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Introduction. Since its arrival in Senegal in 2004, Bactrocera invadens (Diptera Tephritidae) synonymized with Bactrocera dorsalis has caused much economic damage in mango crops. Effective and efficient control activities against B. invadens were necessary in order to continue mango production, and biological control measures were envisaged.
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... No dose of compost influenced the number of tillers. This result is consistent with that of Ndiaye et al. (2019), who reported that tillering is not influenced by organic amendment in a study conducted in Senegal. The number of tillers depends on the stage of growth of the millet plant. ...
In the Sahel, millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is one of the main cereals cultivated as rain-fed crops, predominantly by vulnerable small producers, on poor soils leading to increasingly low growth and production. The aim of this work was to increase millet production by using organic manure (compost) at low cost (accessible to all) and respectful of the environment. The methodology used was participatory (with producers) and consisted of monitoring the growth and yield parameters of two varieties (local and improved) of millet by applying three doses of compost: low dose (1 tha-1), medium dose (3 tha-1) and high dose (5 tha-1) with a control (without compost). The results showed that millet achieves most of its growth in height before the 71st day after sowing. The high dose of compost increased the height of the millet plants by more than 22 cm and the number of tillers by more than 17% compared to the control. The variety of millet did not directly affect plant height and number of tillers. The high dose of compost increased the yield by more than 44% and the dry matter by more than 37% compared to the control. The yield of the improved millet variety increased by more than 32% compared to the local variety. The local variety had an increase in dry matter of more than 11% compared to the improved variety. The study helped convince several producers to accept the use of compost. Its large-scale extension, in producers' fields, could convince those who are reluctant to adopt innovation.
... Over the period 1992 to 2022, the rainfall recorded in the Ziguinchor region varied between 800 and 2100 mm, or an average of 1367 mm (Figure 1). The rainy season lasts approximately five months in this zone, from June to October (Ndiaye et al., 2019;Tounkara et al., 2022). The year 2022 was marked by a surplus rainfall of 1,415 mm ( Figure 1). ...
... The plant material used is a Sanio millet cultivar grown in Casamance. It has a height of 3 to 3.5 m, a cropping cycle of 130 to 150 days with aristate ears and it is photoperiodic (ISRA et al., 2005;Bamba et al., 2019;Ndiaye et al., 2019;Coly et al., 2021;Tounkara et al., 2022). ...
... The height and number of tillers were significantly higher on the treatment with organic amendment only (T1) compared to the control without fertilizer (T0). This effect of organic amendment on millet growth parameters corroborates with the results of Cissé (1988) and Ndiaye et al. (2019) on millet. However, these results are not in line with those of Diallo et al. (2019) who show no effect of organic fertilizer on millet growth. ...
This study aims to evaluate the agronomic performance of microdose fertilization on sanio millet. Specifically, the effect of microdosing on growth and production parameters of sanio millet was tested. To do this, a complete randomized block trial was set up with four blocks, each with six treatments: control (T0); 2) farm practice (T1): 10 t. ha-1 of manure; 3) microdose (T2), 10 t. ha-1 + 3 g NPK (15-15-15) + 2 g urea per plant. The NPK and urea were applied in a 5 cm deep hole about 7 cm from the plant; 4) research recommendation (T3), 10 t. ha-1 of manure + 9.6 g NPK (15-15-15) + 6.4 g urea per plant; 5) (T4): 10 t. ha-1 of manure + 75% of T3 fertilizer rate; 6) 10 t. ha-1 of manure + 50% of T3 fertilizer rate. This study demonstrated the effect of organic fertilization and the effect of organo-mineral fertilization on the growth and production parameters of Sanio millet. The microdose was effective on growth parameters compared to the farmer's traditional practice. However, the differences in straw biomass, the number of ears, and the weight of ears were not significant between the microdose and the farmer's traditional practice. The Straw biomass and the number of ears were significantly higher on T3 compared to the microdose. Given the results, it would be interesting to repeat this study at the station and at the same time in the farmers' field to draw conclusions and make recommendations regarding the microdose fertilization technique.
... Intercropping systems reduce the risk of harvest loss [8] . Microdosing techniques allow maximum exploitation of soil nutrients due to early lateral root proliferation within the topsoil, leading to increasing pearl millet yields [9] . High yields of pearl millet grains have been achieved through the combined use of organic and mineral fertilizers in Senegal [10] , Burkina Faso and Niger [11] . ...
