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Electrochemical performance of symmetric MSCs based on HAN-based nanoelectrodes a CV curves at different scan rates, b GCD profiles at different current densities, and c device areal capacitance as a function of scan rates of HAN@SnO2@MnO2//HAN@SnO2@MnO2 MSCs, respectively. d CV curves at different scan rates, e GCD profiles at different current densities, and f device areal capacitance as a function of scan rates of HAN@SnO2@PPy//HAN@SnO2@PPy MSCs, respectively.
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Downsizing the cell size of honeycomb monoliths to nanoscale would offer high freedom of nanostructure design beyond their capability for broad applications in different fields. However, the microminiaturization of honeycomb monoliths remains a challenge. Here, we report the fabrication of microminiaturized honeycomb monoliths—honeycomb alumina nan...
Citations
... However, the development of supercapacitors using cost-effective and eco-friendly materials presents a persistent challenge. Supercapacitor materials are broadly classified into electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), which store energy through non-faradaic charge separation, and pseudocapacitive materials, which rely on fast, reversible redox reactions for energy storage [7][8][9][10]. A promising strategy to achieve superior performance involves hybrid capacitors, which combine carbon-based materials with metal oxides and conducting polymers [11]. ...
This study presents the successful synthesis and characterization of polyaniline (PANI), PANI/reduced graphene oxide PANI/rGO (PR), and PANI/rGO/ZnO (PRZ) nanocomposites as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Employing electrospinning and electrospraying techniques, we developed nanofibrous composites with enhanced structural and electrochemical properties. The addition of rGO and ZnO in the PRZ composite significantly improved specific capacitance, stability, and charge‐transfer efficiency. Electrochemical analyses, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), revealed a peak specific capacitance of 845 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹ for PRZ, outperforming PR (395 F g⁻¹), and PANI (140 F g⁻¹). These enhancements are attributed to the synergistic effects of carbon‐based and pseudocapacitive components, resulting in higher conductivity, improved redox activity, and reduced internal resistance. Additionally, the PRZ composite exhibited excellent cyclic stability, retaining 89% of its capacitance over 5000 cycles, underscoring its durability and suitability for long‐term energy storage applications.
... Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge−discharge profiles were recorded at the potential window between 0 and 1 V to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the EC part in mp-SC. The nearly rectangular CV curves (Fig. 2d) indicate the typical double-layer capacitive behavior of the rGO microelectrodes 28,29 . The area-specific capacitance of the EC part according to the CV profiles is shown in Fig. 2e, which shows the areal capacitance of 2.21 mF cm -2 at a current density of 10 mA cm -2 , comparable to values of the state-of-the-art carbon-based supercapacitors 28 . ...
Supercapacitor is highly demanded in emerging portable electronics, however, which faces frequent charging and inevitable rapid self-discharging of huge inconvenient. Here, we present a flexible moisture-powered supercapacitor (mp-SC) that capable of spontaneously moisture-enabled self-charging and persistently voltage stabilizing. Based on the synergy effect of moisture-induced ions diffusion of inner polyelectrolyte-based moist-electric generator and charges storage ability of inner graphene electrochemical capacitor, this mp-SC demonstrates the self-charged high areal capacitance of 138.3 mF cm⁻² and ~96.6% voltage maintenance for 120 h. In addition, a large-scale flexible device of 72 mp-SC units connected in series achieves a self-charged 60 V voltage in air, efficiently powering various commercial electronics in practical applications. This work will provide insight into the design self-powered and ultra-long term stable supercapacitors and other energy storage devices.
... However, excessively high SSA can also lead to a decrease in structural stability and increased internal resistance, which can negatively impact battery performance [14]. However, the larger specific surface area and hierarchical porous carbon increase the surface's accessibility and use for ion storage, and they offered a large number of ion channels for quicker ion-transmission throughout the electro-chemical reaction [95]. The surface area of TDAC is varied from 200-1000 m 2 g −1 [72]. ...
Tyre waste is a common form of non-degradable polymer-based solid waste. This solid waste can be effectively managed by converting it into char through the pyrolysis process and then further converting the char into activated carbon (AC) through physical and chemical activation processes. Tyre-derived activated carbon (TDAC) has versatile applications, such as its use as an absorber, catalyst, and electrode material, among others. This study aims to review the electrochemical properties of TDAC. This study employed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta analysis) bibliographic search methodology, with a specific focus on the application of TDAC in a wide variety of energy storage devices, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. In several experimental studies, TDAC was utilised as an electrode in numerous energy devices due to its high specific capacitance properties. The study found that both activation processes can produce AC with a surface area ranging from 400 to 900 m2/g. However, the study also discovered that the surface morphology of TDAC influenced the electrochemical behaviours of the synthesised electrodes.
... A recent study by Lei et al. designed ultrathin and stiff nanoelectrodes based on honeycomb alumina nanoscaffolds (HAN) for high-energy microsupercapacitors (MSCs). [56] Figure 11a shows the schematic Figure 11. a) Schematic diagram of the HAN fabrication process. ...
... Reproduced with permission. [56] Copyright 2020, Springer Nature. d) Schematic representation of the fabrication steps for bioinspired patterned thin photovoltaic absorbers. ...
