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Effects of green coffee bean extract and 5-CQA supplementation on the expression of gene involved in inflammation in mice fed a HFD. (a) The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in epididymal adipose tissue was determined by RT-PCR and normalized to that of GAPDH. (b) Protein levels of p-JNK and JNK in the epididymal adipose tissue were determined by Western blotting. (c) The expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes in the epididymal adipose tissue was determined by RT-PCR and normalized to that of GAPDH. Data represent the results of three independent experiments ( n = 2 , 3 mice per experiment). P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. Values are the mean ± SEM, n = 8 for each group.
Source publication
This study investigated whether decaffeinated green coffee bean extract prevents obesity and improves insulin resistance and elucidated its mechanism of action. Male C57BL/6N mice
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N
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48
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were divided into six dietary groups: chow diet, HFD, HFD-supplemented with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.9% decaffeinated green coffee bean extract, and 0.15% 5-caffeoy...
Citations
... Additionally, GCBE inhibits key enzymes of lipid metabolism, such as fatty acid synthase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-COA Reductase) and acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) (72). Furthermore, GCBE intake has been shown to control appetite, leading to decreased body weight (73). Recent studies concluded that both chlorogenic acid and caffeine are less effective than GCBE in restricting body weight gain, suggesting a synergistic effect when both compounds are present in GCBE (74). ...
CITE THIS ARTICLE Alshammaa Z A A, Alshammaa D A. The metabolic effect of medicinal plants and synthetic anti-obesity products on human health. Plant Science Today. 2024; 11(3): 704-718. https:// Abstract A significant public health issue is the widespread prevalence of overweight and obesity across all age groups. This common nutritional disorder affects more than general appearance. Obesity is now recognized as a medical condition that necessitates treatment to lower the risk of diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Obesity is a prevalent global health problem that re-requires urgent research and regulatory compliance. While synthetic anti-obesity drugs are available, they pose significant risks of adverse effects and variable outcomes. These drugs, which include single medications such as orlistat, liraglutide, and Lorcaserin, and combination therapies like naltrex-one/bupropion and Phentermine/topiramate are effective in reducing body fat. However, patients often report side effects ranging from mild symptoms like nausea, insomnia, and dizziness to severe complications such as an increased risk of CVD or stroke. Conversely, there is a growing interest in using anti-obesity natural compounds, including single agents such as various types of tea, cinnamon, etc. This review highlights the various mechanisms of anti-obesity action of natural plants and synthetic medications, including metabolism and energy expenditure, appetite suppression, lipid metabolism, gut microbiota, pancreatic lipase inhibition, amylase inhibition , enhancement of insulin sensitivity, inhibition of adipogenesis and thermogenic stimulation. It provides insights into the metabolic effects of both medicinal plants and pharmaceutical drugs on human health, examining their effectiveness and the prevention benefits of each type. Medicinal plants are considered the best alternative for margining obesity due to their cost-effectiveness and minimal adverse effects. While diet modification and increased physical activity through regular exercise are often recommended to prevent obesity, these measures can be challenging for many people. In contrast, the administration of medicinal plants are relatively convenient, making them an accurate and ideal alternative.
... Additionally, GCBE inhibits key enzymes of lipid metabolism, such as fatty acid synthase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-COA Reductase) and acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) (72). Furthermore, GCBE intake has been shown to control appetite, leading to decreased body weight (73). Recent studies concluded that both chlorogenic acid and caffeine are less effective than GCBE in restricting body weight gain, suggesting a synergistic effect when both compounds are present in GCBE (74). ...
A significant public health issue is the widespread prevalence of overweight and obesity across all age groups. This common nutritional disorder affects more than general appearance. Obesity is now recognized as a medical condition that necessitates treatment to lower the risk of diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Obesity is a prevalent global health problem that re- requires urgent research and regulatory compliance. While synthetic anti-obesity drugs are available, they pose significant risks of adverse effects and variable outcomes. These drugs,which include single medications such as orlistat, liraglutide, and Lorcaserin, and combination therapies like naltrexone/bupropion and Phentermine/topiramate are effective in reducing body fat. However, patients often report side effects ranging from mild symptoms like nausea, insomnia, and dizziness to severe complications such as an increased risk of CVD or stroke. Conversely, there is a growing interest in using anti-obesity natural compounds, including single agents such as various types of tea, cinnamon, etc. This review highlights the various mechanisms of anti-obesity action of natural plants and synthetic medications, including metabolism and energy expenditure, appetite suppression, lipid metabolism, gut microbiota, pancreatic lipase inhibition, amylase inhibition, enhancement of insulin sensitivity, inhibition of adipogenesis and thermogenic stimulation. It provides insights into the metabolic effects of both medicinal plants and pharmaceutical drugs on human health, examining their effectiveness and the prevention benefits of each type. Medicinal plants are considered the best alternative for margining obesity due to their cost-effectiveness and minimal adverse effects. While diet mod- ification and increased physical activity through regular exercise are often recommended to prevent obesity, these measures can be challenging for many people. In contrast, the administration of medicinal plants are relatively convenient, making them an accurate and ideal alternative.