... The use of fertilization methods and cropping systems for millet production in West Africa has been addressed by other studies [8][9][10][11] . However, the improvement of millet production practices based on experiences from model countries is inadequately addressed. ...
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● Constraints in cultivation and production of pearl millet in West Africa are summarized.
● Production systems and fertilization methods in pearl millet production are highlighted.
● Sustainable production needs integrated cropping systems and fertilizer use efficiency.
● A holistic approach is required to establish a strong collaboration among rural actors.
West African countries are among the larger global millet producers but have low yields mainly due to the low quality of their marginal soils. The objectives of this work were to analyze the benefits and constraints of pearl millet production, to summarize the impact of different cropping systems and fertilization modes while proposing a holistic approach for sustainable production. The major constraints on millet yields are low rates or absence of fertilizers, unsuitable cropping systems, and the proliferation of pests and diseases. Intercropping with cowpea is a widely used cropping system in addition to crop rotation, monocropping and agroforestry systems. Microdosing is the best fertilization mode for West African smallholders. It is concluded that integrated systems (breeding new cultivars, intercropping and microdosing) in tied ridges or infiltration pit practices, sustained by the implementation of innovative approaches such as the ‘Science and Technology Backyards’ from China are a promising approach for increasing pearl millet production. In addition, policies such as land protection of the farmers and subsidies of inputs from the government and the effective involvement of farmers and extension officers are necessary in sustaining millet production in West Africa.
... Il est cultivé sur plus de 60 % des terres arables du pays (Sy et al., 2015), sa production est estimée à 897 348 tonnes en 2018 (ANSD, 2020). Deux types de variétés de mil sont essentiellement cultivés au Sénégal : le mil souna ou type hâtif (généralement non photopériodique) qui est presque cultivé sur tout le territoire national (ISRA et al., 2005), et le type tardif ou mil sanio (généralement photopériodique) qui est essentiellement cultivé en Casamance et au Sénégal Oriental (Bamba et al., 2019). En Basse Casamance, le mil sanio est la culture la plus importante derrière le riz (Oryza sativa), l'arachide (Arachis hypogaea) et le niébé (Vigna unguiculata) (Sané, 2017). ...
... La fertilisation des parcelles en Basse Casamance est essentiellement basée sur l'apport de fumure organique, mais certains agriculteurs font aussi recours aux engrais minéraux. L'utilisation d'amendements organiques et d'engrais minéraux dans cette zone est limitée entre autres par la cherté et l'inaccessibilité des engrais minéraux mais aussi à la disponibilité de la fumure organique (Bamba et al., 2019). A cela s'ajoute le faible niveau d'accompagnement des agriculteurs par les services techniques qui est aussi une réalité dans la zone (Sané, 2017). ...
... Ce qui pourrait être lié à une alimentation minérale plus satisfaisante du mil avec l'apport d'engrais. L'effet positif de la fertilisation organano-minérale sur l'alimentation minérale, le développement et le rendement du mil est rapporté dans la littérature (Cissé, 1988 ;Badiane et al., 2001 ;Ndiaye et al., 2019 ;Coly et al., 2021 ;Pale et al., 2021). Cette fertilisation organo-minérale, à travers la microdose et la recommandation de la recherche, a significativement augmenté le rendement en grains du mil par rapport à la fertilisation organique seule (pratique paysanne) et au témoin sans apport de fertilisants. ...
Agronomic performance of fertilizer microdosing on sanio millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br) in Lower Casamance (Senegal)
Subject description. In Senegal, sanio or late type millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br) is a cereal cultivated mainly in Casamance and in Eastern Senegal. It is highly valued by rural populations because of its organoleptic and fodder qualities. However, its crop yield in the farming environment remain low. This low yield is due, among other things, to the poor mastery of soil fertilization technologies.
Objectives. The present study aims to analyze the agronomic performance of the microdose fertilization technique on sanio millet in Lower Casamance. Specifically, the effect of microdosing on the development, growth and production parameters of sanio millet was studied.
