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Electrochemical plating/stripping reversibility and characterizations of the Na metal plating on Cu in different electrolytes. a) Voltage‐time profiles of Na||Na symmetric cells and b) Na plating/stripping Columbic efficiency (CE) of cycling performance in Na||Cu asymmetric cells at 1.0 mA cm⁻² with a capacity of 1.0 mAh cm⁻². SEM images of Na plating on the Cu with c) WSAS, (d) SSAD, and e) Carbonate‐based electrolytes after 50 cycles. f) C 1s XPS‐spectra of SEI on the cycled Cu surfaces form the Na||Cu cells and g) corresponding atomic ratios of different elements in the SEI.
Source publication
Anode‐free sodium metal batteries (AFSMBs) are regarded as the “ceiling” for current sodium‐based batteries. However, their practical application is hindered by the unstable electrolyte and interfacial chemistry at the high‐voltage cathode and anode‐free side, especially under extreme temperature conditions. Here, an advanced electrolyte design str...