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Effects of high temperature and continuous lighting conditions at different light intensity levels on indoor foliage plants grown for 4 weeks: A) Hoya carnosa f. variegata; B) Epipremnum aureum f. variegata; C) Rhapis excelsa; D) Hedera helix; E) Chamaedorea elegans; and F) Spathiphyllum wallisii.
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When designing interior spaces, the use of indoor foliage plants is considered as an integral part of providing a wonderful ambiance owing to both their aesthetic and functional properties. Being indoors, these plants are subjected to continuous lighting conditions at high temperatures with varying light intensities, which affect their survival, gr...
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... 마지막으로 황색과 청색을 나타내는 매개변수인 CIELAB b * 는 '아시아슈가'가 적색 LED에서 32.96으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, '로사이탈리아나'는 녹색, 청색 LED 내에서 높게 나타났다(각각 28.46, 28.25)(Fig. 3D).과거 연구에서 L * 과 b * 의 증가는 식물의 생장수준과 음의 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 분석되었는데(Lee et al., 2021b;Lee et al., 2022aLee et al., , 2022b, 적색, 청색 등의 단색광과 백색 LED하에서 재배된 치커리 묘의 생육수준을 비교하였을 때 이와 유사한 결 과를 나타내었다. 이에 낮은 명도와 황색도를 나타내는 묘를 얻기 위해서는 백색 LED 하에서 재배하는 것이 상대적으로 유리 한 것으로 판단된다. ...
Cichorium intybus, a leafy vegetable belonging to the Asteraceae family, is known for its potential health benefits and the inclusion of various bioactive compounds and indigestible oligosaccharides that improve liver function and aid in fatigue recovery. In this study, we evaluated the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) light qualities on the growth, vegetation indices, and photosynthesis of the C. intybus cultivars ‘Asia Sugar’ and ‘Rossa Italiana’, grown in a closed nursery facility. LED light treatments included seven types of monochromatic, composite, and white LEDs (i.e., red, green, blue; purple; 3000, 4100, and 6500 K white LEDs) applied to these cultivars. The results showed that ‘Asia Sugar’ reached its largest size under the 3000 and 4100 K white LED treatments, whereas ‘Rossa Italiana’ exhibited the highest growth under the 3000 K white LED light treatment. An analysis of monochromatic light revealed that red LED light increased plant sizes and weights compared to blue LED light, and a higher distribution of red wavelengths within the white light spectrum positively influenced plant sizes and weights. With regard to increasing plant weights, both cultivars performed best under 3000 and 4100 K white LEDs, similar to the results for plant sizes. In contrast, ‘Asia Sugar’ showed the most favorable vegetation and photosynthetic indices under 4100 and 6500 K white LEDs, while the ‘Rossa Italiana’ showed the most favorable photosynthetic indices and chlorophyll content (SPAD units) under 6500 K white LED, opposite to the plant size results. These findings provide valuable insights into how specific LED light qualities can be optimized to enhance the growth and physiological responses of Cichorium intybus cultivars seedlings.
... Growth and Leaf Color Quality of Mesembryanthemum cordifolium f. variegata as Affected by Shading Levels 210•Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 3, 2023 ∕⋅(1) ( is plant moisture content, is fresh weight, and is dry weight) SPAD units were measured using a portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502, Konica Minolta, Japan). CIELAB values were measured by setting the spectrophotometer (CM-2600d, Konica Minolta, Japan) to CIELAB D65/10° with reference to the leaf color measurement method byLee et al. (2022a), after which we collected data including specular components. Here, to determine SPAD units and CIELAB, we randomly selected 3 leaves from each plant and measured the central part of the leaves. ...
Background and objective: Mesembryanthemum cordifolium is a plant belonging to the Aizoaceae family and is native to South Africa and Namibia. As a CAM plant, M. cordifolium exhibits strong resistance to drought stress and can be utilized for the removal of soil salinity and heavy metals. Furthermore, it is an important medicinal crop with anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects. However, despite its potential benefits, research on the optimal growth environment for M. cordifolium remains scarce. Methods: Therefore, this study selected M. cordifolium f. variegata with high ornamental value as the experimental plant and compared the effects of different shading levels on the growth and leaf color quality of variegated baby sun rose (M. cordifolium f. variegata). Six shading levels (0, 35, 45, 60, 75, and 99%, respectively) were designed using polyethylene (PE) shading films. Results: The results showed that the shoot height, shoot width, dry weight, and chlorophyll content (SPAD units) were highest under the 60% shading level, while leaf length, leaf width, and fresh weight were highest under the 75% shading level. On the other hand, growth was relatively lower under the 0% shading level, which suggests that M. cordifolium f. variegata prefers shade over direct sunlight. On the contrary, M. cordifolium f. variegata showed growth even under the 99% shading level, proving to have strong shade tolerance, but the leaf color quality was lowerst. Conclusion: In conclusion, to significantly increase the size and biomass of plants and improve leaf color quality when cultivating M. cordifolium f. variegata under shading treatment, it is recommended to cultivate it under 60-75% shading levels.