Material and Methods. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design with four treatments (control, farmer practice, microdose, research recommendation) each replicated (04) times. The control (T0) is a treatment without fertilizer application; the farmer practice (T1) corresponds to 10 t/ha of organic manure; the microdose (T2) represents the application of 10 t/ha of manure + 93.75 kg/ha of NPK and 31.25 kg/ha of urea, and the research recommendation (T3) is a combination of 10 t/ha of manure, 125 kg/ha of NPK and 93.75 kg/ha of urea. The manure was a mixture of sheep dung and poultry droppings. Millet development stages (emergence, tillering, elongation, heading, flowering, maturation, harvesting) were monitored in all treatments, as were measurements of the number of tillers and height on millet stalks and grain yield. The agronomic efficiency for the applied mineral fertilizer on T2 and T3 is calculated as the ratio of the difference between the grain yield on T2 and T3 and the grain yield of the control (T0) divided by the quantity of the applied element (N, P or K) on T2 and T3.
Results. Fertilizer microdosing had a positive effect on the earliness (developmental stages), height, number of tillers and grain yield of sanio millet. This microdose fertilization technique, while using less fertilizer (less than 25% NPK and less than 67% urea compared to the research recommendation), resulted in an average yield (908.28 kg/ha) that was not significantly different from the research recommendation (1 043.28 kg/ha). It resulted in an increase in grain yield of 62% compared to the farmer practice and 148% more than the control. Similarly, the efficiency of the fertilizer applied is higher with the microdose fertilization compared to the research recommendation.
Conclusion. The results of this study showed good performance of the microdose fertilization on the development, growth and production parameters of sanio millet in Lower Casamance. Similarly, the efficiency of the fertilizer applied was higher with the fertilizer microdosing compared to the research recommendation. Despite these performances of the microdose fertilization technique, its manual application (localized application of fertilizer) over large areas can be difficult and might require mechanization to reduce the workload. Furthermore, it would be necessary to repeat the trial and also carry out these trials at farmers' fields to assess the effects of fertilizer microdosing under different growing conditions.
Keywords : Microdose, sanio millet, Lower Casamance, agronomic performance, efficiency
... In contrast, for millet, in most Senegal, a local village committee decides the sowing date before the rains start (Grillot, 2018). The exception to this rule is Upper Casamance, where sowing of the local photoperiodic variety of mil sanio is spread out during the months of June and July (Ndiaye et al., 2019;Bamba et al., 2019). ...
Studying the relationship between potential high-impact precipitation and crop yields can help us understand the impact of the intensification of the hydrological cycle on agricultural production. The objective of this study is to analyse the contribution of intra seasonal rainfall indicators, namely dry and wet spells, for predicting millet yields at regional scale in Senegal using multiple linear regression. Using dry and wet spells with traditional indicators i.e. proxies of crop biomass and cumulated rainfall, hereafter called remote sensing indicators (NDVI, SPI3, WSI and RG), we analysed the ability of dry and wet spells alone or combined with these remote sensing indicators to provide intraseasonal forecasts covering the period 1991-2010. We analysed all 12 regions producing millet and found that results vary strongly between regions and also during the season, as a function of the dekad of prediction. At the spatial scale, the strongest performing combinations include the dry spell indicators DSC20 and DSxl in the peanut basin. While in the south of the country, the combination of wet period indicators WS1 or WSC5 with the RG is fairly reliable. Focussing on Thies, our best region in the groundnut basin, we showed that dry and wet spells indicators can explain up to 80% of yield variations, alone or in combination with remote sensing indicators. Regarding the timing of prediction, millet yield can be forecast as early as July with an accuracy of 40% of the mean yield but the best forecast is obtained in early September, at the peak of crop development (accuracy of 100 kg/ha i.e. 20% of the mean yield). Although, the estimated yields show biases over some years identified as extremely deficient or in oversupply in terms of agricultural yields.
Introduction
Soil fertility is a major constraint to agricultural development in the Sahel region of Africa. One alternative to reducing the use of mineral fertilizers is to partially replace them with microbes that promote nutrition and growth, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Mineral fertilizer microdosing is a technique developed to enhance fertilizer efficiency and encourage smallholder farmers to adopt higher mineral fertilizer applications.
