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A decentralized emission inventories are prepared for road transport sector of India in order to design and implement suitable technologies and policies for appropriate mitigation measures. Globalization and liberalization policies of the government in 90's have increased the number of road vehicles nearly 92.6% from 1980–1981 to 2003–2004. These v...
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... emissions calculated for different type of road transport vehicles are summarized in Table 3. Among different type of vehicles, trucks and lorries contribute 28.8% CO 2 (70.29 Tg), 39% NO x (0.86 Tg), 27.3% SO 2 (0.19 Tg), and 25% PM (0.03 Tg), which constitute 25% of the total vehicular emission of India. ...Similar publications
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Citations
... The CO 2 emissions from the transport sector have increased to 14% during the last two decades, causing adverse impacts on air quality, public health, and sustainable urban development [2]. The road and aviation industries are contributing 94.5% and 2.9% of total CO 2 emissions from the transport sector, respectively [3]. Trucks and lorries contribute 25% of the total vehicular emissions in India, of which 28.8% is CO 2 , 39% is Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), 27.3% is Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), and 25% is particulate matter (PM), respectively [3]. ...
... The road and aviation industries are contributing 94.5% and 2.9% of total CO 2 emissions from the transport sector, respectively [3]. Trucks and lorries contribute 25% of the total vehicular emissions in India, of which 28.8% is CO 2 , 39% is Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), 27.3% is Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), and 25% is particulate matter (PM), respectively [3]. The two-wheelers are a major source of carbon monoxide (23.7%), methane (46.4%), and hydrocarbon (64.2%), while buses contribute to NOx (30.7%) and PM (20.5%) emissions in India [3]. ...
... Trucks and lorries contribute 25% of the total vehicular emissions in India, of which 28.8% is CO 2 , 39% is Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), 27.3% is Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), and 25% is particulate matter (PM), respectively [3]. The two-wheelers are a major source of carbon monoxide (23.7%), methane (46.4%), and hydrocarbon (64.2%), while buses contribute to NOx (30.7%) and PM (20.5%) emissions in India [3]. ...
India is committed to becoming a net-zero emitter by 2070 to fight climate change; however, road transportation causes a major challenge for decarbonising transport in India. This paper investigates the low-carbon strategy and implementation of fiscal and financial policies in India. The research delves into the innovative strategies to address unique regional hurdles and transportation demands. These strategies include customised policies to incentivise EVs, creating charging infrastructure networks, the integration of renewable energy sources in public transport systems, and the formulation of specific regulations to curb emissions from high-traffic areas. Findings from the review of low-carbon strategies and financial policies in road transportation advocate for penalising high-emitters, subsidising clean technology, and reorienting government expenditure towards sustainable infrastructure for combating climate change and adhering to India’s commitment announced at COP26. This paper suggests the efficacy and replicability of these new strategies, thus, providing valuable insights to policymakers and stakeholders for creating a more sustainable and efficient road transportation network in India.
... Baidya S et al. [5] studied to estimate atmospheric emissions from road transport in India using sensitivity analysis. Ramachandra T V et al. [19] in their study considered state-wise road transport emissions using region-specific factors for each type of vehicle in India. Another useful study carried out by a technical paper published by the India GHG Program [9] estimated emission factors of many vehicle types based on engine capacity and fuel type. ...
India has emerged as the primary cause of greenhouse gas emissions globally, primarily attributable to a rapid surge in motorized vehicle usage, surpassing the population growth rate. The emissions are resulting in various problems related to deterioration in air quality, thereby creating an unnecessary increase in carbon footprint. The transportation sector is a major source, accounting for approximately 29% of the nation’s total emissions. Notably, over 90% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions emanate from this sector, with road transportation being the predominant contributor. Despite the critical nature of this issue, obtaining comprehensive data on the extent of these emissions remains challenging. To address this information gap, our study focuses on predicting CO2 emissions from diverse vehicle types operating on various fuels within specific busy urban road segments in Ahmedabad city. Employing neural networks, our research delves into the intricate network of global road transportation to extract crucial insights for quantifying and comprehending CO2 emissions under different traffic conditions in the reduction of carbon footprint. This neural network-driven approach establishes a framework for assessing and mitigating CO2 emissions in mixed-traffic environments across multiple Indian cities, extending its applicability beyond Ahmedabad.
... However, (Ramachandra, 2009) in his research in India revealed that although CFD contributes to emission reductions in the areas it passes through, traffic diversion to alternative routes may reduce the effectiveness of this program in the long run. Another study by (Martos et al., 2016) indicated that the success of CFD depends not only on vehicle restriction policies, but also on public participation in switching to environmentally friendly modes of transportation. ...