Recent developments in the design and synthesis of more and more sophisticated organic building blocks with controlled structures and physical properties, combined with the emergence of novel assembly modes and nanofabrication methods, make it possible to tailor unprecedented structurally complex porous systems with precise multiscale control over their architectures and functions. By tuning their porosity from the nanoscale to microscale, a wide range of functional materials can be assembled, including open frameworks and micro/nanoscaffold architectures. During the last two decades, significant progress is made on the generation and optimization of advanced porous systems, resulting in high‐performance multifunctional scaffold materials and novel device configurations. In this perspective, a critical analysis is provided of the most effective methods for imparting controlled physical and chemical properties to multifunctional porous skeletons. The future research directions that underscore the role of skeleton structures with varying physical dimensions, from molecular‐level open frameworks (<10 nm) to supramolecular scaffolds (10–100 nm) and micro/nano scaffolds (>100 nm), are discussed. The limitations, challenges, and opportunities for potential applications of these multifunctional and multidimensional material systems are also evaluated in particular by addressing the greatest challenges that the society has to face.
... The hexagonal honeycomb, inspired from bee nest, is a kind of commonly used engineering material with a long-range well-ordered hexagonal porous structure, [27][28][29] endowing them with high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent shearing stiffness, exceptional energy absorption, and superior buckling resistance with the least material consumption. [30][31][32] These merits render honeycomb ideal candidate for sandwich panel, structural component, space filler, energy absorber in fields such as aerospace, automobile transportation, and construction industry. [22,[33][34][35] The conventional honeycomb skeleton wall is dense. ...
Aerogels, shaped as fibers, films, as well as monoliths, have demonstrated a plethora of applications in both academia and industry due to charming properties including ultralow density, large specific surface area, high porosity, etc., however studies on more complicated aerogel forms (e.g., honeycombs) with more powerful applications have not been fully explored. Herein, the Kevlar aerogel honeycomb is firstly constructed through a dry ice‐assisted 3D printing method, where the Kevlar nanofiber ink is printed directly in dry ice freezing atmosphere, followed by supercritical fluid drying. The subsequent 3D Kevlar/shear‐stiffening gel (SSG) honeycomb (3D‐KSH) can be obtained by selective nanoconfining of SSG into nanopores of the aerogel skeleton wall (with the loading amount of 93 wt%) rather than into open honeycomb channels, solving the leakage, creep deformation, and shape design infeasibility of the SSG. Combining the advantages of Kevlar, honeycomb and SSG, the fabricated 3D‐KSH shows obvious smart responsive behavior to external stimulus. Additionally, the 3D‐KSH has high strain rate sensitivity (sensitivity factor of 4.16 × 10⁻⁴) and excellent impact protection performance (energy absorption value up to 176 J g⁻¹ at the strain rate of 6300 s⁻¹), which will significantly broaden application prospect in some intelligent protection fields.
... In our previous study, the structural porosity of the EHD-printed carbon-nickel electrode was tuned from in a wide range of 13.2 ± 4.6 % to 73.6 ± 6.9 % by simply changing the user-specific fiber spacing [17]. Apart from structural control and optimization, the EHD printing process also enables the microminiaturization of energy storage devices [37]. As a large majority of the existing energy storage materials were synthesized by chemical methods, which were not able to directly customize the geometrical shape of the electrodes. ...
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been widely utilized to fabricate free-standing electrodes in energy-related fields. In terms of fabrication, the two most challenging limitations of 3D printed electrodes are the poor printing resolution and simple structural dimension. Here we proposed a novel process to fabricate molybdenum disulfide-polyvinylidene fluoride (MoS2-PVDF) hierarchical electrodes for energy storage applications. The 20-layer microscale PVDF films with a stable fiber width of 8.3 ± 1.2 μm were fabricated by using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing. MoS2 nanostructures were synthesized and assembled on the microscale PVDF fibers by using hydrothermal crystal growth. The structural and material investigations were conducted to demonstrate the geometrical morphology and materials component of the composite structure. The electrochemical measurements indicated that the MoS2-PVDF electrodes exhibited the typical charge-discharge performance with a mass specific capacitance of 60.2 ± 4.5 F/g. The proposed method offers a facile and scalable approach for the fabrication of high-resolution electrodes, which might be further developed with enhanced specific capacitance in energy storage fields.
... Template films can be built with sacrificed nanoparticles, which can be dissolved with the target reagent. Pre-curve PDMS has usually been used as the supporting film, while the AAO template has also shown to be a fantastic sacrifice film with a controllable shape, on the nanoscale [30]. ...
Supercapacitors have shown great potential as important complements to batteries. We first describe the principle of supercapacitors, including the categories and the main components of supercapacitors. In the second part, we compare the advantages of supercapacitors with other energy storage devices, and then the power densities of active materials are compared with each other. In the third part, we show how various technologies are used to fabricate electrodes and supercapacitors. In the last part, several applications are presented, showing the high value of supercapacitors, including hybrid vehicles, solar cells, and wearable and portable devices.