Methods
A pot experiment was set up to study the effects of AMF inoculation on the mineral nutrition of pearl millet under mineral fertilizer microdosing conditions. The experimental setup followed a randomized complete block design with five replicates. The treatments tested on millet were an absolute control and eight microdoses derived from the combination of three doses of 15- 10-10 [nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)] mineral fertilizer (2 g, 3 g, and 5 g per pot), three doses of urea (1 g, 2 g, and 3 g per pot), and three doses of organic manure (OM) (200 g, 400 g, and 600 g), combined with and without AMF (Rhizophagus irregularis and Rhizophagus aggregatum). The parameters studied were growth, root colonization by AMF, and mineral nutrition. Plant height, stem diameter, root dry biomass, and percentage of root mycorrhization were measured.
Results and discussion
The results revealed a significant effect of the fertilizers on the growth of pearl millet compared to the control. AMF and OM treatments resulted in the highest biomass production. AMF combined with microdoses of NPK improved N and calcium (Ca) concentrations, while their combination with organic matter mainly improved the K concentration. Combining AMF with microdosed NPK and compost enhanced zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) concentrations. Root colonization varied from 0.55 to 56.4%. This investigation highlights the positive effects of AMF inoculation on nutrient uptake efficiency when combined with microdosing fertilization.
Cet article analyse l’influence de l’utilisation des fumures organiques et minérales sur la productivité du mil (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br) face à la baisse de la fertilité des sols dans un contexte de changements climatiques au Nord de la Côte d’Ivoire. Une étude a été menée pour analyser le comportement d’une variété précoce de mil en fonction de trois fumures organiques et une fumure minérale en situation de déficit hydrique post-floral. Le dispositif utilisé a été un bloc de Fisher complètement randomisé comportant quatre répétitions et cinq traitements (T1: témoin, T2: fiente de volaille, T3: déjection de lapin, T4: déjection de boeuf, T5: fumure minérale N-P-K-S-B+Urée). Les observations et mesures ont porté sur les stades de développement et les paramètres de croissance des plants. L’évapotranspiration réelle de la culture, le taux de satisfaction des besoins en eau des plants, le rendement et ses composantes ont été calculés ainsi que l’efficacité des fumures utilisées. Les résultats ont montré un déficit hydrique au cours de la phase reproductive. La variété de mil étudiée a présenté un cycle de développement plus court, une meilleure croissance, des valeurs de composantes du rendement élevées avec l’application de la fiente de volaille. La fumure fiente de volaille a été donc plus efficace que les autres fumures malgré la poche de sécheresse observée en fin de cycle. L’apport de la fiente de volaille peut être recommandé pour les cultures qui ont besoin de fertilisants, comme les variétés précoces de mil, car elle raccourcit la durée du cycle de culture permettant ainsi aux plants d’échapper aux conséquences néfastes du déficit hydrique de fin de cycle. This Article Analyzes The Influence Of Organic And MineralManures On Millet (Pennisetum Glaucum (L.) R. Br.) Productivity In The Context Of Climate Change And Soil Fertility Degradation In Northern Côte d'Ivoire. To Do This, A Study Was Conducted To Analyze The Response Of An Early VarietyOfMillet Based On Three OrganicManures And OneMineralManure In Post-Floral Water Deficit Situations. The Experiment Had A Completely Randomized Block In Four Repetitions And Five Treatments (T1: Control, T2: Chicken Dropping; T3: Rabbit Dropping, T4: Cow Dung; T5: N-P-K-S B+Urea Mineral Fertilizer). Observations And Measurements Focused On The Stages Of Development And Plant Growth Parameters. The Crop Evapotranspiration, The Satisfaction Rate Of Plant's Water Needs, Yield And ComponentsWere Calculated, And The Efficiency Of The Manure Used. The Results Showed A Water Deficit During The Reproductive Phase. The Millet Presented A Shorter Development Cycle, Better Growth And High Yield Component Values With Chicken Dropping Treatment. The Chicken Dropping Was More Effective Than Other Manure, Despite The Drought Observed At The End Of Crop Cycle. Applying Chicken Dropping May Be Recommended For Crops Needs Immediate Fertilizers, Such As Early Millet Varieties, Because It Shortens The Duration Of The Growing Cycle, Thus Allowing Plants To Escape The Harmful Consequences Of The End Of Crop Cycle Water Deficit.