... Correlations of fresh and dry weight, moisture content, and leaf color reading values of CIELAB (L * , a * , and b * ) of P. rupestre affected by various commercial white T5 LEDs 이전의 몇 가지 연구를 통해 L * 의 증가세는 식물의 생장이 상대적으로 불량할 때 나타나는 현상인 것으로 조사되었는 데(Lee et al., 2021a;Lee et al., 2022b;Lee et al., 2022d), 이는 왁스층의 발달이 거의 없거나 엽폭이 상대적으로 넓은식물종에서 훨씬 더 두드러지는 것으로 생각되었으며 반대로 엽육이 두껍고 잘 발달된 왁스층을 형성하는 식물의 경 우에는 그 반대의 경향을 나타낼 수 있음을 추측할 수 있었다. 한편, 바위솔국(Delosperma cooperi)은 차광실험에서 생체중은 L * 과 음의 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 나타나 본 실험의 결과와 상반되는 경향을 나타내었다(Lee et al., 2022d). ...
Petrosedum rupestre is a succulent plant growing throughout Europe, except for Western Europe, and is one of the most preferred plants for rock gardens and green roof systems. P. rupestre has a beautiful blue appearance and may be used for medicinal purposes. This study was conducted to determine the optimal light conditions using white LEDs (light-emitting diodes) for indoor cultivation of P. rupestre and P. rupestre cv. Angelina (hereinafter referred to as ‘Angelina’) using three commercial white T5 LEDs with color temperatures of 3000, 4100, and 6500 K, respectively. Shoot length, fresh weight, moisture content, and CIELAB b* values increased under 3000 K white LED due to the relatively large ratio of red to blue wavelengths (approximately 3.3:1), whereas the CIELAB a* value decreased. The 4100 K white LED, in which the ratio of red to blue wavelength was lower by approximately 1.8:1, produced increased shoot width, plant ground cover, and number of branches. The RHS values of P. rupestre were N137D and 147A in the 3000 K white LED treatment, and ‘Angelina’ was evaluated as 146A and 148A in the same treatment, indicating that the leaf color was relatively yellow compared to other treatments. In the Pearson correlation coefficient, P. rupestre showed a positive correlation with fresh weight, and L* value was r = 0.510, and it was found that the more vigorous the plant growth, the higher the leaf lightness. Previous studies have shown that an increase in epicuticular waxes positively affects plant growth and development. Accordingly, epicuticular waxes on the surface of P. rupestre also seem to occur during vigorous plant growth. Taken together, the results suggest that 3000 K white LED is optimal for growing P. rupestre and ‘Angelina’ indoors, whereas 4100 K white LED is preferable for low growth with a creeping type.
Background: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is commonly used as a health-promoting tea in China. This study investigated and analyzed the improvements in S. miltiorrhiza growth, external quality, vegetation indices, and photosynthetic performance through photoperiod control. Methods and Results: The study was conducted with four different photoperiods: 8, 12, 16, and 24 hours of light period (h·d-1). The results showed that the 12 h·d-1 - 16 h·d-1 photoperiods were most effective for promoting shoot growth. This was determined by evaluating plant sizes, shoot biomass; various remote sensing vegetation indices including normalized difference vegetation index, photochemical reflectance index, and modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index; and five chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, ΦDo, ABS/RC, DIo/RC, and PIABS). Similarly, the root growth, root biomass, and external quality parameters (CIELAB color space values and visual score) indicated that a 12 h·d-1 - 16 h·d-1 photoperiod was the most effective. Conversely, continuous light conditions for 24 h·d-1 photoperiod significantly decreased most growth parameters and both shoot and root external qualities, suggesting inefficiency in such conditions. Conclusions: Therefore, the study recommends cultivating S. miltiorrhiza under a 12 h·d-1 - 16 h·d-1 range photoperiod to improve the growth, external qualities, and physiological characteristics.
