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Electricity module of hybrid system for rural household

Electricity module of hybrid system for rural household

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In the past, a goal of the Government of Thailand was for all households in the country to have access to electric power. Consequently, the installation of electric power generation system from renewable energy project was created in villages without electric power. The aim of the government project is to promote the use of renewable energy, especi...

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... The critical examination of the advancement and longevity of SHS programs has been a crucial aspect of research in renewable energy, as noted by various scholars. Several of the said studies have been carried out in developing countries including Sub-Saharan Africa and Asian regions [38,49,53,120]. The aforementioned research studies have examined the effect of programs supporting electrification in rural areas, thus supporting solar energy as a decentralized technology enabling access to power in rural/remote regions where conventional grid deployment might be more difficult or time-consuming. The said studies have further identified the shortcomings associated with the sustainability of solar energy-based systems deployment in rural regions, including lack of knowledge, untrained personnel, high initial costs for systems, and limited funding sources. ...
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... Therefore, expanding the service areas by planting power poles and cables is challenging because several problems and procedures for permitting the areas could take a long time. Additionally, The Ministry of Interior supports the monetary fund for distributing the Solar Home System (SHS) to around two hundred thousand households in Thailand's rural areas, which inaccessible to the primary utility grid [1]. Integrating the local electricity generation, i.e., micro-hydro plants and photovoltaic systems with battery energy storage controlled with a microgrid controller, might be the practical and optimal solution. ...
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... Several studies have also been made on renewable energy, specifically solar photovoltaics, for rural electrification in Thailand [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]. It was reported that Thailand is the largest PV user in Southeast Asia in 2013 [54]. ...
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This doctoral thesis is part of the research topic related to "energy for sustainable development in developing countries." In general terms this theme refers to the analysis of specific problems of the energy sectors of developing countries (DCs) and the resulting consequences on the sustainable development of these countries. Looking at the energy sector of DCs, a "problem of energy" is typically mentioned. This basically consists in the strong energy dependence on traditional biomass (firewood and charcoal) and low rates of electrification and low per capita consumption of electricity. From these two aspects derive a series of negative consequences that hinder the development process at local, but also at country level. In particular, the population of rural areas of DCs is one that most suffer the consequences of the problem of access to energy. In fact, these areas are often not reached by the electricity grid and the only energy source is traditional biomass. In particular the absence of electricity supply severely limits the ability to improve the capability to meet basic services both at home and community level. In many rural areas, however, strong technical and economic feasibility constraints limit the provision of electricity supply via the traditional paradigm of the centralized system. In these cases, off-grid systems based on renewable energy sources (RESs) are the only viable solution. Nevertheless, the process leading to the identification of the best technical off-grid solution within a specific application context is not trivial, and there are many research topics open in this regard. In this context, this thesis mainly focuses on the problem of access to electricity in DCs and on the analysis of off-grid systems for electrification of rural areas. The thesis is organized into two parts which deal, through different chapters, with two specific topics respectively. The first part offers an in-depth analysis and capitalization of the issue of access to energy in DCs with particular attention to the problem of rural electrification. This theme has attracted the interest of the academic sector in the last decade in particular, in consequence chapters 2, 3, 4 are concerned with collecting literature, analyzing it and structuring it as regards its fundamentals. Chapter 2 gives a description of the main characteristics and analysis in the light of the sustainability dimension of the problem of access to energy in DCs. Chapter 3 gives a detailed analysis of the energy situation in Africa by introducing an original analysis that combines the Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development with current energy policies of the continent. Chapter 4 describes the main features of the rural areas of DCs and introduces a taxonomy for off-grid systems applied in these contexts. This chapter also contains the analysis of an extensive review of the scientific literature related to off-grid systems for DCs. This revision is at the base of the methods and models developed in the other chapters of the thesis. The second part introduces some methods and models that have been developed to respond specifically to some particular issues related to the process of designing off-grid systems for rural electrification. These issues have been identified through the analysis of the literature, but also through direct experience in contributing to the project Energy4Growing. This project deals with the design and installation of a hybrid micro-grid for a school in a rural area in Tanzania. Chapter 5 describes the development, implementation and application of a procedure for the estimation of daily load profiles required by users of rural areas. The procedure wants to fill the gap in the literature about rigorous approaches that allow the calculation of load profiles. These are in fact essential information for the most advanced sizing methods for off-grid systems based on RESs. Chapter 6 introduces the first step of the development of a method for energy planning systems both off-grid and also for integration of distributed generation systems into the centralized grid. The proposed methodology, in contrast to those already available in the literature, allows the operator to intervene in the planning process working on the results of a series of mathematical-statistical indicators that consider the coupling of energy maps of load and generation. Chapter 7 presents a sizing procedure of off-grid system based on RESs which is appropriate for DCs. In particular, the classical approach based on the definition of the parameter that identifies the "loss of load probability" and "net present cost" has been modified so that both the procedure itself and the results, better fit with the conditions of the targeted context. In particular, the concepts of "value of lost load" and "levelized cost of supplied and lost energy" have been developed. Finally, Chapter 8 addresses the need for models that can simulate the operation of off-grid electro-mechanical systems allowing the analysis of dispatch strategies as well as the evolution of frequency and voltage during system operation. This chapter in particular has expanded the thesis research topics to those typically considered in electrical analyses and it tries to integrate the features of energy analyses with electrical analyses.