The transportation sector is one of the main contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 18.52% of total emissions, with this percentage reaching 40% in developed countries. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of Car-Free Day (CFD) implementation in reducing emissions in Cirebon, Indonesia, as a contribution to the 13th Sustainable Development Goal on climate action. The research method used a mixed approach, combining quantitative analysis of fuel consumption data with qualitative interviews to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of CFD. Referring to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry's National Greenhouse Gas Inventory guidelines, Book I: The results showed that while CFD reduced emissions by 13-26% in the designated lane due to traffic diversion, it also led to an 8-14% increase in emissions in the alternative lane. Therefore, the overall emission reduction effort was not optimal, as the emission reduction in one lane was masked by the emission increase in the other lane. The implication of this research is that a more holistic approach is needed to effectively reduce urban greenhouse gas emissions. The results of this research can serve as a basis for formulating more effective transportation policies, such as extending the duration and coverage of CFD, restricting vehicles on alternative routes, and improving public transportation systems that are more environmentally friendly.
... studies underscore the importance of quantifying and mitigating emissions from road transportation (Ramachandra & shwetmala, 2009). Few studies demonstrated that concentrations of pollutants such as ultrafine particles, black carbon, and NO 2 decrease rapidly with increasing distance from roads (Gilbert et al., 2003;Karner et al., 2010;Zhu et al., 2002). ...
... While many studies focus on either vehicular emission (Ramachandra & shwetmala, 2009;Zhu et al., 2002) or carbon sequestration (adelisardou et al., 2022;Piyathilake et al., 2022), there is a lack of research integrating these two aspects to provide a holistic measure of sustainability for road sections. existing sustainability assessment methods, such as lca (lorintiu & Vassilev, 2016;Mittal et al., 2016) and the Green Road Rating system (sarsam, 2015), involve extensive data collection and complex calculations, limiting their practical application. ...
... Data collection for the study included determining peak-hour traffic load (table 1). the moving sum method determined the peak hour, a popular technique used in traffic volume calculation to capture fluctuations and trends in traffic flow over time. emission factors for different vehicles (Ramachandra & shwetmala, 2009) and carbon pool data were obtained from the literature (adelisardou et al., 2022). During peak hours, the classified count of vehicles entering and exiting the stretch was determined. ...
... Several studies presented an estimate of air and climate pollutant emissions for all India and for Indian cities, but none presented an open database of vehicle stock for replication and further calculations [12,14,22,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. While the government records publish vehicle stock numbers every year, the databases are not model-ready and require considerable amount of QA/QC. ...
Road transport plays a crucial role in sustaining all the personal and freight movement needs of residential, commercial, and industrial activities, and in Indian cities, big and small, vehicle exhaust emissions and dust from vehicle movement on the roads contribute to as much as 50% of particulate matter pollution in a year. Therefore, effective management of vehicle exhaust emissions is vital not only for improving current air quality but also for ensuring the long-term benefits from efforts to reduce air pollution. In the approved clean air action plans for 131 cities under the national clean air program (NCAP), more than 50% of the implementable actions are transport-centric. Having a reliable and replicable vehicle exhaust emissions inventory is essential for effective planning, which can help establish a baseline, support scenario analysis, and allow for tracking progress in the sector. This process begins with accessing accurate vehicle stock numbers, typically obtained from vehicle registration databases, traffic surveys, and other governmental records. Often, in low- and middle-income countries like India, these numbers require extensive data cleaning before they can be used for emissions and pollution analysis. This paper presents a cleaned, open-access vehicle stock database for India and outlines a methodology to build and maintain an in-use vehicle age-mix database for future years. The database covers the years 1993 to 2018 for the entire country and individual states, along with estimates of the age distribution of vehicles using survival functions. By offering a comprehensive and reliable data source, this paper aims to support sustainable national and urban air quality management efforts, helping policymakers and stakeholders make informed decisions to improve air quality and public health.
... Sectoral developments are studied in ten Indian states that are socio-economically and geographically diverse and have historically accounted for more than 50% of transport emissions (Ramachandra and Shwetmala 2009 ...
This report, part of the Energy Transition Preparedness Initiative (ETPI), assesses the readiness of ten Indian states for a transport sector energy transition during 2020–21. It uses five key indicators: transport network accessibility, public transport performance, transport electrification, sustainable vehicle growth and road safety, and integrated transport policy and governance. The analysis reveals varied progress across states, highlighting successes and persistent challenges, particularly regarding funding, data collection, and institutional coordination. The report offers recommendations for improving planning and implementation to accelerate the transition. Findings are based on analysis of state-level policies, data, and stakeholder consultations.