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a medicinal crop belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It is commonly used in China as an ingredient in health-promoting teas that enhance immunity and prevent diseases. Although some Korean local farmers have reported that S. miltiorrhiza grows vigorously in high temperatures and produces roots with a deep red color, there is no clear evidence or literature to confirm this. Therefore, this study investigated the growth and external quality of S. miltiorrhiza in response to different day and night temperature levels. Day and night temperature treatments were designed into four levels: 20/15, 24/19, 28/23, and 32/27°C, respectively. Among the parameters related to plant sizes, the shoot height and number of roots showed the highest values in the 32/27°C treatment, while other parameters, particularly the shoot width and root length exhibited the highest values in the 28/23°C treatment. In contrast, the majority of parameters, including the fresh weight and dry weight, which are indicative of root biomass, were lowest in the 20/15°C treatment, suggesting that S. miltiorrhiza, a species that prefers relatively high temperatures, thrives in warmer conditions. Importantly, the root fresh and dry weights, which are likely to be correlated with the market value of S. miltiorrhiza, showed the same significance levels within the temperature range of 24/19–32/27°C, but not in the relatively low-temperature treatment of 20/15°C. Thus, cultivation of S. miltiorrhiza is deemed feasible within all temperature ranges except for 20/15°C, with optimal conditions falling within the temperature range of 24/19–32/27°C. The CIELAB a* value, associated with red color, was highest in the comprehensive assessment of the 32/27°C treatment. Moreover, in the 32/27°C treatment, the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) color chart values were found to indicate a deep reddish or brown-red color, with readings of 166B and 174A. Additionally, the root color obtained the highest visual score in the 32/27°C treatment. Based on previous studies, a* is considered to be related to the content and quantities of tanshinones and other hydrophilic phenolic compounds, which are effective components associated with the orange-red color. Therefore, it is recommended to cultivate S. miltiorrhiza at a high temperature of 32/27°C to achieve high growth rates, excellent external quality, and produce superior S. miltiorrhiza plants.
Peperomia, the commonly cultivated house plants, are known for their superior shade tolerance, and suitability as ornamental indoor plants. Here, the effects of different color temperatures of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were experimentally investigated on Peperomia. Three white LEDs with different color temperatures of 3000, 4100, and 6500 K, respectively, were used in the cultivation of Peperomia species and cultivars namely: P. obtusifolia, P. caperata cv. Napoli Nights (‘Napoli Nights’), and P. caperata cv. Eden Rosso (‘Eden Rosso’) for experimental purposes. Results showed that the sizes of the plants P. obtusifolia and ‘Napoli Nights’ were optimal under 4100 and 6500 K white LEDs, whereas, ‘Eden Rosso’ exhibited optimal growth under 6500 K white LED. Compared to the other plants, P. obtusifolia exhibited superior biomass production under 4100 K white LED. Conversely, ‘Eden Rosso’ and ‘Napoli Nights’ had the highest biomass under 6500 and 3000 K white LEDs, respectively. Regarding the leaf color, L* and b* values demonstrated an inverse relationship with plant biomass, suggesting that leaves turn yellow when the growth of a plant is inhibited. Fv/Fm ranged from 0.77 to 0.81 across all treatments, and these values are generally acceptable. Compared to the other plants, P. obtusifolia and ‘Eden Rosso’ had higher ΦDo, ABS/RC, and DIo/RC under 6500 and 3000 K white LEDs, respectively, contradicting the results observed for plant sizes. In addition, PIABS values were higher for P. obtusifolia under 4100 and 6500 K white LEDs and the highest for ‘Eden Rosso’ under 6500 K white LED. In conclusion, P. obtusifolia can be cultivated under 4100-6500 K white LEDs, whereas, ‘Eden Rosso’ and ‘Napoli Nights’, under 6500 and 4100 K white LEDs, respectively.
Senecio haworthii is a succulent plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Optimal growth conditions for this species have not been well-established. In this study, we investigated the optimal day/night temperature range for enhancing the growth and ornamental quality of S. haworthii. Four day/night temperature treatments were designed as follows: 20/15, 24/19, 28/23, and 32/27°C. Based on the plant sizes and biomass analysis, the best growth performance was determined to be achieved under a relatively low-temperature treatment of 20/15°C. Conversely, the 32/27°C treatment resulted in the lowest growth rates, likely attributed to decreased leaf function caused by prolonged exposure to high-temperature conditions. Additionally, leaf color analysis using the CIELAB color space revealed that CIELAB L* , representing lightness, and CIELAB a* , indicating green-red opponent colors, proportionally increased with the rise in day/night temperature levels. Previous studies have reported an inverse relationship between L* and plant growth parameters. Consistent with previous research, the treatment at 32/27°C, which exhibited the lowest growth, showed higher L* values. Conversely, the CIELAB b* value, representing blue-yellow opponent colors, was highest under the 20/15°C treatment, suggesting leaf-yellowing tendencies in relatively lower temperature conditions. Based on the color difference analysis using CIE76 color difference (ΔE*ab), temperatures of 20/15 and 24/19°C were used as reference points; under these conditions, the temperatures of 28/23 and 32/27°C were evaluated as having a ‘small color difference’. Therefore, even with significant differences in day/night temperatures, no noticeable differences were concluded to be found in leaf color. Based on these findings, cultivating S. haworthii in relatively low-temperature conditions of around 20/15°C is concluded to be advantageous for enhancing both plant growth and ornamental quality compared to higher temperature conditions such as 32/27°C.
