 2017;Raskoti, 2009;Rokaya et al., 2013;Shrestha et al., 2022) so far. Hence, the orchid "C. ...
... In Nepal, there are 251 species of epiphytic orchids [17]. They have been studied in terms of the effect of human activity on their ecological niches [18,19], diversity, composition, distribution, phenology, and host-species relationships at the species level [3,20,21] and larger spatial scales [11]. ...
... Finally, 16 epiphytic orchids (11.35% of the total) and 22 host plants (11.46% of the total) were not included in the final analysis because there was Diversity 2024, 16, 252 3 of 10 no data on their altitudinal ranges. For the distributional ranges of the epiphytic orchids, we followed Rokaya et al. [17], and for host species, Press et al. [24]. For nomenclature, we used the 'Plants of the World Online (POWO) database' [25]. ...
Epiphytic species are ecologically important and a significant component of biodiversity. To ensure their efficient conservation, we need to understand their ecology and host plant associations. It is also important to investigate how the predicted temperature change will affect their future distribution. Here, we use data collected in Nepal to investigate how epiphytic orchids are associated with host species, their distribution patterns, and how they may be threatened by the predicted increase in temperature towards the end of the 21st century. We used the phi coefficient (Φ) of association to calculate the associations of epiphytic orchid species with plants and rarefaction to describe the diversity of orchids associated with a particular host species. We used interpolation to estimate the distribution of epiphytic orchids and their host species along altitudinal gradients. The phi (Φ) coefficient of association revealed that 30 species of host plants showed more association with different orchid species than expected. The number of epiphytic orchids increased with the number of host individuals. We predict that an increase in temperature by ~3 °C, which is a more moderate value of temperature increase by the end of the 21st century, will affect at least 52 narrow-ranged species of orchids and 58 narrow-ranged species of host plants. Therefore, we should make efforts to prevent many plant species from becoming extinct, as an increase in temperature is likely to affect their existence.
... There has been no report of the species from Bangladesh for more than 100 years since Hooker (1890), hence, the species is considered possibly extinct in Bangladesh. However, plants have been seen in central-western Nepal (Bajura-Rigla, Bajura; Jimali, Salyan; near Darbhand, Myagdi and Tilkeni, Ilam (Rokaya et al. 2013) and in India (Uttarakhand and Jharkhand states) in recent times. ...
Three-flowered Pecteilis Pecteilis triflora has most recently been assessed for The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2022. Pecteilis triflora is listed as Critically Endangered under criteria C2a(i).
... Approximately 50 % of the species are epiphytes, 46 % are terrestrial, 3 % are myco-heterotrophs, and 1 % are lithophytes. The lowest known elevation range of orchids is 60 m (Eulophia flava) in the southern lowland of east Nepal and the highest known elevation range is 5200 m (Androcorys pugioniformis) in the northern highland of central Nepal (Rokaya et al., 2013;Shrestha et al., 2022). The species richness peaks at around 1500-2000 m (Fig. S2). ...
... Epidendroideae is the largest subfamily constituting about 80 % of the total orchid species. Studies on orchids in the past have mainly focused on enumeration (Rajbhandari, 2015;Rokaya et al., 2013), taxonomic revision (Raskoti et al., 2017) and discovery of new species (Raskoti, 2015;Raskoti and Ale, 2019b;Raskoti and Kurzweil, 2015). However, macroscale studies evaluating the spatial distribution of orchids, which are critical for identifying key locations for orchid conservation, are mostly lacking in Nepal. ...
... The distribution data of orchids were primarily based on Rokaya et al. (2013), which provides one of the most updated account of orchids in Nepal. The species information and their distribution thereof in Rokaya et al. (2013) were exhaustively compiled from over 50 published literature (books and journal articles spanning nearly 50 years), extensive field surveys between 2001 and 2011, herbarium specimens deposited at national and international herbaria as well as online resources. ...
Understanding the primary drivers of species diversity patterns and identifying critical places for biodiversity protection are the two major concerns confronting the global conservation community. The Orchidaceae, which is one of the most diverse angiosperm families with over 30,000 species, is currently facing grave threats from habitat degradation, climate change, and a range of human-induced issues. However, the spatial patterns of orchid distribution and the factors influencing these patterns, both of which are crucial for developing successful orchid conservation plans, remain poorly understood. Here, using one of the most extensive distribution datasets of >500 orchid species in Nepal, we mapped the distribution of all, common, rare, epiphyte, and terrestrial species and identified important factors driving their patterns. We also assessed their protection gaps and identified key conservation regions. We discovered low spatial congruence between the diversity patterns of different groups, and the fundamental drivers underlying the richness pattern differed considerably. The key orchid conservation areas were primarily found in the mid-hills and highlands of central Nepal, with 62 % of these areas outside the protected area (PA) network. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering pollinator diversity and other climate factors when developing effective management plans to conserve orchids, as well as employing different strategies to conserve different life forms. A huge conservation gap in protecting orchids despite large PA coverage in Nepal indicates insufficiency of existing PA network in conserving plants. Therefore, our findings reiterates the need to consider plant conservation goals alongside animal conservation priorities in future conservation planning.
... ?t=occ&s=Otochilus%20lancilabius&f=%5Ball%5D. Notes:-Following almost all recent orchid assessments and monographs (Seidenfaden 1986, 1992, Lund 1987, Pearce & Cribb 2002, Schuiteman et al. 2008, Chen et al. 2009, Rokaya et al. 2013: 539, Zhou et al. 2016: 34, Ormerod et al. 2021, we accept Panisea (Lindley 1833: 44) Steudel (1841: 265) as a genus separate from Coelogyne Lindley (1821: t. 33) due to clear morphological evidence. Hence, we proposed the new nomenclatural combination made above. ...
This paper presents new data on the orchid diversity of Vietnam obtained from field explorations made mainly in 2015–2022, as well as from the study of some historical collections housed at the Herbaria of Russia and Vietnam. It includes descriptions of two species new to science (Coelogyne phitamii and Cymbidium sangii), reports of one genus (Stigmatodactylus), and eleven species new to the flora of Vietnam (Coelogyne fuliginosa, C. suaveolens, Cremastra malipoensis, Cymbidium cochleare, C. goeringii, C. macrorhizon, Holcoglossum nagalandense, Miguelia shenzhenica, Otochilus lancilabius, Pelatantheria bicuspidata, Stigmatodactylus sikokianus). Three new nomenclature combinations (Biermannia averyanovii (Vuong, Kumar, V.H.Bui & V.S.Dang.) Aver., Miguelia shenzhenica (Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen) Aver., Panisea sondangii (Vuong, Aver. & V.H.Bui) Aver.) and lectotypes for three species (Coelogyne suaveolens, Otochilus lancilabius, Pelatantheria bicuspidata) are proposed. Data on accepted names, main synonyms, etymology (for newly described species), morphological description, studied specimens, ecology, phenology, and distribution, conservation status assessment according to IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, brief taxonomic notes, and illustrations are provided for each species listed.