... Transitioning from ICE vehicles to EVs not only promises a 37% reduction in GHG emissions but also envisions a US$60 billion decrease in oil bills, reducing dependency [3]. Notably, road transport bears the highest emission burden at 80%, while rail and air contribute 13% and 6%, respectively [4]. ...
Addressing vehicular emissions is crucial for safeguarding both human health and the environment. This study explores strategies to mitigate CO 2 emissions from vehicles, focusing on adopting zero-emission vehicles (Electric vehicles) and promoting eco-friendly driving practices. By examining six scenarios, including measures to reduce emissions from existing Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles, the study predicts future CO 2 emission trends. Moreover, the analysis incorporates the social cost of carbon (SCC) and evaluates its environmental impact and toxicological implications. The findings highlight the effectiveness of transitioning to 100% electric vehicle fleets and implementing eco-driving practices in significantly reducing future CO 2 emissions. Additionally, embracing eco-driving techniques for current ICE vehicles emerges as a viable strategy for addressing current air pollution concerns while promoting a healthier environment.
... More scholars are studying the CEE of the transportation industry, mainly focusing on traditional single factor CEE [1][2][3][4][5]. There is even less research on the comprehensive CEE of the logistics industry based on production function theory and considering energy input and carbon emission output [6][7]. In addition, DEA and its improved models are the main methods for measuring CEE, but there is almost no research on measuring the efficiency of all factor CEE using the SBM model based on relaxed variables and the improved DEA model based on the common frontier Meta Frontier production function [8][9][10][11]. ...
Under the background of “dual carbon”, Hubei Province has always attached great importance to the low-carbon-logistics transformation and has made green and efficient the focus of logistics industry development. The article takes energy and unexpected output into account and takes unit carbon emission added value and unit carbon emission conversion turnover as output factors. It constructs an SBM-DEA model to measure the carbon emission efficiency of the logistics industry in Hubei China. Finally, based on the research results, a carbon emission reduction path for the logistics industry in Hubei Province is proposed, including strengthen policy guidance and reasonably set freight rates; transfer of high carbon emission transportation methods; extend the logistics value chain and carry out logistics technology innovation.The research conclusion can provide theoretical support for the government.
... Transitioning from ICE vehicles to EVs not only promises a 37% reduction in GHG emissions but also envisions a US$60 billion decrease in oil bills, reducing dependency [3]. Notably, road transport bears the highest emission burden at 80%, while rail and air contribute 13% and 6%, respectively [4]. ...
Addressing vehicular emissions is crucial for safeguarding both human health and the environment. This study explores strategies to mitigate CO2 emissions from vehicles, focusing on adopting zero-emission vehicles (Electric vehicles) and promoting eco-friendly driving practices. By examining six scenarios, including measures to reduce emissions from existing Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles, the study predicts future CO2 emission trends. Moreover, the analysis incorporates the social cost of carbon (SCC) and evaluates its environmental impact and toxicological implications. The findings highlight the effectiveness of transitioning to 100% electric vehicle fleets and implementing eco-driving practices in significantly reducing future CO2 emissions. Additionally, embracing eco-driving techniques for current ICE vehicles emerges as a viable strategy for addressing current air pollution concerns while promoting a healthier environment
... Multiple studies have analyzed different policies to reduce GHG emissions, such as reducing car transport in EU-15 using the ALTER-MOTIVE method (Ajanovic and Haas, 2017) and reducing vehicle miles traveled with multiple strategies (Poudenx, 2008;Fang and Volker, 2017). There are multiple studies from developed countries such as India focusing on different approaches to identify the transport sector's contribution to total emissions (Ramachandra and Shwetmala, 2009;Bharadwaj et al., 2017;Gupta and Garg, 2020), the GHG footprints in different cities (Ramachandra, Aithal and Sreejith, 2015), and policies to improve the GHG emissions Tiwari, S.; Mandal, K. ...
The pressing concern over greenhouse gas emissions from motorized vehicles and their impact on global temperature variation and climate change motivates this research paper. It conducts a comparative analysis of the contribution of motorized vehicles to climate change in urban contexts across developing and developed nations, focusing specifically on the transportation planning strategies and interventions implemented in Mumbai and Sydney. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, employing the Delphi method and a comprehensive literature review to gather expert perspectives and analyze data. The findings highlight the effectiveness of transportation planning initiatives, such as public transit investment, promotion of active transportation, and policy incentives, in reducing emissions. Mumbai's higher population, population density, and reliance on older, less efficient vehicles contribute to higher emissions, while Sydney's implementation of stricter emission standards and developed public transit system result in relatively lower transport emissions. The study emphasizes the importance of tailoring solutions to specific contexts and provides practical insights for policymakers, urban planners, and researchers to inform sustainable transportation planning and address the challenges posed by climate change.