... In another study, rats administered decaffeinated green coffee and 0.15% 5-caffeoylquinic acid together with no change in food intake. 49 Similarly, Jia et al. 43 did not report any change in food intake in groups receiving different doses of coffee (coffee, green, coffee, decaffeinated coffee-9 weeks) in their study on mice. Our study suggests that the bioactive components of coffee may exert their effects on appetite together with a synergistic effect. ...
... Coffee and coffee ingredients might affect biochemical parameters according to study results. 14,42,49 In their study on Sprague-Dawley rats, Kobayashi-Hattori et al. 2 found an increase in epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels 30 minutes after caffeine administration in rats given different doses of caffeine (0.025%, 0.05, 0.1-21 days) and reported that the decrease in body fat mass in rats might occur due to induction of lipolysis by catecholamines. These results show that caffeine affects the sympathetic nervous system. ...
Objective: Coffee might be effective in the treatment of obesity with its high polyphenol and caffeine content. In this regard, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different coffee types on body weight, food intake, and biochemical parameters in obese rats. Methods: Wistar Albino adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups (one control and three coffee groups) after obesity development (after six weeks), and three types of coffee (Turkish coffee, instant coffee, filter coffee) administration were performed for two weeks. Results: Food consumption was statistically significantly lower in the Turkish coffee (15,6±1,06 g/d) and filter coffee group (16,9±0,8 g/d) compared to the control group (18,5±0,6) in the eighth-week (p<0.001). At the end of two weeks, there is no difference between the groups regarding weight in the rats (p>0.05). However, the body weight gain (g) change was lower in the Turkish coffee group (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between groups in biochemical parameters. However, negative correlations were obtained between NE (ng/L), Leptin (ng/ml), Adiponectin (mg/L), UCP-1 (ng/L), UCP-2 (ng/L), UCP-3 (ng/L) and average energy intake (kcal) in Turkish coffee administrated rats. Conclusion: According to the study results, coffee consumption, especially Turkish coffee, has a reducing effect on food intake. This effect is likely due to the higher phenolic content of the given Turkish coffee than the same amount of filter and instant coffee. Further studies are needed to explain the effects of coffee consumption on body weight and other casual relationships, especially in the long term.
... Nevertheless, this study did not specifically focus on caffeine extraction using solvents. Another study investigated the decaffeination process of green coffee bean extract [13]. Although the study mentioned a reduction in caffeine content during the roasting and decaffeination processes, it did not offer specific information about the solvent employed or the solvent-to-coffee ratio used in the extraction of caffeine from whole coffee beans using supercritical carbon dioxide [14]. ...
This paper studies the best ratio of solvent-to-coffee for getting caffeine from Arabica Kintamani coffee beans. It wants to find the optimal ratio that gives the highest caffeine amount and improves the efficiency and quality of extraction. No previous studies have explored the best ratio of Kintamani Arabica coffee beans to ethyl acetate solvent for extracting caffeine. The paper explains the method used, which has four main steps: preparing materials, extracting and measuring caffeine, and analyzing the results. The paper presents the experimental findings and discusses how different ratios affect caffeine content in Arabica Kintamani coffee beans. It uses statistics to show significant differences between the ratios and compares them using Tukey tests. The paper concludes that the best solvent-to-coffee ratio for maximizing caffeine in ethyl acetate extracts is 1:5, resulting in a concentration of 1930.9 ppm. This ratio gives the best balance between caffeine yield and solvent usage.
... The GCB formulation used in the present study used patented extraction technology to almost eliminate its caffeine content completely, thus making it potentially free from the toxic effects of caffeine. In a similar study, decaffeination of green coffee beans was found to be significantly effective in the management of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance (48). ...