The genus Sempervivum plants are members of the Crassulaceae family that is widely distributed in Eurasia and North Africa. Various species in Sempervivum have shown the potential to be used as medicinal crops in several studies in the past. Nowadays, succulents under this genus have gained popularity as ornamental plants. To increase its ornamental value and determine proper cultivation practices, a basic investigation of indoor factors, especially on lighting conditions is deemed necessary. This study aims to determine the effects of types of LED light qualities on the growth and leaf color of S. ‘Black Top’ (hereinafter referred to as ‘Black Top’) which could increase its market value. ‘Black Top’ were grown under three types of LED light qualities for indoor cultivation for 18 weeks. Results indicated that the tallest plants were grown under 3000 K white LED (peak 455, 600 nm) while the highest leaf length of plants was grown in purple LED (peak 450, 650 nm) treatments. Leaf width was not significantly affected by treatments. On the other hand, fresh weight was found to be highest under 6500 K white LED (peak 450, 545 nm), while dry weight was found that 3000 K white LED and 6500 K white LED had the same significance level. The highest chlorophyll content was taken from those grown under 6500 K white LED and the lowest in the purple LED, which suggests that balanced spectral distribution relatively produces increased chlorophyll content. In the analysis of CIELAB leaf color reading values, L* (color lightness) was found highest in the purple LED which suggests that if the spectrum was biased to one wavelength, it would produce unfavorable leaf color quality of ‘Black Top’. Based on these results, ‘Black Top’ are recommended to be grown under 3000 K and 6500 K white LED compared to purple LED to increase plant sizes and improve leaf color quality.
Kalanchoe pumila is a succulent species belonging to the family Crassulaceae, which is highly valued for its ornamental pink flowers despite being relatively unknown in academic circles. In this study, we investigated the growth and flowering characteristics of K. pumila under different temperature treatments. Day/night temperatures were applied at 20/15, 24/19, 28/23, and 32/27℃, respectively. The results showed that K. pumila exhibited the highest values for shoot width, stem diameter, ground cover, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, shoot and root biomass, flower stem length, number of flowers, flower length, and flower width under the 20/15℃ treatment. Therefore, it can be speculated that K. pumila performs carbon assimilation more effectively under relatively low-temperature conditions. Additionally, the 24/19℃ treatment showed the highest values for shoot height and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), while the 28/23℃ treatment exhibited the highest values for root length and anthocyanin reflectance index 2 (ARI2). Most parameters were lowest under the 32/27℃ treatment, indicating that plant growth was almost suspended. Specifically, CIELAB L* and b*, which have been used as stress indices in previous studies, showed the highest values under the 32/27℃ treatment. In the correlation analysis, L* was negatively correlated with shoot and root biomass, suggesting that leaf lightness increases when plant growth is negatively impacted by the relatively high temperature. Similarly, b* showed similar results. Therefore, for significant increases in plant sizes of K. pumila and to promote high-quality flowering for maximum ornamental value, we recommend cultivation at 20/15℃. This temperature range is considered relatively favorable for the desired outcomes.
Sedum album is a succulent species that has a creeping growth habit and blooms in groups in its native habitat. S. album is known to produce many flavonol glycoside compounds that are useful in the pharmaceutical industry. This succulent also has a high resistance to abiotic stressors and is thus widely used in green roof systems. Aside from its medical use, it has the potential as an ideal ornamental indoor plant due to its high vitality and unique appearance. However, in order to be utilized as an indoor plant, a suitable light quality for the succulent is deemed necessary. In this study, commercially available 3000, 4100, and 6500 K white T5 LEDs were used as artificial light sources to determine the growth and leaf color changes of S. album cv. Athoum. Results indicated that the plant sizes, i.e. shoot length, shoot width, ground cover, root length, and the number of branches, were significantly increased when grown under 4100 K white LED treatment. Likewise, the fresh weight and moisture content of plants increased in 4100 K white LED, however, the dry weight increased in 3000 K white LED. Among CIELAB color values, L* value (lightness), was highest in 4100 K white LED, which may be attributed to the expansion of cells due to the high moisture content of plants or the development of epicuticular waxes. The CIE76 color difference (ΔE* ab) was found highest between 4100 and 6500 K white LED treatments, with ΔE* ab = 5.51. Upon RHS values analysis, all treatment groups were determined to be in color groups N137A and 147A. Based on the results, it is recommended to use 4100 K white LED for the purpose of selling large-sized succulents or to improve its ornamental value. On the other hand, when extracting secondary metabolites for medicinal purposes, it is recommended to use 4100 K white LED for fresh plants, and 3000 K white LED for dried by-products.