... In Figure 1 these frequently studied lattices are highlighted with their corresponding names. These are Triangle-Triangle (TT), see, e.g., [31,63,12,29,75], Kagome (K), see, e.g., [40,31,80,16,17,75,63,52,32,69,57,9,50,82,12,45,36,68,75,79,21,45], Hexagonal (H), see, e.g., [63,12,57,36,32,68,16,48,30,60,72,73,37,61,34,42,62,49,13,10,76], Square (S) see, e.g., [12,69,17,80,32,16,30,37,35,78], Truncated Archimedean (AT), see, e.g., [12,16], Triangular (T) see, e.g., [29,17,80,36,68,72,73,37,15,70], and, Truncated Hexagonal (TH), see, e.g., [63,12,16] lattices. This work allows us to treat these lattices in a unified framework and provide comparison between different structures. ...
We showed a panoptic view of architectured planar lattices based on star-polygon tilings. Four star-polygon-based lattice sub-families were investigated numerically and experimentally. Finite element-based homogenization allowed computation of Poisson's ratio, elastic modulus, shear modulus, and planar bulk modulus. A comprehensive understanding of the range of properties and micromechanical deformation mechanisms was developed. By adjusting the star angle from to the uniqueness limit ( to ), our results showed an over 250-fold range in elastic modulus, over a 10-fold range in density, and a range of to +0.988 for Poisson's ratio. Additively manufactured lattices showed good agreement in properties. The additive manufacturing procedure for each lattice is available on www.fullcontrol.xyz/#/models/1d3528. Three of the four sub-families exhibited in-plane elastic isotropy. One showed high stiffness with auxeticity at low density with a primarily axial deformation mode as opposed to bending deformation for the other three lattices. The range of achievable properties, demonstrated with property maps, proves the extension of the conventional material-property space. Lattice metamaterials with Triangle-Triangle, Kagome, Hexagonal, Square, Truncated Archimedean, Triangular, and Truncated Hexagonal topologies have been studied in the literature individually. We show that all these structures belong to the presented overarching lattices.
... The 3D structure composed of fractional pores provides a convenient way for ion transfer in all directions. With the increase of SSA, the omni-directional open and high porosity structure is favorable for the fast charging process, which improves the energy and power density [123]. ...
With the higher demand for energy storage device performance, supercapacitors have attracted increasing interest because of their high power density, stable cycling capability, and wide range of operating temperatures. Various carbon materials are used as electrode materials for supercapacitors. To deal with the worsening energy crisis, biomass, as a green renewable resource, has been widely used in many fields. Biochar, with its naturally porous structure and abundant surface functional groups, is considered a promising candidate for the development of energy storage. However, their inherent inhomogeneity and random uncontrollability result in relatively low performance, greatly limiting their future applications. There is a great need to develop effective methods to produce more desirable carbon materials from this rich and diverse renewable resource. This critical review points out the significance of controllable production for improving the electrochemical performance of biochar supercapacitors, and the recent research achievements of controllable design and development of new biochar materials. Factors affecting the electrochemical performance of biochar materials are discussed from the perspective of structural design and control. An in-depth summary of various promising approaches used in recent years to achieve major research breakthroughs and innovations is provided. Finally, current challenges, future research directions, and opportunities in the renewable energy storage field of biochar-based supercapacitors are discussed.
Graphical abstract
... Structural engineering has proved its indispensability in constructing high-performance electrochemical electrodes for batteries, [1,2] supercapacitors, [3,4] catalysts, [5,6] fuel cells, [7,8] etc. With control of pores, surface chemistry, crystal structure, stacking manner and morphology of active particles, the structure of electrode can be well designed on micro-or nanoscale, which facilitate reaction kinetics and therefore boost electrochemical performance of active materials. ...
... [22][23][24][25][26][27] For example, 3D interdigitated batteries bringing anode/cathode into close proximity not only shorten ion-transport pathway but also increase electrolyte-electrode interface, therefore could maximize areal energy and power densities at full-cell level. [23] Sun et al. demonstrated that 3D-printed Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 -LiFePO 4 microbattery with interdigitated architecture enabled electrode height over 200 μm and as expected, delivered higher areal energy and power densities than the traditional 2D batteries prepared by slurry coating. [28] However, such 3D electrode configuration relies on complex procedures and exotic fabrication techniques (e.g., 3Dprinting, photoetching, electroplating, et al.). ...
3D batteries possess apparent advantage in electrochemical ion‐transport kinetics than the conventional‐structured batteries. However, due to the special electrode configuration and fabrication complexity, 3D battery design has inherent issue of mechanical stability and only succeeds in microsystems, far from ideal. Herein, a high‐stable, all‐in‐one structured 3D lithium‐metal battery is designed which consists of paralleled microcell arrays. Fast ion‐transport kinetics in full cell level can not only address the key issue of lithium dendrites in anode but also improve electrochemical performance of cathode. As a result, the resultant lithium metal anode acquires long‐term stability of 1000‐cycle life at a high current density of 10 mA cm⁻². Also the all‐in‐one structured lithium metal battery has general applicability for various cathodic materials and delivers significantly improved rate and cycling performance, as well as high areal capacity up to 10.4 mAh cm⁻².