Objective:
Obesity and overweight are challenging health problems of the millennium that lead to diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and atherosclerosis. Green coffee bean exhibited significant promise in healthy weight management, potentiating glucose-insulin sensitization and supporting liver health. The safety and efficacy of a novel, patented water-soluble green coffee bean extract (GCB70® enriched in 70% total chlorogenic acid and <1% caffeine) was investigated in 105 participants for 12 consecutive weeks. An institutional review board and Drugs Controller General (India) (DCGI) approvals were obtained, and the study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov.
Method:
Body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile, plasma leptin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and total blood chemistry were assessed over a period of 12 weeks of treatment. Safety was affirmed.
Results:
GCB70 (500 mg BID) supplementation significantly reduced body weight (approximately 6%; p = 0.000**) in approximately 97% of the study population. About a 5.65% statistically significant reduction (p = 0.000**) in BMI was observed in 96% of the study volunteers. Waist circumference was significantly reduced by 6.77% and 6.62% in 98% of the male and female participants, respectively. Plasma leptin levels decreased by 13.6% in 99% of the study population as compared to the baseline value. Upon completion of 12 weeks' treatment, fasting glucose levels decreased by 13.05% (p = 0.000**) in 79% of the study population. There was a statistically significant decrease in HbA1c levels in both male and female participants (p = 0.000**), while 86.7% of the study participants showed a statistically significant decrease in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels (p = 0.000**). The mean decrease in TSH levels on completion of the treatment was 14.07% in the study population as compared to baseline levels. Total blood chemistry analysis exhibited broad-spectrum safety.
Conclusions:
This investigation demonstrated that GCB70 is safe and efficacious in healthy weight management.
... It is thought that GCE lowers insulin resistance by the activation of insulin receptor substrate-1 via inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. This causes GLUT4 translocation to the adipocyte membrane (36). Also, GCA can decrease insulin resistance by activating the hepatic proliferation-activated receptor α (PPAR-α), which facilitates the clearing of lipids from the liver (9). ...
Background/objectives
Studies have reported the health benefits of green coffee extract (GCE) in experimental models. In the current study, we aimed to determine whether supplementation with GCE improves glycemic indices, inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Methods and study design
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included 44 patients (26 male and 18 female) with T2D and overweight/obesity. After blocked randomization, patients received either capsules containing 400 mg GCE twice per day (n = 22) or a placebo (n = 22) and were followed for 10 weeks. In this study, glycemic indices, lipid profiles, anthropometric examinations, blood pressure, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured twice; at baseline and at the end of the study.
Results
After 10 weeks of supplementation, GCE supplementation significantly reduced body weight (p = 0.04) and body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.03) compared to the placebo. The intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis indicated patients in the GCE group had a lower fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentration compared to the placebo group; however, this decreasing was marginally significant (8.48 ± 8.41 vs. 1.70 ± 5.82 mg/dL, p = 0.05). There was no significant difference in insulin levels and HOMA-IR between the groups. At the end of the study, significant changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.01), triglyceride (TG) level (p = 0.02), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p = 0.001), and TG-to-HDL ratio (p = 0.001) were found between the intervention and placebo groups. Our trial indicated GCE supplementation had no effect on diastolic blood pressure (DBP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or total cholesterol. During the supplementation period, the hs-CRP level significantly decreased in the GCE group compared to the placebo group (p = 0.02). No significant changes were observed in the MDA level between the two groups at the end of the study (p = 0.54).
Conclusion
Our findings showed beneficial effects of GCE on SBP, TG, hs-CRP, and HDL levels in patients with T2D and overweight/obesity over a 10-week period of supplementation.
Clinical trial registration:https://en.irct.ir/trial/48549, identifier [IRCT20090203001640N18].
... Coffee bean extract is considered to reduce adipose tissue weight and to attenuate body weight gain by increasing lipogenic enzyme activity of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) in the liver and decreasing lipolytic enzyme of cytosolic fatty acid synthetic (FAS), malic enzyme, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity [20]. Green coffee bean suppresses adipogenesis involved in wingless-type MMTV integration site family 10b (WNT10b) and galanin-mediated adipogenesis cascades by downregulating genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) [21]. It has been reported that CGA termed as 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) improved obesity through stimulating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (HMGCR), and enhanced the activity of carnitine palmitoyl transferase [22]. ...
... CGA reduced body weight and fat deposition by possibly involving in PGC-1α and UCP1 in obesity mouse and HepG2 cells [13] and regulating fatty acid β-oxidation by activating PPARα in the liver. [11] With the minimum effective dose, 0.3% of green coffee bean extract exhibited for regulating body weight gain, fat accumulation, and insulin resistance in mice fed the high-fat diet (HFD) for 11 weeks [21]. Once to convert human dose equivalent based on the normalization to body surface area as proposed by Reagan-Shaw et al. (2007), [23] 0.3% green coffee bean extract in mice relates to approximately 1460 mg/60 kg body weight in human [21], while systematic review and clinical trials reported that green coffee consumption at 200 to1000 mg/day for 1 to 8 weeks reduced body weight [6,8,24,25]. ...
... [11] With the minimum effective dose, 0.3% of green coffee bean extract exhibited for regulating body weight gain, fat accumulation, and insulin resistance in mice fed the high-fat diet (HFD) for 11 weeks [21]. Once to convert human dose equivalent based on the normalization to body surface area as proposed by Reagan-Shaw et al. (2007), [23] 0.3% green coffee bean extract in mice relates to approximately 1460 mg/60 kg body weight in human [21], while systematic review and clinical trials reported that green coffee consumption at 200 to1000 mg/day for 1 to 8 weeks reduced body weight [6,8,24,25]. Administration CGA-7 at 500 mg for 12 weeks in humans was confirmed the safety that CGA-7 did not alter biochemical and hematological parameters and the markers of hepatic toxicity and vital sign and had no undesirable effects. ...
Background
Supplemental green bean coffee extract (GBCE) with caffeine has been shown to prevent weight gain. There are different dosages of GBCE that contain chlorogenic acid (CGA), and the data for their effectiveness in preventing weight gain (500 mg/day) is currently out of date. To better understand the effects of GBCE containing CGA on body weight, the present study sets out to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of these studies.
Methods
Using electronic databases, including Scopus, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases, literature was searched up to October 13, 2022. For the meta-analysis examining the impact of GBCE containing CGA (500 mg/day) on body weight with a random-effects model, the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered. We calculated weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). To gauge study heterogeneity, the Cochran Q statistic and I-squared tests ( I ² ) were employed.
Results
The meta-analysis includes three RCTs with 103 individuals (case = 51, control = 52). The combined findings of GBCE with CGA at least 500 mg/day result in body weight reduction ( WMD : − 1.30 and 95% CI : − 2.07 to − 0.52, p = 0.001) without study heterogeneity ( I ² = 0%, p = 0.904) and without publication bias estimated using Egger’s and Begger’s test ( p = 0.752 and p = 0.602, respectively).
Conclusions
According to the meta-analysis, GBCE with CGA 500 mg/day lowers body weight. Nevertheless, despite its limited sample size and short-term study, this study was successful. Long-term research on the effectiveness and safety of GBCE and CGA on body weight require more clinical trials.
Systematic review registration
PROSPERO CRD42021254916.
... Various mechanisms have been proposed, including that they are involved in the inhibition of α-amylase, an enzyme responsible for the decomposition of starch present in saliva that inhibits the absorption of sugar from diet (Narita and Inouye, 2009). In addition, they could modulate gastrointestinal peptides such as gastric inhibitory polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide 1 (Johnston et al., 2003) as well as stimulating glucose transporter 4, thereby increasing glucose uptake by peripheral tissues (Song et al., 2014). All these mechanisms result in a significant reduction in blood glucose levels (Van Dam, 2006). ...
Milk and dairy products have great importance in human nutrition related to the presence of different nutrients, including protein, fatty acid profile and bioactive compounds. Dietary supplementation with foods containing these types of compounds may influence the chemical composition of milk and dairy products and hence, potentially, the consumer. Our objective was to summarize the evidence of the effect of supplementation with antioxidants and phenolic compounds in the diets of dairy animals and their effects on milk and dairy products. We conducted a systematic search in the MEDLINE/PubMed database for studies published up until July 2022 that reported on supplementation with antioxidants and phenolic compounds in diets that included plants, herbs, seeds, grains and isolated bioactive compounds of dairy animals such as cows, sheep and goats and their effects on milk and dairy products. Of the 94 studies identified in the search, only 15 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The review revealed that supplementation with false flax cake, sweet grass, Acacia farnesiana, mushroom myceliated grains and sweet grass promoted an effect on the milk lipid profile, whereas supplementation with dried grape pomace and tannin extract promoted an effect on the milk and cheese lipid profiles. In six studies, the addition of Acacia farnesiana, hesperidin or naringin, durum wheat bran, mushroom myceliated grains, dried grape pomace and olive leaves increased the antioxidant activity of milk. In conclusion, supplementation with bioactive compounds had a positive impact which ranged from an increase in antioxidant capacity to a decrease in oxidative biomarkers such as malondialdehyde.
... Another review reported that consumption of low doses of green coffee extract (<400 mg of chlorogenic acid per day) for 8 wk resulted in WC, BMI and BW reductions (Asbaghi et al. 2020). The rich content of chlorogenic acid present in green coffee beans has been shown to alleviate obesity in animal assessments as well (Song, Choi, and Park 2014). The anti-obesity properties of this compound seem to be related to the decrease in the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver and to changes in the plasma concentrations of adipokines. ...
... The anti-obesity properties of this compound seem to be related to the decrease in the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver and to changes in the plasma concentrations of adipokines. These alterations ultimately upregulate genes involved in the oxidation of fatty acids and downregulate adipogenesis-related genes (Song, Choi, and Park 2014;Shimoda, Seki, and Aitani 2006). Overall, the reduction in WC is attributed to the high chlorogenic acid content detected in green coffee extract (Farah and DE Paula Lima 2019). ...
Despite a multitude of investigations assessing the impact of green coffee extract supplementation on obesity indices, there is still a great deal of heated debate regarding the benefits of this intervention in obesity management. Therefore, in order to clarify the effect of green coffee extract on waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and body weight (BW), we conducted an umbrella review of interventional meta-analyses. The Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed/Medline, and Embase databases were searched using specific keywords and word combinations. The umbrella meta-analysis was performed using the Stata software version 17 (Stata Corp. College Station, Texas, USA). We pooled effect sizes (ES) and confidence intervals (CI) for the outcomes using the random effects model (the DerSimonian and Laird method). In total, 5 eligible meta-analyses were included in the final quantitative assessment. Data pooled from 5 eligible papers revealed that green coffee extract can reduce BW (WMD: -1.22 kg, 95% CI: -1.53 to -0.92, p < 0.001), BMI (WMD: -0.48 kg/m2, 95% CI: -0.67 to -0.29, p < 0.001) and WC (WMD: -0.55 cm, 95% CI: -0.80 to -0.31, p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses highlighted that green coffee extract supplementation in dosages ≤600 mg/day and interventions lasting >7 wk are more likely to decrease BW. The present umbrella meta-analysis confirms the beneficial effects of green coffee extract in reducing WC, BMI, and BW. Thus, we may infer that green coffee extract can be used as a complementary therapy in the management of obesity.
... Following 6 weeks of HFD feeding, mice were placed on custom-formulation HFD containing 7 metabolic regulatory and mitochondrial enhancing agents, collectively termed ME, for an additional 4 weeks. ME components included seven well-established metabolic modulators as follows: green tea extract [38][39][40][41] (0.375% w/w), green coffee bean extract [42][43][44][45] (0.25%), alpha lipoic acid [46][47][48][49] ...
Objective:
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) affects hundreds of millions of individuals and constitutes a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Obesity is believed to be at the core of metabolic abnormalities associated with MetS, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, fatty liver disease and vascular dysfunction. Although previous studies demonstrate a diverse array of naturally occurring antioxidants that attenuate several manifestations of MetS, little is known about the (i) combined effect of these compounds on hepatic health and (ii) molecular mechanisms responsible for their effect.
Methods:
We explored the impact of a metabolic enhancer (ME), consisting of 7 naturally occurring antioxidants and mitochondrial enhancing agents, on diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis and atherogenic serum profile in mice.
Results:
Here we show that a diet-based ME supplementation and exercise have similar beneficial effects on adiposity and hepatic steatosis in mice. Mechanistically, ME reduced hepatic ER stress, fibrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation, thereby improving overall liver health. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ME improved HFD-induced pro-atherogenic serum profile in mice, similar to exercise. The protective effects of ME were reduced in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) knock out mice, suggesting that ME exerts it protective effect partly in a PCSK9-dependent manner.
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that components of the ME have a positive, protective effect on obesity, hepatic steatosis and cardiovascular risk and that they show similar effects as exercise training.
